Cambridge A Level Classical Studies 9274 — 2017 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 1

1 Read the passage below, and answer the questions which follow: Livia had the aged Augustus firmly under control – so much so that he exiled his only surviving grandson to the island of Planasia. That was the young, physically tough, indeed brutish, Agrippa Postumus. Though devoid of every good quality, he had been involved in no scandal. Nevertheless, it was not he but Germanicus, the son of Nero Drusus, whom the emperor placed in command of the eight divisions on the 5 Rhine – and, although Tiberius had a grown son of his own, he ordered him to adopt Germanicus. For Augustus wanted to have another iron in the fire. At this time there was no longer any fighting – except a war against the Germans; and that was designed less to extend the empire’s frontiers, or achieve any lucrative purpose, than to avenge the disgrace of the army lost with Publius Quinctilius Varus. 10 In the capital the situation was calm. The titles of officials remained the same. Actium had been won before the younger men were born. Even most of the older generation had come into a world of civil wars. Practically no one had ever seen truly Republican government. The country had been transformed, and there was nothing left of the fine old Roman character. Political equality was a thing of the past; all eyes watched for 15 imperial commands. Nobody had any immediate worries as long as Augustus retained his physical powers, and kept himself going, and his House, and the peace of the empire. (Tacitus, Annals) (i) Who were the parents of Agrippa Postumus (line 3)? [2] (ii) Who were the brothers of Agrippa Postumus? [2] (iii) In which year did the Battle of Actium (lines 11–12) take place? [1] (iv) Give the names of Augustus’ opponents in the Battle of Actium. Explain briefly what happened to them after the battle. [4] (v) Who succeeded Augustus as Emperor? [1] (vi) ‘A ruler who had complete power, whilst seeming to have none.’ Using this passage as a starting point, explain how far you agree with this description of Augustus’ position at the end of his reign. [15] [Total: 25] OR

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(i) Who were the parents of Agrippa Postumus (line 3)? 2 Marcus Agrippa and Julia 1(ii) Who were the brothers of Agrippa Postumus? 2 Gaius and Lucius Caesar 1(iii) In which year did the Battle of Actium (lines 11–12) take place? 1 31 BC 1(iv) Give the names of Augustus’ opponents in the Battle of Actium. 4 Explain briefly what happened to them after the battle. Mark Antony and Cleopatra. They fled to Egypt. They both committed suicide – Antony by falling on his sword, Cleopatra by being bitten by an asp. 1(v) Who succeeded Augustus as Emperor? 1 Tiberius 1(vi) ‘A ruler who had complete power, whilst seeming to have none.’ Using 15 this passage as a starting point, explain how far you agree with this description of Augustus’ position at the end of his reign. Tacitus obviously thought that Augustus had complete power, but that he did not bother to hide it. He clearly did have a great deal of power, through his Tribunicia Potestas, and Maius Imperium Proconsulare, as well as numerous other titles. He also had control of a number of provinces, especially those with an army. However, in theory, he did have ‘no more power than any other magistrate’. The Senate still passed legislation, (although only that which Augustus approved), magistrates were still elected (although only those selected by Augustus) and governors still ran the provinces (although mostly appointed directly by Augustus). These indirect means enabled Augustus to keep a tight grip on power, whilst seeming to stand aside. He also had his own considerable auctoritas.

2 Augustus saw himself as the ‘Third Founder of Rome’. Explain what he meant by this. How far do you think that he deserved this title? [25] OR

Mark scheme: 2 Augustus saw himself as the ‘Third Founder of Rome’. Explain what he 25 meant by this. How far you think that he deserved this title? Augustus saw himself as the ‘Third Founder of Rome’, after Aeneas and Romulus. Aeneas established the Roman race by the mixing of the exiled Trojans with the native Latins. Romulus founded Rome, building the city. Both of these were regarded by Augustus as his ancestors. Augustus believed that he was the third founder of Rome, as he restored peace after over a century of civil war and internal strife. He closed the Gates of the Temple of Janus, symbolising that peace had been established. He also saw himself as the third founder of Rome through his rebuilding of the city, which he found ‘built of brick, and left built of marble’. The idea of paralleling himself with Aeneas and Romulus was also good propaganda, uniting him with great heroes of the past, and hinting at divine origins. Augustus certainly brought Rome into a period of peace and prosperity, and did beautify the city, creating a large number of new buildings, including the Forum of Augustus.

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3 ‘Propaganda was a vital tool in helping Octavian to obtain and keep power.’ What forms of propaganda did Octavian use, and how effective were they? [25] SECTION TWO: VIRGIL Answer ONE of the following three questions. EITHER

Mark scheme: 3 ‘Propaganda was a vital tool in helping Octavian to obtain and keep 25 power.’ What forms of propaganda did Octavian use, and how effective were they? Obtaining Power • accepting adoption by Julius Caesar, which gave him the name, and the loyalty of Caesar’s soldiers and clients • deification of Julius Caesar which made Octavian the ‘son of a god’ • his pietas in avenging the death of his adoptive father • his classification of the war against Sextus Pompey as one against pirates and runaway slaves • his portrayal of Mark Antony and Cleopatra, including publishing Antony’s will • the uniting of Italy against the decadent East. Keeping Power • his image as portrayed in sculpture, and on coins • his use of poetry to reinforce his image • his careful choice of which titles to accept, and which to reject • his cultivation of a traditional family image. Octavian carefully nurtured his image to portray himself as the saviour of Rome and traditional Roman values.

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4 Read the passage below, and answer the questions which follow: ‘The walls he builds will be the walls of Mars and he shall give his own name to his people, the Romans. On them I impose no limits of time or place. I have given them an empire that will know no end. Even angry Juno, who is now wearying sea and land and sky with her terrors, will come to better counsel and join with me in cherishing the people of Rome, the rulers of the world, the race that wears the toga. So it has been 5 decreed. There will come a day, as the years glide by, when the house of Assaracus will reduce Achilles’ Pthia and glorious Mycenae to slavery and will conquer and rule the city of Argos. From this noble stock there will be born a Trojan Caesar to bound his empire by Oceanus at the limits of the world, and his fame by the stars. He will be called Julius, a name passed down to him from the great Iulus.’ 10 (Virgil, Aeneid 1) (i) Who is speaking in the passage and from what is he reading? [2] (ii) ‘angry Juno’ (line 3). Give two reasons why Juno is angry with Aeneas and the Trojans. [2] (iii) How did Juno demonstrate her anger before the start of this passage? [1] (iv) To whom does ‘Julius’ refer in line 10? [1] (v) Explain four ways in which Virgil emphasises the authority of the Romans in this passage. [4] (vi) How does Virgil demonstrate the importance of Jupiter and Fate in the books of the Aeneid you have studied? Why do you think he does this? [15] [Total: 25] OR

Mark scheme: 4(i) Who is speaking in the passage and from what is he reading? 2 Jupiter. Scrolls of Fate. 4(ii) ‘angry Juno’ (line 3). Give two reasons why Juno is angry with Aeneas 2 and the Trojans. Any two of the following: • not winning the beauty contest which was judged by the Trojan Paris • the destruction the Trojan descendants will bring on her favourite city of Carthage • the honours shown by her husband Jupiter towards the Trojan Ganymede. 4(iii) How did Juno demonstrate her anger before the start of this passage? 1 She bribed Aeolus to cause a storm to shipwreck Aeneas. 4(iv) To whom does ‘Julius’ refer in line 10? 1 Julius Caesar/Augustus 4(v) Explain four ways in which Virgil emphasises the authority of the 4 Romans in this passage. Any four of the following: • Rome is defended by the walls of the god of war, Mars • the territory of the Romans will know no end • the future of the Romans is decreed and supported by the gods • the Romans will conquer the Greeks • the Roman people will return from the East laden with spoils • the use of repetition stresses both that there are ‘no limits ... no end’ • hyperbole – fame reaching the stars. 4(vi) How does Virgil demonstrate the importance of Jupiter and Fate in the 15 books of the Aeneid you have studied? Why do you think he does this? Candidates might want to consider some of the following points: • Fate is looked after by all-powerful Jupiter as is seen in this passage where Jupiter is revealing the scrolls of Fate to Venus • other gods are unable to change Fate • Juno’s efforts are futile • Jupiter is often seen helping to ensure that destiny takes place. For instance, in taking part in the destruction of Troy, blocking Aeneas’ ears to Dido’s pleas • these actions are crucial in shaping the plot – without the destruction of Troy and subsequent omens from Jupiter, Aeneas would never have left the city.

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5 ‘All pain and no gain.’ To what extent do you think this is true of Aeneas’ experiences in the books of the Aeneid you have studied? [25] OR

Mark scheme: 5 ‘All pain and no gain.’ To what extent do you think this is true of 25 Aeneas’ experiences in the books of the Aeneid you have studied? Aeneas suffers considerably on his journey to Italy. He has to: • suffer the trauma of fighting in the Trojan war • experience the loss of his wife and father • uproot himself from Troy • endure the fate of a wanderer • experience Aeolus’ storm • leave Dido • journey to the underworld and encounter many horrors in Hades. It would, perhaps, be incorrect to suggest that Aeneas’ experiences are without gain. Although on several occasions it would seem that Aeneas is reluctant to pursue his destiny and is only doing it for the benefit of his son and future descendants, it should be noted that there is a change of attitude on Aeneas' part after the pageant of heroes. He seems inspired by what is going to be achieved by his descendants. There are also other positives for Aeneas, some short-term, others long- term. These include: • reunions with both his dead wife and father who reveal positive futures for the hero • the joy of being reunited with the crew whom he believed to have been lost in the storm • a break from his wanderings at Carthage • the hospitality shown by Dido • physical and possibly emotional attachment towards Dido.

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6 ‘Virgil has nothing good to say about mortal women in the Aeneid.’ How far do you think this is true of the books of the Aeneid you have studied? [25] SECTION THREE: JUVENAL Answer ONE of the following three questions. EITHER

Mark scheme: 6 ‘Virgil has nothing good to say about mortal women in the Aeneid.’ 25 How far do you think this is true of the books of the Aeneid you have studied? Women are often presented in a negative way in the Aeneid: • Dido is presented as some quasi-Cleopatra figure who leads the Roman hero astray from his mission. She is compared to a Bacchant who abandons her role as leader of her people. She deliberately deceives her sister. She tries her hardest to prevent Aeneas from leaving Carthage, wishes she had killed Ascanius and finally invokes the curse of perpetual enmity between the two nations. Her reception of Aeneas in the underworld is perhaps unnecessarily cold. • Helen is complicit in the murder of her husband Deiphobus and is seen to be a fickle coward cowering at the altar in Book 2. • Anna deliberately encourages her sister to break her vow of chastity to Sychaeus. There are other women depicted in a positive way in the Aeneid: • Creusa is depicted as a loyal and devoted wife and is very much a help to Aeneas. She tries to dissuade her husband from returning to the battle and attempts to get him to think of his destiny. She is a clever speaker in their final meeting and lovingly distances herself from her husband. She is vital in revealing more about his destiny. • The Sibyl is instrumental in allowing the hero to enter the underworld, cross the Styx, learn more about life after death and ultimately to be reunited with his father. Her knowledge, authority and the reverence she commands make her an admirable figure. Even the often-purported felons of the female species in the Aeneid are not without their redeeming features: • Dido shares many similarities with Aeneas. She too has suffered personal tragedy, exile and successfully established a prospering, powerful city for her people. She is a loving leader who is much loved and respected by her people and sister alike. She welcomes Aeneas with a lavish banquet and is ready to share her power. It could also be argued that many of her subsequent actions are as much to do with the intervention of the gods as they are of Dido herself. • Anna only wants the best for her sister when encouraging her to make a move for Aeneas. Her arguments are very cogent and persuasive. She also does everything else asked of her by Dido.

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7 Read the passage below, and answer the questions which follow: Cordus had just about nothing – who’d deny it? – yet that nothing the wretched man lost in toto. Today the final straw on his load of woe (broke, begging for crusts) is, no one will give him a roof and shelter, no one will buy him food. But if some great man’s mansion is gutted, women go crazy, 5 top people put on mourning, the courts go into recess: then we deplore urban hazards, complain about fires! Then contributions pour in while the shell is still ash-hot – construction materials, marble, fresh-gleaming sculptured nudes. One friend provides antique bronzes by Euphranor and Polyclitus, 10 another, old icons looted from some Asiatic temple; a third, bookshelves and books, with a study-bust of Minerva; yet another, a sackful of silver. And so this dandified bachelor more than makes good his losses, till a rumour – well-founded – gets around that he set the fire himself. 15 ‘If you can tear yourself loose from the Games, a first-class house can be purchased, freehold, in any small country town at the price of a year’s rent, here, for some shabby, ill-lit attic. A garden plot’s thrown in, a well with a shallow basin – no rope-and-bucket work when your seedlings need watering! 20 Fall in love with that two-tined hoe, work and plant your allotment till a hundred vegetarians could feast off its produce. It’s quite a feat anywhere, even out in the backwoods, to have made yourself master of – well, a single lizard.’ (Juvenal, Satire 3) (i) ‘Cordus had just about nothing’ (line 1). Name two of the objects Juvenal has previously said Cordus owned. [2] (ii) In what type of building did Cordus live? Why was it dangerous? [2] (iii) From this passage, find three examples of Juvenal’s satiric technique. Write out the example, identify the technique and explain its effect. [6] (iv) Using this passage as a starting point, discuss how convincing a case for moving to the country Juvenal offers in Satire 3. [15] [Total: 25] OR

Mark scheme: 7(i) ‘Cordus had just about nothing’ (line 1). Name two of the objects 2 Juvenal has previously said Cordus owned. Any two of the following: • divan • 6 mugs • pitcher • bust of Chiron • settee • marble topped sideboard • books. 7(ii) In what type of building did Cordus live? Why was it dangerous? 2 Block of flats. Made of wood or poorly constructed/maintained and so prone to fires. 7(iii) From this passage, find three examples of Juvenal’s satiric technique. 6 Write out the example, identify the technique and explain its effect. Any three of the following: • emphatic contrast in the way people react to a poor and rich person's house catching fire • hyperbole in the bronzes which are being donated to the rich person • use of parenthesis – ‘broke, begging for crusts’ • use of rhetorical question – ‘who would deny it?’ • use of contrast – ‘nothing ... in toto’ • metaphor – ‘final straw’ • accumulation of examples – list of donations • repetition of nothing to emphasise Cordus’ plight 7(iv) Using this passage as a starting point, discuss how convincing a case 15 for moving to the country Juvenal offers in Satire 3. Juvenal presents an idyllic picture of life in the country where: • a first-class house can be bought for the price of renting a loft conversion for a year in Rome • there would also be a garden with an easy to use well • gardening would provide an abundance of vegetables. Elsewhere, Juvenal draws attention to the lack of pretence in the country with regard to earthenware and dress. To reinforce his argument, Juvenal highlights the many negatives of life in Rome. In the passage the dangers of fire and the poor person's plight are emphasised. Elsewhere, Umbricius makes an array of points to justify his decision to quit Rome and to move to the country. Candidates should show a knowledge of some of his main ideas:

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8 ‘Today every vice has reached its ruinous zenith’ (Satire 1). How effectively does Juvenal present the extent and effect of wrong-doing in Roman society? [25] OR

Mark scheme: 8 ‘Today every vice has reached its ruinous zenith’ (Satire 1). How 25 effectively does Juvenal present the extent and effect of wrong-doing in Roman society? Candidates will need to identify areas of wrongdoing which Juvenal draws attention to in his Satires. Areas likely to be discussed include the: • corrupting power of wealth • negative influence of foreigners • deficiencies of the patron-client system • practice of legacy hunting • dangers and disadvantages of living in Rome • inadequacies of certain emperors – e.g. Domitian • the dinner party • the immorality of women. Answers might also consider how these practices are having a detrimental effect upon Roman society in the following areas: • poor leadership • plight of the poor person • lack of morality • deterioration of the importance of the family • too much importance placed upon money • inversion of social norms which threaten the fabric of Roman society. Candidates might also consider the structure of the satire, range of satiric techniques, contrast and exaggeration when assessing the effectiveness of Juvenal’s presentation of the vices prevalent in his society.

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9 ‘There are no normal human relationships presented in Juvenal’s Satires.’ How far do you agree? [25] SECTION FOUR: ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Answer ONE of the following three questions. EITHER

Mark scheme: 9 ‘There are no normal human relationships presented in Juvenal’s 25 Satires.’ How far do you agree? Human relationships depicted in Juvenal’s Satires include: • husband and wife • master and slave • patron and client • rich and poor • emperor and council. Juvenal certainly exaggerates and possibly distorts his representation of each. He depicts: • husbands pimping out their wives • wives poisoning their husbands • the sexual immoralities of sons and daughters • citizens getting barged out of the way by slaves • clients turning informer against patrons • patrons humiliating clients at the cena (cf. Satire 5) • consuls, praetors and tribunes attending the salutatio • clients cheating patrons into giving them extra sportula • patrons gorging themselves alone • the plight of poor people (cf. Satire 3) • the difference in their treatment in comparison to rich people after a fire • the inadequacies of the emperor and the running of the empire (cf. Satire 4) Candidates may argue for or against this statement but will need to support their analysis with detailed reference to the satires.

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10 Study the plan of the Stabian Baths at Pompeii, and answer the questions which follow: A D E C B 0 10 20 m (i) Identify any four of the following areas on the plan: • tepidarium • palaestra • frigidarium • apodyterium • caldarium For the four areas you have identified, write the name of the area and its letter. [4] (ii) Describe any three of the areas you have identified and explain what happened there. [6] (iii) Compare this building with another Roman building of the same type. Which do you think would have been the more enjoyable to visit, and why? [15] OR

Mark scheme: 10(i) Study the plan of the Stabian Baths at Pompeii: 4 Identify any four of the following areas on the plan: • palaestra A • apodyterium B • tepidarium C • caldarium D • frigidarium E For the four areas you have identified write the name of the area and its letter. 10(ii) Describe any three of the areas you have identified and explain what 6 happened there. • palaestra exercise ground • apodyterium changing room • tepidarium warm room • caldarium hot room • frigidarium cold room There needs to be some detail of what happens in each of the areas selected. 10(iii) Compare this building with another Roman building of the same type. 15 Which do you think would have been the more enjoyable to visit, and why? The Stabian Baths are quite basic in comparison to some other sets of baths built in the Roman World, especially the Baths of Caracella, the Baths of Hadrian at Leptis Magna and the Baths at Aquae Sulis. At these places there was more to them than the basic provision at the Stabian Baths. Other baths provided some of the following: • natatio • libraries • lecture theatres • rest areas • laconica • gardens • extensive exercise areas • sun terraces • shrines/temples. It does not matter what view the candidate takes provided it is argued with reference to specific examples of bathing complexes and there is an attempt to deal with the ‘enjoyable’ aspect of the question.

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11 ‘Benefactors who commissioned buildings were more interested in promoting their own reputation than glorifying Rome and the gods or providing amenities for the people of Rome and the Empire.’ To which of the buildings you have studied do you think this most applies, and why? In your answer, you should refer to specific buildings. [25] OR

Mark scheme: 11 ‘Benefactors who commissioned buildings were more interested in 25 promoting their own reputation than glorifying Rome and the gods or providing amenities for the people of Rome and the Empire.’ To which of the buildings you have studied do you think this most applies, and why? In your answer, you should refer to specific buildings. The relevant buildings on the specification are: • the Colosseum built by Vespasian/Titus/Domitian • the Pantheon built by Hadrian • the baths built by Hadrian at Leptis Magna • the theatre built by Annobal Rufus at Leptis Magna. Candidates may have studied other buildings or structures which are relevant to this question. Details of the buildings should be provided and assessed in terms of the question. It is for candidates to decide which of the buildings they think shows that benefactors were more interested in their own reputations than public benefaction.

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12 ‘The combination of concrete and the arch gave Roman architects a freedom to experiment, which earlier architects did not have.’ How far do you agree with this statement? In your answer, you should refer to specific buildings. [25]

Mark scheme: 12 ‘The combination of concrete and the arch gave Roman architects a 25 freedom to experiment, which earlier architects did not have.’ How far do you agree with this statement? In your answer, you should refer to specific buildings. Candidates need to be aware of the developments in different types of buildings because of the different materials available to them and the new techniques. The combination of concrete and the arch led to the abandonment of the lintel and post construction for some types of buildings and this meant that buildings could be bigger and larger areas could be spanned without support. Answers may include reference to any of the different types of buildings on the specification: • theatres • amphitheatres • baths • temples • basilicas • triumphal arches. Whether the combination of concrete and the arch offered freedom of design to architects is for the candidate to decide. It is important to remember that candidates study a limited range of buildings, so they may argue either way. Provided the argument is founded on appropriate, accurate and specific knowledge of buildings which incorporate concrete and arches it does not matter what conclusion is reached.

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