Cambridge IGCSE Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) 0654 — 2011 Oct/Nov Paper 3 · Variant 1

This document consists of 24 printed pages. IB11 11_0654_31/4RP © UCLES 2011 [Turn over *7122849423* For Examiner's Use 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/31 Paper 3 (Extended) October/November 2011 2 hours Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 24. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. www.XtremePapers.com

2 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a motor neurone. A B cell body Fig. 1.1 (i) On Fig. 1.1, draw one arrow to show the direction in which a nerve impulse travels. [1] (ii) Name the part of the nervous system in which the cell body of the motor neurone is found. [1] (iii) Explain how the parts of the motor neurone labelled A and B adapt the neurone for its function. A B [4] (b) Almost all cells in the body have a nucleus which contains DNA. (i) Outline the function of DNA. [2] (ii) State how the quantity of DNA in the nucleus of a motor neurone would differ from the quantity of DNA in the nucleus of a gamete. [1]

3 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows two children playing in a swimming pool. A B Fig. 2.1 Child A makes some small waves on the surface of the water. (i) In 10 seconds, 5 complete waves pass by child B who is standing in the same pool. Calculate the frequency of the water waves. Show your working. [1] (ii) The waves in the pool are transverse waves. Explain how a transverse wave differs from a longitudinal wave. Draw a diagram if it helps your answer. [2]

4 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use (b) The top of a water slide is 10 m above the water in the pool. This is shown in Fig. 2.2. 10 m Fig. 2.2 A boy has a mass of 50 kg. He climbs from the pool to the top of the slide. When he slides down and reaches the bottom of the slide, his speed is 12 m / s. Calculate the kinetic energy of the boy as he reaches the bottom of the slide. State the formula that you use and show your working. formula used working [2] (c) The boy then climbs to the top of another water slide which is 20 m high. (i) When the boy is at the top of the slide, does his weight differ from his weight at the top of the 10 m slide? Explain your answer. [1]

5 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (ii) Suggest how the kinetic energy of the boy at the bottom of the 20 m slide may differ from his kinetic energy at the bottom of the 10 m slide. Explain your answer. [1] (d) The mass of water in the pool is 50 000 kg. The specific heating capacity of water is 4200 J / kg °C. The water is heated from 20 °C to 25 °C. Calculate the energy needed to heat the water. State the formula that you use and show your working. formula used working [3]

6 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use 3 The manufacture of ammonia and of sulfuric acid are two important industrial processes. Fig. 3.1 is a simplified diagram of the type of reaction vessel which is used in both processes. reactant gases exit gas stream catalyst Fig. 3.1 (a) The manufacture of ammonia and of sulfuric acid both involve reversible redox reactions which require a catalyst. (i) State the purpose of a catalyst. [1] (ii) The reactant gases required to make ammonia are nitrogen and hydrogen. Explain why the exit gas stream contains all three of these gases. [2] (iii) The equation below shows one of the reactions involved in the manufacture of sulfuric acid. The equation is not balanced. Balance the equation. SO2 + O2 SO3 [1] (iv) Name the substance which is oxidised in the reaction in (iii). [1]

7 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) Complete the bonding diagram below to show • the chemical symbols of the elements in a molecule of ammonia, • the arrangement of the outer electrons of each atom. [3]

8 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use (c) Ammonia reacts with dilute nitric acid to make the salt ammonium nitrate. NH3 + HNO3 NH4NO3 A student makes a solution containing ammonium nitrate by mixing solutions A and B as shown in Fig. 3.2. solution A contains 0.1 moles of ammonia solution B contains 0.1 moles of nitric acid Fig. 3.2 The student then leaves the solution of ammonium nitrate to evaporate completely. (i) Calculate the mass in grams of ammonium nitrate crystals that she will obtain. Show your working. [relative atomic masses, Ar : N=14; O=16; H=1] [2] (ii) The formula of the ammonium ion is NH4 +. Deduce the formula of the nitrate ion. Show how you obtained your answer. [2]

9 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use 4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a 230 V 60 W light bulb. 230 V 60 W tungsten filament filament support noble gas glass bulb Fig. 4.1 When the light bulb is switched on, the tungsten filament glows white hot at a temperature of 2400 °C. Explain how thermal energy from the hot tungsten filament is transferred to the rest of the light bulb. [3] (b) Light bulbs like this are not efficient at converting electrical energy into light energy. Calculate the percentage efficiency of a 60 W light bulb if 54 W of power is lost from the bulb as heat. Show your working. % efficiency = [2]

10 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use (c) The graph in Fig. 4.2 shows how the current through a different light bulb changes after it is switched on. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 2.50 2.25 2.00 1.75 1.50 1.25 1.00 0.75 0.50 0.25 0 current / amps time / ms Fig. 4.2 (i) Describe what happens to the current after the bulb is switched on. [2] (ii) Use the graph to find the current through the light bulb 80 ms after it is switched on. [1]

11 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (iii) The voltage supplied to the bulb is 230 V. Calculate the power of this light bulb 80 ms after it is switched on. State the formula that you use and show your working. formula working [2] (d) A lamp with a resistance of 1000 Ω when lit is connected in parallel with another lamp with a resistance of 2000 Ω when lit. Calculate the combined resistance of these two lamps. State the formula that you use and show your working. formula working [3]

12 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use 5 Diamonds, sapphires and rubies are found in the Earth’s crust and are valuable as industrial materials and for making jewellery. (a) (i) Name the substance from which diamonds are made and explain why this substance is an example of an element and not a compound. substance [3] (ii) The main compound in sapphires and rubies is aluminium oxide. Explain briefly, in terms of their structures and the energy needed to separate their atoms, why diamond and aluminium oxide are both very hard solids at room temperature. [2] (iii) Sapphires and rubies for use in jewellery must be cut and polished by grinding them on a rotating wheel. Suggest why the surface of the rotating wheel is covered with small pieces of diamond. tiny pieces of diamond fixed to the surface of the rotating wheel [1]

13 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) Aluminium may be obtained by the electrolysis of a molten mixture containing aluminium ions, Al 3+, and oxide ions, O 2-. Fig. 5.1 shows a simplified diagram of this process. electrons from power supply moving towards aluminium ions electrons from oxide ions moving towards the power supply power supply cathode anode molten mixture containing Al 3+ and O 2– Fig. 5.1 When the circuit is completed, electrons move in the directions shown in Fig. 5.1 and ions are converted into uncharged atoms at the surfaces of the electrodes. (i) Explain briefly why oxygen atoms are formed at the anode and not the cathode. [1] (ii) Explain why, when six electrons move around the circuit, two aluminium atoms and three oxygen atoms are formed. [3]

14 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use 6 (a) Table 6.1 shows some information about enzymes found in the human alimentary canal. Complete the table. Table 6.1 enzyme one site of production substrate product salivary glands amino acids pancreas fatty acids and glycerol [4] (b) Describe how the small intestine is adapted for the efficient absorption of digested nutrients. [2] (c) The nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are transported in the blood to the liver. (i) Name the blood vessel that transports blood from the small intestine to the liver. [1] (ii) The liver converts any excess amino acids to a nitrogenous waste product. Name this waste product. [1] (iii) Name the organs that excrete this waste product. [1]

15 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (d) The liver converts excess glucose in the blood into glycogen. The glycogen is then stored in cells in the liver. Glycogen is an insoluble polysaccharide. (i) Using your knowledge of osmosis, suggest why liver cells store glycogen and not glucose. [2] (ii) When body cells need glucose, liver cells convert some of their stored glycogen back into glucose. The cells then release the glucose into the blood. Explain fully why body cells need glucose. [3]

16 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use 7 (a) Fig. 7.1 shows a speed-time graph for the performance of an athlete in a race. 0 5 10 15 20 25 10 5 0 time / s speed m / s Fig. 7.1 Calculate the distance the athlete travelled between 0 and 25 seconds. Show your working. [3] (b) Another athlete in the race has a mass of 70 kg. Her initial forward acceleration was 1.5 m / s2. Calculate the force needed to give this acceleration. State the formula that you use and show your working. formula working [2]

17 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (c) The power output of the athlete is 600 W. Calculate the amount of work done by the athlete over 5 seconds. Show your working. [2] (d) After the race, the athletes are sweating. The sweat evaporates from the surface of their skin. Describe the process of evaporation in terms of particles. [3]

18 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use 8 (a) Table 8.1 shows some properties of three solid elements A, B and C. Table 8.1 element density electrical conductivity A low high B low low C high high One of the elements in Table 8.1 is a transition metal. Suggest and explain which element, A, B or C, has properties that are typical of a transition metal. element explanation [1] (b) The diagram in Fig. 8.1 is a common way of showing how the atoms are arranged in a small cross-section of a metallic element. nucleus and inner electron shells of metal atoms Fig. 8.1 (i) State briefly what the shaded area between the atoms in Fig. 8.1 represents. [1]

19 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (ii) A metal such as copper is malleable because layers of atoms slip past one another when a force is applied to the metal. Explain why bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, is less malleable than copper. You should draw a simple diagram to help you to answer this question. [3]

20 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use (c) Fig. 8.2 shows two electrical cells, X and Y, in which copper is used as one of the electrodes. The same electrolyte is used in both cells. X Y volts voltmeter + – volts voltmeter + – copper tin copper zinc Fig. 8.2 The relative reactivity of the three metals involved in these cells is shown below. zinc (most reactive) tin copper (least reactive) Explain which cell has the lower voltage. cell explanation [2]

21 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (d) Catalytic converters are used in the exhaust systems of modern cars to reduce air pollution. Fig. 8.3 shows where the catalytic converter is located in a car. catalytic convertor exhaust gases released into the air air and gasoline (hydrocarbon fuel) Fig. 8.3 When the fuel burns in the engine, a mixture of exhaust gases is produced. This mixture passes through the converter before being released into the air. (i) The following word equation shows how two polluting gases, carbon monoxide, CO, and nitrogen monoxide, NO, react together on the surface of the catalyst inside the converter. carbon monoxide + + nitrogen monoxide carbon dioxide nitrogen Construct a balanced, symbolic equation for this reaction. [2] (ii) Suggest why polluting gases are removed more efficiently when the catalytic converter is hot. [1] (iii) Suggest and explain one type of atmospheric pollution, caused by car exhaust gases, which is not reduced by the use of catalytic converters. [2]

22 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 For Examiner's Use 9 The golden lion tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia, is a species of monkey that lives in forests in Brazil. Its diet includes fruits and nectar from trees. Its predators include snakes, bamboo rats and owls. (a) (i) In the space below, construct a food web including golden lion tamarins. [3] (ii) Using your knowledge of energy flow through food chains, explain why predators such as owls are usually rarer than the prey on which they feed. [2]

23 © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) Golden lion tamarins are important for the dispersal of seeds from many different species of trees. They eat the fruits and then egest the seeds in their faeces. An investigation was carried out into the distances that golden lion tamarins dispersed seeds from trees. Fig. 9.1 shows the results of a study in which the distances of the tamarins' faeces from one tree were measured. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 distance from one tree / m 350 400 450 500 550 600 percentage of tamarins’ faeces 40 30 20 10 0 Fig. 9.1 (i) Describe the distribution of golden lion tamarin faeces in relation to this tree. [2] (ii) Suggest how the dispersal of seeds away from the tree in golden lion tamarin faeces could benefit the young plants that grow from the seeds. [3]

24 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2011 0654/31/O/N/11 Group 140 Ce Cerium 58 141 Pr Praseodymium 59 144 Nd Neodymium 60 Pm Promethium 61 150 Sm Samarium 62 152 Eu Europium 63 157 Gd Gadolinium 64 159 Tb Terbium 65 162 Dy Dysprosium 66 165 Ho Holmium 67 167 Er Erbium 68 169 Tm Thulium 69 173 Yb Ytterbium 70 175 Lu Lutetium 71 232 Th Thorium 90 Pa Protactinium 91 238 U Uranium 92 Np Neptunium 93 Pu Plutonium 94 Am Americium 95 Cm Curium 96 Bk Berkelium 97 Cf Californium 98 Es Einsteinium 99 Fm Fermium 100 Md Mendelevium 101 No Nobelium 102 Lr Lawrencium 103 1 H Hydrogen 1 7 Li Lithium 3 23 Na Sodium 11 24 Mg Magnesium 12 40 Ca Calcium 20 45 Sc Scandium 21 48 Ti Titanium 22 51 V Vanadium 23 52 Cr Chromium 24 55 Mn Manganese 25 56 Fe Iron 26 59 Co Cobalt 27 59 Ni Nickel 28 64 Cu Copper 29 65 Zn Zinc 30 70 Ga Gallium 31 27 Al Aluminium 13 11 B Boron 5 12 C Carbon 6 14 N Nitrogen 7 16 O Oxygen 8 19 F Fluorine 9 28 Si Silicon 14 31 P Phosphorus 15 32 S Sulfur 16 35.5 Cl Chlorine 17 40 Ar Argon 18 20 Ne Neon 10 4 He Helium 2 73 Ge Germanium 32 75 As Arsenic 33 79 Se Selenium 34 80 Br Bromine 35 84 Kr Krypton 36 39 K Potassium 19 88 Sr Strontium 38 89 Y Yttrium 39 91 Zr Zirconium 40 93 Nb Niobium 41 96 Mo Molybdenum 42 Tc Technetium 43 101 Ru Ruthenium 44 103 Rh Rhodium 45 106 Pd Palladium 46 108 Ag Silver 47 112 Cd Cadmium 48 115 In Indium 49 119 Sn Tin 50 122 Sb Antimony 51 128 Te Tellurium 52 127 I Iodine 53 131 Xe Xenon 54 137 Ba Barium 56 139 La Lanthanum 57 * 178 Hf Hafnium 72 181 Ta Tantalum 73 184 W Tungsten 74 186 Re Rhenium 75 190 Os Osmium 76 192 Ir Iridium 77 195 Pt Platinum 78 197 Au Gold 79 201 Hg Mercury 80 204 Tl Thallium 81 207 Pb Lead 82 209 Bi Bismuth 83 Po Polonium 84 At Astatine 85 Rn Radon 86 Fr Francium 87 227 Ac Actinium 89 9 Be Beryllium 4 I II III IV V VI VII 0 85 Rb Rubidium 37 133 Cs Caesium 55 226 Ra Radium 88 The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.). a X b a = relative atomic mass X = atomic symbol b = proton (atomic) number Key *58-71 Lanthanoid series 90-103 Actinoid series DATA SHEET The Periodic Table of the Elements

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2011 question paper for the guidance of teachers 0654 CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/31 Paper 3 (Extended Theory), maximum raw mark 100 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • Cambridge will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2011 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2011 0654 31 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 1 (a) (i) arrow going from right to left ; [1] (ii) central nervous system / spinal cord / brain ; [1] (iii) (A) carries / transmits, impulses / electrical signals / action potentials ; (very) long ; idea of connecting central nervous system with distant part of body ; myelin speeds up (impulse / transmission) ; [max 2] (B) connect to, another cell / organ ; e.g. muscle / gland / effector ; passes on, impulse / electrical signal / action potentials ; idea that branches make many contact points ; [max 2] (b) (i) stores / contains, information / instructions ; on making proteins ; idea of hereditary material ; [max 2] (ii) twice as much (in motor neurone) ; [1] [Total: 9] 2 (a) (i) 0.5 waves per second / 0.5 Hz ; [1] (ii) longitudinal – wave motion is in same direction as disturbance of medium ; transverse – wave motion at right angles to disturbance of medium ; [2] (b) (KE =) ½ mv2 ; = ½ × 50 × 12 × 12 = 3600 J ; [2] (c) (i) no – weight is determined by gravitational attraction of a mass / gravity is the same at both points ; OR yes – weight is determined by gravitational attraction of a mass but this depends on height / distance between mass and centre of gravitational force ; [max 1] (ii) KE will be greater because, more potential energy converted into KE / has been accelerating for longer / his speed is greater ; [max 1] (d) energy = mass × shc × change in temperature ; = 50 000 × 4 200 × 5 ; = 1 050 000 000 J ; [3] [Total: 10]

Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2011 0654 31 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 3 (a) (i) speeds up reactions / provides lower activation energy route ; [1] (ii) reaction (to make gases) is reversible ; so reactants can never be fully used up / some product changes back to reactants / some gases pass through without reacting ; [2] (iii) 2 SO2 + O2 2 SO3 ; (or correct multiple) [1] (iv) sulfur dioxide ; [1] (b) symbols shown in correct atoms ; three bond pairs around central atom ; lone pair correctly shown and no others ; [3] (c) (i) calculate Mr of ammonium nitrate = (14 × 2) + (1 × 4) + (16 × 3) / 80 ; calculate mass of 0.1 moles = 0.1 × 80 = 8 g ; [2] (ii) NO3 – ; reference to charge balance given 1:1 ratio of ions ; [2] [Total: 12] 4 (a) conduction from filament to filament support / gas ; radiation from filament (to the materials of the lamp) ; convection of the (noble) gas ; [3] (b) (60 – 54) ÷ 60 ; = 10 % ; [2] (c) (i) decreases ; to constant (minimum) value ; [2] (ii) 0.2(0) A ; [1] (iii) power = voltage × current ; 230 × 0.20 = 46 W ; [2] (d) 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 ; = 1/1000 + 1/2000 ; R = 2000/3 = 666.7 Ω ; [3] [Total: 13]

Page 4 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2011 0654 31 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 5 (a) (i) carbon ; elements contain one type of atom / carbon is listed in the Periodic Table ; compounds contain more than one, type of atom / element (bonded) ; (reject ‘mixed’) [3] (ii) (both have a) giant structure / or good attempt to describe ; so large numbers of bonds to break (which needs energy) ; (all these) bonds are strong ; [max 2] (iii) diamond is harder / has stronger bonds, than sapphires / rubies ; [1] (b) (i) the idea of attraction between opposite charges ; [1] (ii) Al3+ gain and O2– lose electrons; Al3+ gains three and O2– loses two electrons ; some relevant maths ; [3] (e.g. so if six electrons then number of Al atoms is 6 ÷ 3 = 2) [Total: 10] 6 (a) enzyme one site of production substrate product amylase salivary glands starch maltose protease / trypsin / pepsin stomach / pancreas (see note below) proteins amino acids lipase pancreas fats / lipids fatty acids and glycerol note: if protease given, allow either stomach or pancreas if trypsin, must be pancreas if pepsin, must be stomach one mark for any two correct ;;;; [4] (b) villi ; very long / coiled ; increased surface area ; good blood supply / good capillary system ; has thin wall ; [max 2] (c) (i) hepatic portal vein ; [1] (ii) urea ; [1] (iii) kidneys ; [1]

Page 5 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2011 0654 31 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 (d) (i) if glucose, cells would take up water by osmosis ; may burst ; [2] (ii) for energy ; respiration ; glucose oxidised / glucose combined with oxygen ; for movement / other named use of energy ; [max 3] [Total: 14] 7 (a) working may be shown on graph / idea of area under graph ; (½ × 5 × 8) + (15 × 8) + (½ × 5 × 8) ; = 160 m ; [3] (b) force = mass × acceleration ; = 70 × 1.5 = 105 N ; [2] (c) work = power × time ; = 600 × 5 = 3000 J ; [2] (d) heat transferred into (water) particles (from surroundings) ; (water) changes from liquid to gas ; ref. attraction between particles in the liquid ; fastest moving / more energetic, particles escape ; (escape) at surface / ref. to process happening at temperature below boiling point ; average energy of rest of particles reduced / heat removed from liquid ; [max 3] [Total: 10] 8 (a) (C) high density and (high) electrical conductivity ; [1] (b) (i) delocalised electrons / sea of electrons / the outer shell electrons ; [1] (ii) diagram shows atoms of two different sizes ; words or diagram imply layer structure disrupted ; atoms of different size prevent layers of the other atoms from sliding ; the idea that more force needed to move layers / atoms ; [max 3] (c) (X) the idea that cell voltage is related to relative metal reactivity ; the idea that the greater the difference in reactivity the greater the voltage / the reactivity difference between Cu and Zn is greater than between Cu and Sn ; [2]

Page 6 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2011 0654 31 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 (d) (i) 2CO + 2NO 2CO2 + N2 (formulae + balanced) ;; [2] (allow one mark for CO + NO → CO2 + N) (ii) reference to increased rate of reaction ; [1] (iii) greenhouse effect / global warming / climate change ; much carbon dioxide (in exhausts) / carbon dioxide not reduced by converters / carbon dioxide made in converter ; [2] [Total: 12] 9 (a) (i) trees / nectar / fruit (allow if in separate boxes) golden lion tamarins bamboo rats snakes owls plants and tamarins connections correct ; all three predators in separate boxes and with connections to tamarins correct ; all arrows in right direction ; [3] (ii) energy is lost along the food chain ; ref. to one way in which energy is lost ; idea that there is less energy for, top predators / at end of food chain ; [2] (b) (i) fewer faeces further from tree / v.v. ; furthest distance from tree is 400 m ; figures quoted, e.g. 31% of faeces deposited within 50 m of tree ; [max 2] (ii) faeces provide nutrients for, young plants / seedlings (not seeds) ; less competition (for seedlings) away from parent tree ; example of factor competed for (e.g. light, water, soil nutrients) ; help to colonise new areas ; [max 3] [Total: 10]