Cambridge IGCSE Twenty-First Century Science 0608 — 2009 Oct/Nov Paper 3 · Variant 1

This document consists of 16 printed pages. DC (LEO/JG) 11687/2 © UCLES 2009 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. * 2 2 5 1 6 1 6 2 5 6 * 21ST CENTURY SCIENCE 0608/03 Paper 3 October/November 2009 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. For Examiner’s Use 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total www.XtremePapers.com

2 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 For Examiner’s Use 1 This question is about the gases in the air. (a) The table shows three gases. Finish the table by adding the percentage of each gas in unpolluted air. Choose each percentage from this list. 1% 21% 78% gas percentage in unpolluted air argon nitrogen oxygen [2] (b) Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant gas. Scientists measure the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the air next to a busy highway and a quiet country road. Their results are shown in the table. nitrogen dioxide concentration (micrograms per cubic metre) location sample 1 sample 2 sample 3 sample 4 sample 5 mean highway 45 43 43 46 48 45 country road 8 12 9 10 6 (i) Work out the mean for the nitrogen dioxide concentration next to the country road by calculating the average for the five samples. mean (average) = … micrograms per cubic metre [2]

3 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (ii) The range of the measurements for the highway is 43 to 48. What is the range of the measurements for the country road? range = … to … micrograms per cubic metre [1] (iii) The scientists use the mean (average) values from their results as best estimates of the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in each location. They decide that the best estimate of the nitrogen dioxide concentration from the highway is more reliable than that from the country road Suggest why this best estimate is more reliable. … …[1] (c) Car exhaust fumes contain nitrogen monoxide. This reacts with oxygen in the air to form nitrogen dioxide. Complete the diagram below to show the molecules of nitrogen dioxide produced in this reaction. + nitrogen monoxide nitrogen dioxide oxygen [2] [Total: 8]

4 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 For Examiner’s Use 2 Sewage pipes used to be made from ceramic material. This is made by heating clay in an oven. Ceramic material is hard, inflexible and brittle. Modern sewage pipes may be made from poly(ethene) which is tough and flexible. (a) Sewage pipes are laid underground and sometimes crack when the ground moves. Explain why poly(ethene) is better than ceramic material for sewage pipes. … …[1] (b) Some parts of the Life Cycle Assessment for sewage pipes made from poly(ethene) are different from those for sewage pipes made from ceramic material. Tick (✓) boxes in the table to show which parts are different. ✓ environmental impact of making the material environmental impact of using the product environmental impact of disposing of the product [2] (c) Poly(ethene) can be made more flexible by the addition of a chemical. Name this type of chemical. …[1] (d) Sewage pipes are an example of a product where a new material has replaced an older material. (i) Name another example of a product where a new material has replaced an older material. State the old material and the new material. product … old material … new material … [2] (ii) Describe one advantage of the new material for the product you named in (d)(i). … …[1] [Total: 7]

5 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use 3 This question is about some of the compounds found in plants and animals. (a) Look at these three chemical formulae: C2H6, C6H12O6, C2H5O2N Choose the name of each type of compound from this list. amino acid carbohydrate hydrocarbon Write the type of compound in the box below each formula. C2H6 C6H12O6 C2H5O2N [2] (b) Starch is a carbohydrate. It is also a polymer. During digestion starch is broken down into a simple sugar. What is the name of this sugar? Put a ring around the correct answer. cellulose fructose glucose sucrose [1] (c) Proteins in food are digested to form amino acids. Finish the sentence about amino acids. Use words from this list. urea urine kidneys liver Excess amino acids are carried by the blood to the … where they are broken down to form … which is excreted by the … in a liquid called … . [3] [Total: 6]

6 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 For Examiner’s Use 4 This question is about the structure of the Earth. (a) The diagram below is a section through the Earth. Label the diagram using the words below. core crust mantle …………………………… …………………………… …………………………… [3] (b) In some parts of the world, movements in the Earth cause serious earthquakes. Governments may take actions to reduce earthquake damage. Which of the following actions would help to reduce earthquake damage? Put ticks (✓) in the boxes next to the two correct actions. action build stronger buildings build taller buildings move everyone to a different country prepare emergency plans so trained staff can respond quickly prevent earthquakes from happening [2]

7 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (c) (i) In 1915, Alfred Wegener suggested his theory of continental drift. He based his theory on a number of observations he and other scientists made. Write down two observations which Wegener used to support his theory. Observation 1 … … Observation 2 … …[2] (ii) In 1915, other scientists did not agree with Wegener’s theory of continental drift. Suggest one reason why they did not agree with Wegener’s theory. … …[1] [Total: 8]

8 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 For Examiner’s Use 5 Microwaves are used in microwave ovens and mobile phones. (a) Microwaves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The diagram below shows the electromagnetic spectrum, with four regions identified. radio waves A infrared light B C gamma rays (i) Which region, A, B or C, is microwaves? … [1] (ii) Which region, A, B or C, is X-rays? … [1] (b) Microwaves are used to heat food in a microwave oven. (i) Which of the following statements explains how this happens? Put a tick (✓) in the box next to the correct answer. microwaves are an ionising radiation microwaves are used in communication microwaves make particles in the food vibrate [1] (ii) A 850 W oven will heat food faster than a 650 W oven. Explain the difference between the microwaves in these two ovens. Use the word intensity in your answer. … …[1]

9 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (c) Read these different people’s views on mobile phones. Microwaves cannot split molecules into bits. The only way they can harm you is by heating. They are too weak to heat you much. I need my mobile phone for important calls. I don’t use it very much. No-one can be certain that mobile phones are safe. I’m not going to have one myself. Bilal Aruna David Everyone I know has a mobile phone, and none of them has any health problems. Chen (i) Which two of these people mention a way to reduce the possible risk from mobile phone radiation? Put ticks (✓) in the boxes next to the two correct names. Aruna Bilal Chen David [2] (ii) Which one of these people says that the benefits of having a mobile phone outweigh the risks they might cause? Put a tick (✓) in the box next to the correct name. Aruna Bilal Chen David [1] [Total: 7]

10 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 For Examiner’s Use 6 Nuclear waste must be stored somewhere safe. (a) There are three types of nuclear waste: • low level waste • intermediate level waste • high level waste Use a straight line to join each type of waste to its correct description. type of waste description low level very long-lived waste which is difficult to store intermediate level used fuel rods just after they have been taken from a nuclear reactor high level slightly radioactive protective clothing and medical equipment [2]

11 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (b) Two of the commonest radioactive isotopes in nuclear waste are strontium-90 and caesium-137. These have very similar half-lives. The activity of caesium-137 is shown in this graph. 2000 1500 1000 500 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 time in years activity in counts per second (i) Use the graph to describe what happens to the activity of caesium-137 with time. … … …[2] (ii) Use the graph to find the half-life of caesium-137. Show your working on the graph or in this space. half-life of caesium-137 = … years [1] [Total: 5]

12 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 For Examiner’s Use 7 Look at the diagram of a plant cell. chloroplast cytoplasm nucleus cell membrane (a) Which structure labelled on the diagram contains instructions for how the plant develops? …[1] (b) Stem cell research is a rapidly advancing field of science. It uses cells taken from embryos that are only a few days old. The stem cells can be used to treat illnesses such as Parkinson’s Disease. What are embryonic stem cells? Put a tick (✓) in the box next to the correct answer. specialised cells that can develop into any type of cell unspecialised cells that can develop into any type of cell specialised cells that can develop into one type of cell unspecialised cells that can develop into one type of cell [1]

13 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (c) Read these statements, made by five different people. A. An embryo has the same human rights as any person. B. Stem cell research could provide valuable treatments for millions of people with incurable diseases. C. Stem cell research is a very interesting area of science. D. The embryos used are those left over from fertility treatments so they would be discarded anyway. E. Most human embryos do not develop beyond two weeks. Which of the statements A, B, C, D or E, suggests that, (i) the right decision is the one which leads to the best outcome for the majority of people involved. … [1] (ii) certain actions are never justified because they are wrong. … [1] (d) Scientists are now able to clone embryos so that large numbers of stem cells can be produced. Some organisms, e.g. bacteria, can produce clones of themselves using asexual reproduction. Which of the following statements describe asexual reproduction? Put ticks (✓) in the boxes next to the three correct answers. all the offspring produced are genetically identical to each other does not involve the production of sex cells involves the production of sex cells one parent is involved the offspring produced are genetically different from each other two parents are involved [2] [Total: 6 marks]

14 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 For Examiner’s Use 8 Microorganisms may enter the body and cause illness. (a) The body has natural barriers to reduce the risk of harmful microorganisms entering. Which of the following are examples of these natural barriers? Put a tick (✓) in the boxes next to the two correct answers. skin teeth sweat urine bone [2] (b) Vaccinations provide protection against these microorganisms. A vaccination is when a safe form of the disease-causing microorganism is put into someone’s body. Describe how vaccinations provide protection from microorganisms in the body. … … …[2]

15 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (c) Read this article: Number of measles cases soars due to fears over MMR jab The number of new cases of measles in the UK has risen to almost 20 times higher than ten years ago. Measles is a highly infectious illness which can cause severe disability or death. This rise is thought to be due to the relatively low uptake of the combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine over the last ten years. A large number of children are not fully vaccinated against these diseases and measles is spreading easily amongst these children. There is now the real risk of a measles epidemic. Earlier research had suggested a link between the MMR jab and the developmental disability autism amongst children. Use the article to help you answer the following questions. (i) What has happened to the number of people getting measles over the last ten years? …[1] (ii) What factor does the article suggest is the cause of this change? Put a tick (✓) in the box next to the correct answer. more people are having the MMR jab fewer people are having the MMR jab no-one is having the MMR jab the same number of people are having the MMR jab [1] (iii) Suggest one reason for and one reason against having your child immunised with the MMR jab. … … …[1] (iv) The article says: “Earlier research had suggested a link between the MMR jab and autism...” Put a ring around the word in the sentence which represents the outcome. [1] [Total: 8 marks]

16 0608/03/O/N/09 © UCLES 2009 For Examiner’s Use 9 Scientists are interested in how life on Earth began and how it has changed over the years. (a) Complete the following sentences using the correct words from the list below. You may use each word once, more than once or not at all. fossils evolved species reproduced plants died The many different … of living things on Earth … from very simple living things. Evidence for this is provided by … . [3] (b) In 1831, Charles Darwin sailed around the world on the ship HMS Beagle. The journey took 5 years. During this time, he looked at many different plants and animals. Darwin later proposed ideas to explain his observations. Read the following statements. Suggest which are data, D, and which are explanations, E. Write the correct letter, D or E, in the box next to each statement. D or E All living things change over time by a process called evolution. Fossils in older rocks are different from those in younger ones. Individuals of the same species are all different. Some species become extinct. [2] [Total: 5 marks] Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2009 question paper for the guidance of teachers 0608 21ST CENTURY SCIENCE 0608/03 Paper 3 (Written – Core), maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2009 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 0608 03 © UCLES 2009 1 (a) 1 78 21 all correct = 2 two or one correct = 1 [2] (b) (i) (8 + 12 + 9 + 10 + 6)/5 = 45/5 = 9 [2] (ii) 6 to 12 allow 12 to 6 [1] (iii) the range is smaller / they are closer [1] (c) one mark for each molecule, circles must touch [2] [Total: 8] 2 (a) polythene is more flexible so less likely to break [1] accept ORA (b) environmental impact of making the material
environmental impact of using the product environmental impact of disposing of the product
[2] (c) plasticizer [1] (d) (i) any suitable article (no mark) e.g. tennis racquet one mark each for old and new material e.g. wood and carbon fibre materials must match article [2] (ii) correct advantage e.g. stronger [1] [Total: 7]

Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 0608 03 © UCLES 2009 3 (a) hydrocarbon carbohydrate amino acid all correct = 2 one or two correct = 1 [2] (b) glucose [1] (c) liver; urea; kidneys; urine all correct = 3 3/2 correct = 2 1 correct = 1 [3] [Total: 6] 4 (a) crust mantle core One mark for each correct label. [3] (b) stronger buildings
taller different country emergency plans
prevent quakes One mark each. Deduct a mark for each extra tick. [2] (c) (i) Any two of the following ‘fits’ or ‘matches’: continents; fossils; mountain chains; rock types One mark for each correct response. If more than 2 given, mark first two only. [2] (ii) cannot detect continents move; Wegener was an outsider to the community of geologists; too big an idea on limited evidence; simpler explanations worked as well. any one [1] [Total: 8]

Page 4 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 0608 03 © UCLES 2009 5 (a) (i) A [1] (ii) C [1] (b) (i) ionising communication particles vibrate
[1] (ii) Microwaves in 850W have greater intensity owtte (because it heats food faster) Allow ‘are more intense’ [1] (c) (i) Aruna
Bilal Chen David
One mark each. Deduct a mark for each extra tick. [2] (ii) Aruna Bilal Chen David
[1] [Total: 7] 6 (a) All 3 links correct: 2 1 or 2 correct: 1 [2] (b) (i) goes down (1); change gets less and less with time (1) [2] (ii) 30 years Must have indication on graph or explanation in space [1] [Total: 5]

Page 5 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 0608 03 © UCLES 2009 7 (a) nucleus [1] (b) specialised cells that can develop into any type of cell unspecialised cells that can develop into any type of cell
specialised cells that can develop into one type of cell unspecialised cells that can develop into one type of cell [1] (c) (i) B [1] (ii) A [1] (d) one parent is involved all the offspring produced are genetically identical to each other
does not involve the production of sex cells
involves the production of sex cells one parent is involved
the offspring produced are genetically different to each other two parents are involved 3 correct = 2 marks 2 correct = 1 mark 1 correct = 0 marks [2] [Total: 6]

Page 6 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 0608 03 © UCLES 2009 8 (a) skin
teeth sweat
urine bone [2] (b) produce antibodies; (antibodies) present before infection [2] (c) (i) increased [1] (ii) more people are having the MMR jab fewer people are having the MMR jab
no-one is having the MMR jab the same number of people are having the MMR jab [1] (iii) For: measles can cause disability or death; reduces disease in population; Against: risk of autism; pain/trauma to child need a for and against for mark accept any reasonable idea [1] (iv) circle around ‘autism’ [1] [Total: 8] 9 (a) species; evolved; fossils [3] (b) E D D D all correct = 2 3/2 correct = 1 1 correct = 0 [2] [Total: 5]