Cambridge IGCSE Twenty-First Century Science 0608 — 2010 Oct/Nov Paper 3 · Variant 1

This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (LEO/SW) 29039/2 © UCLES 2010 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. * 6 9 3 6 1 1 6 6 3 5 * TWENTY FIRST CENTURY SCIENCE 0608/03 Paper 3 October/November 2010 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. For Examiner’s Use 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total www.XtremePapers.com

2 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 For Examiner’s Use 1 Sickle cell anaemia is a genetic condition caused by a recessive allele. (a) (i) What is the main symptom of sickle cell anaemia? …[1] (ii) Explain why people with sickle cell anaemia have this symptom. … …[1] (b) The diagram of a family tree shows the inheritance of sickle cell anaemia. unaffected male affected male unaffected female affected female Key: Q R S T P (i) Person Q has sickle cell anaemia. Write down the combinations of alleles that person Q has. Use a for the recessive allele for sickle cell anaemia and A for the dominant allele. … [1] (ii) Which other person on the family tree, P, R, S or T, has the same combination of alleles as Q? … [1]

3 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (iii) T marries a man with sickle cell anaemia. Complete the genetic diagram to show the possible combinations of alleles that their children could have. MOTHER Key: A = normal allele a = sickle cell anaemia allele FATHER a a A a [2] (c) People can have a genetic test for the recessive allele that causes sickle cell anaemia. This testing has ethical implications. (i) Suggest one reason why someone might want to be tested. … …[1] (ii) Suggest one reason why someone might not want to be tested. … … …[1] [Total: 8]

4 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 For Examiner’s Use 2 Scientists are always developing new drugs. This can take many years of research and testing. (a) Name the type of drug used to kill bacteria. … [1] (b) Give two reasons why all new drugs must be tested before they can be given to the general public. 1. … … 2. … …[2] (c) Look at the statements A, B, C and D. They describe the four stages of testing used in drug development. They are in the wrong order. A Tests on humans with the illness B Tests on animals C Tests on human cells in the laboratory D Tests on healthy human volunteers Write a letter, A, B, C or D, in each box to put the statements in the correct order. The first one has been done for you. C [2] [Total: 5]

5 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use 3 PVC is made by the polymerisation of the monomer chloroethene, C2H3Cl, also known as vinyl chloride. Part of a chain of the polymer PVC is shown below. C H H C Cl Cl Cl H C H H C H C H H C H (a) Chloroethene and PVC are not hydrocarbons. Explain why. … …[1] (b) Explain what is meant by the term polymerisation. … … …[2] (c) PVC is a material that is not made from living things. Which of these materials are also not made from living things? Put a ring around each of the two correct answers. asbestos cotton paper polythene silk wool [2] (d) (i) A chemical can be added to PVC to make it more flexible. Flexible PVC sheeting can be made to look like leather. This ‘artificial leather’ is used to make shoes, handbags and briefcases. What type of chemical is added to PVC to make it more flexible? …[1] (ii) Rigid PVC is used to make window frames. Why is the chemical not added to the PVC used to make window frames? … … … …[2] [Total: 8]

6 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 For Examiner’s Use 4 (a) (i) The first living things evolved from simple molecules. What could these simple molecules do which made evolution possible? …[1] (ii) Which of the following provide evidence to support that evolution has taken place? Put ticks (✓) in the boxes next to the two correct answers. analysis of similarities and differences in DNA competition between organisms fossils found in rocks some animals have not changed for millions of years variation between organisms [2] (iii) Many species of animals and plants have become extinct. Explain the meaning of the term extinct. …[1]

7 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (b) Lamarck was a French scientist who suggested an explanation for evolution before Darwin. Read these sentences about Lamarck. 1. He studied hundreds of living things and found that they were different from each other. 2. He suggested that living things developed new characteristics during their lifetime. 3. He believed that a giraffe stretches up to reach leaves high in the trees and this causes their necks to become longer. 4. He suggested that the giraffe passes the characteristic of a long neck to its offspring. (i) Which one of the sentences, 1, 2, 3 and 4, is Lamarck’s explanation of why giraffes have long necks? …[1] (ii) Which one of the sentences 1, 2, 3 and 4, contain data? …[1] (iii) Which of the sentences, 1, 2, 3 and 4, agree with Darwin’s ideas about evolution due to natural selection? …[1] [Total: 7]

8 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 For Examiner’s Use 5 When diesel fuel is burned in a vehicle engine, very small particles of carbon, called particulates, are released into the air. Scientists compare the level of air pollution by particulates next to a quiet country road and in the centre of a city. They use apparatus that passes air through a paper filter. The particulates turn the paper from white to grey. The scientists then match the grey colour of the filter with one on a card printed with shades of grey between 0 (white) and 10 (black). 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Their results are shown in the table. shade of grey sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4 sample 5 sample 6 mean city centre 6 5 4 9 5 5 5 country road 2 1 1 3 2 3 (a) One of the measurements made in the city centre is an outlier. Which sample is this? sample … [1] (b) (i) To increase the reliability of their best estimates for the level of air pollution by particulates, the scientists take several measurements at each location. How does this make their best estimates more reliable? … … … …[2] (ii) The scientists’ measurements are not all the same at each location. Suggest one reason why the measurements in each set of results are not identical. … …[1]

9 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (iii) The scientists get a best estimate for the level of air pollution by particulates next to the country road. They do this by calculating the mean (average) of the results. Work out a best estimate for the level of air pollution by particulates next to the country road. best estimate = …[2] (c) Particulates do not stay in the air forever. What happens to these particulates? … …[1] [Total: 7]

10 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 For Examiner’s Use 6 Childhood obesity is a problem in many countries. The graph shows how childhood obesity increased in four countries over a period of time. 1970 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 percentage overweight USA England Iceland Japan Key: year (a) (i) Describe what is meant by a balanced diet. … … … …[2] (ii) Suggest what food types in the diet of children in these four countries may be helping to cause their obesity. … … … …[2] (b) Obese children often become obese adults. Name one disease linked to adult obesity. …[1] [Total: 5]

11 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use 7 In 1912, Alfred Wegener presented his idea of continental drift. (a) (i) What is meant by continental drift? … …[1] (ii) Wegener had evidence to support his theory. Write down two facts that supported Wegener’s theory. 1. … … 2. … …[2] (iii) Wegener did not have any training in geology. Suggest why most geologists did not believe Wegener’s theory in 1912. … …[1] (b) Wegener’s theory is now accepted. The Earth’s crust is made up of tectonic plates. Scientists use the theory to understand where earthquakes are likely to happen. (i) Where are earthquakes most likely to happen? …[1] (ii) Understanding where earthquakes happen allows governments to prepare for them before they happen. One way is to build better buildings. Choose the correct word from the list to complete the sentence stronger thinner taller weaker In a place where earthquakes happen, a better building needs to be … [1] [Total: 6]

12 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 For Examiner’s Use 8 This question is about carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere. The diagram shows part of the carbon cycle, with processes labelled with the letters A to G. carbon in air A B C D E G F animal plant carbon in soil (a) Use the letters A to G from the diagram to answer the following questions. (i) Which process is photosynthesis? …[1] (ii) Which processes are respiration? …[1] (b) Use the letters A to D from the diagram to explain why the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere stayed constant for thousands of years. … … … …[2]

13 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (c) Two scientists disagree about global warming. Dr Chang I’ve looked at the measurements for carbon dioxide and the temperature of the atmosphere. I don’t think there is any pattern in the data. Dr Salim I disagree. There is a pattern. Whenever the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere went up, the temperature went up as well. Which scientist is using the idea of correlation? Dr … What is meant by the term correlation? … … … …[1] (d) Human activities have greatly increased the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere during the past two hundred years. State one activity that has caused this increase. …[1] [Total: 6]

14 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 For Examiner’s Use 9 This question is about the risk to patients and staff in hospitals due to radioactive materials. (a) The bar chart shows the typical dose that a patient gets from different treatments. 9 8 7 6 5 4 dose in millisieverts 3 2 1 0 bone scan heart scan kidney scan lung scan (i) Which type of scan gave the smallest dose? The … scan [1] (ii) Which types of scan gave a dose greater than 3 millisieverts? …[2] (iii) Write down the dose received in a bone scan. … millisieverts [1] (iv) Each of these treatments involves injecting a radioactive chemical into the body. A heart scan and a lung scan give the patient quite different doses of radiation. Suggest two reasons for this. Your answer should consider the type and amount of radioactive chemical used and the time it is in the body. 1. … 2. …[2]

15 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 For Examiner’s Use (b) The patient may be willing to have the heart scan, even though radiation may be dangerous. Explain why the patient is willing to have the scan. Use ideas of risk and benefit in your answer. … … …[2] [Total: 8]

16 0608/03/O/N/10 © UCLES 2010 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2010 question paper for the guidance of teachers 0608 TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY SCIENCE 0608/03 Paper 3 (Core Written), maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2010 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2010 0608 03 © UCLES 2010 1 (a) (i) fatigue/tiredness/pain in joints/dizziness/increased pulse rate/increased blood pressure/ lack of energy/feeling weak ‘unconscious’ by itself is neutral and not worth a mark [1] (ii) less oxygen carried in the blood/cells block blood vessels Not ‘lack of blood/ red cells’ [1] (b) (i) aa [1] (ii) S [1] (iii) Aa in each left-hand square (1); aa in each left-hand square (1) [2] (c) (i) To know if they have the disease (1); will know if they have a chance of passing the disease on to their children/see if they are a carrier (1); plan their life (1); choose whether or not to have children (1) Any point [1] (ii) stressful having the test (1); could have a false result (1); should not interfere with nature (1); may not want to know (1); may not want others to know (1) Allow could be discriminated against by employers/insurers [1] [Total: 8] 2 (a) antibiotic [1] (b) to make sure they work/are effective (1); to make sure they are safe (1); to identify side effects (1); find correct dose (1) Any two points [2] (c) B immediately after C (1); DA (1) [2] [Total: 5]

Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2010 0608 03 © UCLES 2010 3 (a) they contain chlorine/they do not contain only hydrogen and carbon [1] (b) many small molecules/monomers (1); joining to make one large molecule/chain (1) [2] (c) asbestos (1); polythene (1) [2] (d) (i) plasticiser (1) [1] (ii) window frames need to be rigid/must not be flexible (1); otherwise they will bend/glass will fall out (1) [2] [Total: 8] 4 (a) (i) they can copy themselves/reproduce Allow multiply [1] (ii) analysis of ... DNA ✓ (1) competition fossils ✓ (1) … millions of years variation One for each correct choice. Deduct one mark for each extra tick. [2] (iii) all died out/none left [1] (b) (i) 3 [1] (ii) 1 [1] (iii) 1 and 4 [1] [Total: 7]

Page 4 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2010 0608 03 © UCLES 2010 5 (a) 4 accept 9 (value of sample 4) [1] (b) (i) allows outliers to be identified (and discarded) (1); allows average/mean to be calculated (1); indicates range/uncertainty of results (1) Any two [2] (ii) any idea that conditions may vary with time e.g. traffic may be more at some times than others/wind may be blowing stronger at some times. Must refer to same location. Allow also difficulty in assigning a number for each ‘greyness’ [1] (iii) (2 + 1 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 3 ) / 6 (1); = 2 (1) [2] (c) they are deposited on surfaces/washed out by rain [1] [Total: 7] 6 (a) (i) correct quantities/proportion (1); of different food groups (1); Could refer to recommended daily intake Second mark could be a list of at least two different types from carbohydrate, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals, fibre and water [2] (ii) (too much) sugar/carbohydrate (1); fat/oil (1); fast food/junk food (1) Any two points [2] (b) heart disease/stroke/diabetes allow high blood pressure [1] [Total: 5]

Page 5 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2010 0608 03 © UCLES 2010 7 (a) (i) The continents move on the Earth’s surface [1] (ii) geometric fit of continents (1); similarity of fossils in different continents (1); similarity of rock layers in different continents (1); mountain chains in ‘leading edge’ of different continents suggest movement across crust (1) Any two Accept similar plants/animals in different continents [2] (iii) He was an outsider/did not understand geology Accept no evidence or previous theories worked well. Need to link lack of training to lack of understanding [1] (b) (i) on the edge of tectonic plates/where two plates meet [1] (ii) stronger [1] [Total: 6] 8 (a) (i) D [1] (ii) B or C or A or any combination of them [1] (b) total CO2 in A, B and C together (1); equal total CO2 in D (1) idea of balance Can use names or descriptions of processes instead of letters [2] (c) one thing changes and the other thing changes at the same time/changes in same (or opposite) direction No mark for chosing Dr Salim [1] (d) burning fossil fuels (1); burning forests to clear land (1) either point [1] [Total:6]

Page 6 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2010 0608 03 © UCLES 2010 9 (a) (i) lung [1] (ii) bone, heart and kidney (any order) and NOT lung All 3 for 2 marks any two excluding lung for 1 mark. [2] (iii) 4.6 (mSv) [1] (iv) greater amount of chemical (1); more radioactive chemical (1); in body for longer time (1) Any two points. Allow possible mechanism e.g. ‘lungs breathe it out’ for one marking point [2] (b) Benefit large/risk small (1); benefit from the scan outweighs the risk (1). [2] [Total: 8]