Cambridge IGCSE Physical Education 0413 — 2025 May/June Paper 1 · Variant 2

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. [Turn over * 0 6 8 3 5 5 4 4 9 0 * Cambridge IGCSE™ PHYSICAL EDUCATION 0413/12 Paper 1 Theory May/June 2025 1 hour 45 minutes You must answer on the question paper. No additional materials are needed. INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer all questions. ● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. ● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. ● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. ● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. ● Do not write on any bar codes. ● You may use a calculator. ● You should show all your working and use appropriate units. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 100. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. DC (DE/SW) 345656/4 © UCLES 2025 ,










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2 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 1 Identify two types of movement that can occur at the ankle. 1 … 2 … [2] 2 The diagram shows a human skeleton. A D B C (a) Complete the table to identify the bones labelled A, B and C and the classification of each bone. bone classification A B C [6] * 0000800000002 * ,










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3 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over (b) (i) Identify the type of synovial joint labelled D. … [1] (ii) State two other named types of joints in the skeleton. Give an example of where each type of joint is located on the body. type of joint 1 … example … … type of joint 2 … example … … [4] [Total: 11] * 0000800000003 * ,










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4 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 3 The photograph shows sprinters getting ready to start a 100-metre race. (a) Suggest how warming up may help reduce cognitive anxiety for a sprinter. … … … … … … [3] (b) Other than not warming up, suggest three sporting factors that could cause cognitive anxiety for a sprinter while waiting to start the race. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] * 0000800000004 * ,










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5 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over (c) (i) Describe two examples of extrinsic motivation that could encourage a sprinter to participate in the sport. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (ii) Describe two positive effects of intrinsic motivation for a sprinter. … … … … [2] [Total: 10] * 0000800000005 * ,










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6 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 4 Verbal guidance is often used by coaches. Describe how three other types of guidance could be used by a coach in a named physical activity. physical activity … type of guidance 1 … description … … type of guidance 2 … description … … type of guidance 3 … description … … [6] * 0000800000006 * ,










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7 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over 5 (a) Complete the table to identify each nutrient from the description of its function. nutrient function assists in transporting food and waste products from the body and maintains body temperature repairs cells and muscle tissue, helps cells grow provides long term energy supply [3] (b) (i) Complete the statement to explain how energy is derived from carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are broken down into …, which releases energy. Some carbohydrates are converted into … and stored in the … . [3] (ii) Suggest why the energy needs of males and females may differ. … … [1] [Total: 7] * 0000800000007 * ,










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8 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 6 The photograph shows performers in a sprint hurdle race. (a) (i) Sprint hurdling requires various components of fitness. Describe each of the following: power … … muscular endurance. … … [2] (ii) Describe how to carry out a named recognised test to measure a performer’s muscular endurance. name of test … description … … … … … … [4] * 0000800000008 * ,










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9 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over (b) Explain why two named components of fitness, other than power and muscular endurance, are important for a sprint hurdler. component of fitness 1 … explanation … … component of fitness 2 … explanation … … [4] [Total: 10] * 0000800000009 * ,










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10 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 7 The photograph shows a performer shooting during a wheelchair basketball match. (a) Shooting in wheelchair basketball can be placed on the open and closed skills classification continua. Other than the open and closed continuum, justify where shooting in wheelchair basketball would be placed on two named skill classification continua. name of continuum 1 … justification … … name of continuum 2 … justification … … [4] * 0000800000010 * ,










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11 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over (b) The diagram shows the stages of a basic information processing model. input output decision- making feedback Explain the role of the following stages when a performer is shooting during a basketball match: input … … output … … feedback. … … [3] [Total: 7] * 0000800000011 * ,









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12 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 8 (a) Suggest legacy implications that the host nation of a global event may want to achieve. … … … … … … … … [4] (b) Other than legacy implications, describe advantages of being the host nation of a global event. … … … … [2] [Total: 6] * 0000800000012 * ,









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14 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 9 The photograph shows a performer weight training. (a) Describe three physical benefits that a performer could gain from regular weight training. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (b) Using examples, explain how three named principles of overload can be applied to a weight training programme. principle 1 … explanation … … principle 2 … explanation … … principle 3 … explanation … … [6] * 0000800000014 * ,









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15 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over (c) Carrying weights correctly can reduce the possibility of injury during a weight training session. Describe three other strategies to reduce the risk and severity of injury when weight training. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] [Total: 12] 10 (a) Describe two features of each of the following aspects of good health and well-being as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO): mental health and well-being 1 … … 2 … … social health and well-being. 1 … … 2 … … [4] (b) Explain the relationship between health and fitness. … … … … [2] [Total: 6] * 0000800000015 * ,









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16 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 11 (a) Describe VO2 max. … … [1] (b) State three factors that affect a performer’s VO2 max levels. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] [Total: 4] * 0000800000016 * ,









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17 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over 12 The photograph shows an athlete performing a shot put. (a) Identify the main muscle fibre type that would be used during a shot put. Justify your choice. muscle fibre type … justification … … [2] (b) Describe why it is important to warm up muscles before taking part in the shot put. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 5] * 0000800000017 * ,









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18 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 13 The diagram shows the chest cavity. A B (a) (i) Identify the muscles labelled A and B that are involved in the mechanics of breathing. A … B … [2] (ii) Describe the function of the muscles labelled A and B during inhalation (breathing in) and exhalation (breathing out). muscle A inhalation … … exhalation … … muscle B inhalation … … exhalation … … [4] * 0000800000018 * ,









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19 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over (b) Identify each breathing volume being described in the table. description breathing volume The volume of air you inhale or exhale with each breath. The volume of air you can forcibly breathe out after maximum inhalation. The volume of air left in your lungs after maximum exhalation. [3] [Total: 9] * 0000800000019 * ,









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20 0413/12/M/J/25 © UCLES 2025 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge. 14 One long-term effect of regular aerobic exercise on the cardiovascular system is an increase in maximum cardiac output. (a) Describe three other long-term effects of regular aerobic exercise on a performer’s cardiovascular system. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (b) Complete the equation that can be used to calculate cardiac output. … × … = cardiac output [2] [Total: 5] * 0000800000020 * ,










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This document consists of 20 printed pages. © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 [Turn over Cambridge IGCSE™ PHYSICAL EDUCATION 0413/12 Paper 1 Theory May/June 2025 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 100 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2025 series for most Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level components, and some Cambridge O Level components.

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 2 of 20 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alon gside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptions for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 3 of 20 GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thre sholds or grade descriptors in mind. Science-Specific Marking Principles 1 Examiners should consider the context and scientific use of any keywords when awarding marks. Although keywords may be present, marks should not be awarded if the keywords are used incorrectly. 2 The examiner should not choose between contradictory statements given in the same question part, and credit should not be awarded for any correct statement that is contradicted within the same question part. Wrong science that is irrelevant to the question should be ignored. 3 Although spellings do not have to be correct, spellings of syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation fro m other syllabus terms with which they may be confused (e.g. ethane / ethene, glucagon / glycogen, refraction / reflection). 4 The error carried forward (ecf) principle should be applied, where appropriate. If an incorrect answer is subsequently used in a scientifically correct way, the candidate should be awarded these subsequent marking points. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary and any exceptions to this general principle will be noted. 5 ‘List rule’ guidance For questions that require n responses (e.g. State two reasons …): • The response should be read as continuous prose, even when numbered answer spaces are provided. • Any response marked ignore in the mark scheme should not count towards n. • Incorrect responses should not be awarded credit but will still count towards n. • Read the entire response to check for any responses that contradict those that would otherwise be credited. Credit should not be awarded for any responses that are contradicted within the rest of the response. Where two responses contradict one another, this should be treated as a single incorrect response. • Non-contradictory responses after the first n responses may be ignored even if they include incorrect science.

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 4 of 20 6 Calculation specific guidance Correct answers to calculations should be given full credit even if there is no working or incorrect working, unless the question states ‘show your working’. For questions in which the number of significant figures required is not stated, credit should be awarded for correct answers when rounded by the examiner to the number of significant figures given in the mark scheme. This may not apply to measured values. For answers given in standard form (e.g. a  10n) in which the convention of restricting the value of the coefficient (a) to a value between 1 and 10 is not followed, credit may still be awarded if the answer can be converted to the answer given in the mark scheme. Unless a separate mark is given for a unit, a missing or incorrect unit will normally mean that the final calculation mark is not awarded. Exceptions to this general principle will be noted in the mark scheme. 7 Guidance for chemical equations Multiples / fractions of coefficients used in chemical equations are acceptable unless stated otherwise in the mark scheme. State symbols given in an equation should be ignored unless asked for in the question or stated otherwise in the mark scheme.

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 5 of 20 Annotations guidance for centres Examiners use a system of annotations as a shorthand for communicating their marking decisions to one another. Examiners are trained during the standardisation process on how and when to use annotations. The purpose of annotations is to inform the standard isation and monitoring processes and guide the supervising examiners when they are checking the work of examiners within their team. The meaning of annotations and how they are used is specific to each component and is understood by all examiners who mark the component. We publish annotations in our mark schemes to help centres understand the annotations they may see on copies of scripts. Note that there may not be a direct correlation between the number of annotations on a script and the mark awarded. Similarly, the use of an annotation may not be an indication of the quality of the response. The annotations listed below were available to examiners marking this component in this series. Annotations Annotation Meaning correct point or mark awarded incorrect point or mark not awarded benefit of the doubt given error carried forward applied point has been noted, but no credit has been given or blank page seen response is too vague or there is insufficient detail in response Incomplete answer linked consideration of points linked consideration of points

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 6 of 20 Annotation Meaning repetition in response information missing or insufficient for credit contradiction in response, mark not awarded

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 7 of 20 Question Answer Marks 1 1 mark for each movement. dorsiflexion; plantar flexion; 2 Question Answer Marks 2(a) 1 mark for each correct response. bone classification A cranium; flat; B carpal(s); short; C femur; long; 6 2(b)(i) 1 mark for: hinge (joint); 1 2(b)(ii) 1 mark for each type of joint named (2 marks max). 1 mark for each example (2 marks max). type of joint: fixed / immovable / fibrous joint; example: pelvis / cranium; type of joint: slightly moveable / cartilaginous; example: ribs / vertebral column (spine) / front of pelvis; 4

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 8 of 20 Question Answer Marks 3(a) 1 mark for each suggestion. 3 from: able to mentally rehearse skills needed; be mentally prepared / know they are ready for the race; can visualise performing well; increase focus / block out distractions; block out other thoughts / negative thoughts / fear of injury / fear of losing; feel motivated; more confident; keeping calm / mentally relaxed; Accept other appropriate suggestions. 3 3(b) 1 mark for each suggestion. 3 from: the importance of the race / running in a final; knowing that others are faster than you / competing against others who you know have a good start; knowing the importance of a good start; not being fully fit / prepared for the race / not being well trained; fear of losing / running badly / not achieving their best time / not being selected for future events / having false started before; spectators watching / noise from the crowd / race being reported by media; pressure to perform well; Accept other appropriate suggestions. 3

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 9 of 20 Question Answer Marks 3(c)(i) 1 mark for each description. 2 from: winning a trophy; medals; certificates / badges; rewards; winning prize money; praise from a coach / family / peers / opponents / recognition that comes from winning / publicity; gaining sponsorship; Accept other appropriate descriptions. 2 3(c)(ii) 1 mark for each description. 2 from: not reliant on extrinsic rewards; less pressure; enjoyment from racing / sprinting / less importance placed on winning; the performer is not reliant on other people; the performer has greater control of situations / sets their own goals; able to overcome setbacks with greater ease; may train harder / try harder / wants to improve performance; develops confidence / self-belief; Accept other appropriate descriptions. 2

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 10 of 20 Question Answer Marks 4 1 mark for each type of guidance named (3 marks max). 1 mark for an example relevant to the named physical activity (3 marks max). For example in gymnastics: visual; example: the coach can demonstrate where to place their hands on the vaulting box when completing a vault / a coach can provide a performer with a video of a gymnast completing a jump on the beam; manual; example: the coach can place their hand on the small of the back of the performer to support a headspring movement; mechanical; example: the coach can use a harness when teaching how to do a somersault so that the performer can feel how to do the movement / use a landing pit to ensure they do not injure themselves when landing a complex dismount from rings; Accept other appropriate examples. 6 Question Answer Marks 5(a) 1 mark for each nutrient. nutrient function water; assists in transporting food and waste products from the body and maintains body temperature. protein; repairs cells and muscle tissue, helps body cells grow. fat; provides long term energy supply. 3 5(b)(i) 1 mark for each completed part of the sentence in bold. Carbohydrates are broken down into GLUCOSE; which releases energy. Some carbohydrates are converted into GLYCOGEN; and stored in MUSCLES / LIVER; 3

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 11 of 20 Question Answer Marks 5(b)(ii) 1 mark for: males need more energy because: males generally have greater muscle mass / generally have larger / bigger bodies; Accept reverse answers. Accept other appropriate suggestions. 1 Question Answer Marks 6(a)(i) 1 mark for each description. power: the ability to perform strength movements at speed; muscular endurance: the ability of muscles to work continuously without tiring / ability to perform repeated muscular contractions; Accept alternative wording. 2 6(a)(ii) 1 mark max for naming an appropriate test for muscular endurance. 3 marks max for description of the test. Multi-Stage Abdominal Curl Conditioning Test; subject performs sit ups in time with the bleeps (on a CD / eq); arms are folded across the chest (with elbows forward) and knees bent; sit up for elbow to touch the knees / body to be at 90 degrees; bleeps get progressively quicker each minute; subject performs until they can no longer keep up with the bleeps / technique loses correct form; the total number of sit ups is counted; compare to normative data tables; 4

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 12 of 20 Question Answer Marks 6(b) 1 mark for each appropriate component of fitness (2 marks max). 1 mark for each appropriate benefit (2 marks max). flexibility; benefit: the movement at the hip allows them to bring the leg over the hurdle and into the running stride / lift the legs to get over the hurdle; speed; benefit: when going over the hurdle the leg needs to be brought over quickly to be able to run fast between the hurdles / to win the race; strength; benefit: the hurdler needs to push out of the starting blocks to get a good start / push off the ground to get over the hurdle; balance; benefit: to ensure the performer stays upright and not fall when going over the hurdle; coordination; benefit: to be able to move the arms and legs at the same time to get over the hurdles / run between the hurdles; reaction time; benefit: can respond quickly to the start gun to get a fast start / get out of the blocks quickly; Accept other appropriate benefits. 4

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 13 of 20 Question Answer Marks 7(a) 1 mark for each continuum. 1 mark for each correct justification. fine and gross; justification: fine because the final part of the shot requires the wrist and fingers to extend to flick the ball; OR justification: gross because shooting uses large muscle groups in the arm and shoulder; basic and complex; justification: basic because the shooting action is based on a simple throwing action and is similar to shooting action used in other sports; OR justification: complex because the shooting action requires high levels co-ordination of both arms / high levels of concentration needed to focus on the basket; Accept other appropriate continua and justifications. 4 7(b) 1 mark for each explanation. input: role: seeing the distance from the basket / position of opponents / feeling the ball in the hands / hearing the team-mates / coach calling; output: role: the appropriate shot is attempted; feedback: role: if the shot is unsuccessful need to change the type of shot when in a similar situation / if shot is successful then repeat the shot; 3

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 14 of 20 Question Answer Marks 8(a) 1 mark for each suggestion. increase the level of participation in sport / sports available; creating facilities (to meet the demand created by the global event); increase the amount of sport played in school; increase the fitness of the (younger) population of the country; maintain facilities for elite performers; create / maintain coaching structures for performers at all levels; create accessibility to green spaces for residents; highlight how to bring about environmental change; improve areas of deprivation / housing in the city; improve economy of the country / developing commercial interests; use facilities from the global event to host future events / try to attract other global events to the city / maintain the country`s high profile; use sporting facilities to hold non-sporting / commercial events; develop the use of volunteers to support the community; increase understanding of disability and sport; improved transport links for the community; continue to attract tourists / increased number of tourists; Accept other appropriate suggestions. 4 8(b) 1 mark for each description. home advantage; increase in national pride; increase in tourism; increase in employment; use of temporary stadia to increase the number of attendees; build new facilities; more money into the economy; improve infrastructure; raise the profile of the country / boost public image; Accept other appropriate descriptions. 2

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 15 of 20 Question Answer Marks 9(a) 1 mark for each description. 3 from: increases muscular strength; increases muscular endurance increases muscle size / mass; strengthens bones / increases bone density; increases power; increases flexibility; strengthens connective tissue; decreases the chance of injury; health benefits / reduces heart disease; increase tolerance to lactic acid; Accept other appropriate descriptions. 3 9(b) 1 mark for each principle named (3 marks max). 1 mark for each explanation (3 marks max). Examples could include: frequency; increase the number of training sessions from e.g. 2 to 3 times a week; intensity; lift heavier weights e.g. 30 kg to 50 kg / increase number of reps e.g. 10 to 20 / decrease rest time between exercises e.g. 30 seconds to 15 seconds; time; increase time when lifting weights e.g. 30 minutes to 60 minutes; type; uses a variety of equipment to prevent boredom e.g. use free weights / machine weighs / kettle bells; 6

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 16 of 20 Question Answer Marks 9(c) 1 mark for each safety consideration described. the area should be kept clear / weights stored correctly; performers should wear appropriate clothing / footwear; protective clothing may be worn / gloves / lifting belt; appropriate supervision / use of a spotter; use machine weights if spotter not available; use of correct technique when lifting; warm up before lifting; lifting suitable weights e.g. not attempting to lift weights that are too heavy; check equipment in good order / ensure weights are securely fitted to bar; maintaining hydration; following gym rules; have appropriate rest periods / avoid over training; Accept other appropriate strategies. 3

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 17 of 20 Question Answer Marks 10(a) 1 mark for each feature of mental health (2 marks max). 1 mark for each feature of social health (2 marks max). mental health and well-being: able to cope with stress; control emotions; feeling good / self-esteem / confidence / be motivated; social health and well-being: essential human needs are met; friendship and support; having value in society; ability to mix with others; Accept alternative wording. 4 10(b) 1 mark for each explanation. good health means can train so fitness increases; ill health means unable to train so fitness decreases; some illnesses still allow training to happen so fitness may still increase; smoking damages the lungs so cardiovascular fitness decreases; obesity makes it harder to train so fitness decreases; poor diet may not provide enough energy for training so fitness decreases; good mental health may increase motivation to train so fitness increases; Accept other appropriate explanations. 2

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 18 of 20 Question Answer Marks 11(a) 1 mark for: the volume of oxygen that can be consumed while exercising at a maximum capacity. OR the maximum volume of oxygen that can be consumed / used during exercise; Accept alternative wording. 1 11(b) 1 mark for each factor. 3 from: age; gender; genetics; lifestyle; training; 3 Question Answer Marks 12(a) 1 mark for identifying muscle fibre type. 1 mark for an appropriate justification. fast twitch; justification: contract quickly / produce a large amount of force / anaerobic / can work without oxygen; 2

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 19 of 20 Question Answer Marks 12(b) 1 mark for each description. 3 from: reduces the risk of injury; raises muscle temperature; increases elasticity of muscles; allows joints to move over their full range / flexibility; increases speed of muscle contraction / reduces muscle response time; increases power of muscle contraction; increases blood flow to muscles; increases oxygen supply to muscles; Accept alternative descriptions. 3 Question Answer Marks 13(a)(i) 1 mark for each muscle identified. A: intercostal muscles; B: diaphragm; 2 13(a)(ii) 1 mark for each description of the function of each muscle. muscle A – intercostal muscle inhalation: contracts and lifts rib-cage up / out; exhalation: relaxes and allows the rib cage to move down / in; muscle B – diaphragm inhalation: contracts and flattens / moves down; exhalation: relaxes and moves into a dome position / moves up; 4

0413/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 20 of 20 Question Answer Marks 13(b) 1 mark for each breathing volume correctly named. description breathing volume the volume of air you inhale or exhale with each breath tidal volume; the volume of air you can forcibly breathe out after maximum inhalation vital capacity; the volume of air left in your lungs after maximum exhalation residual volume; 3 Question Answer Marks 14(a) 1 mark for each effect. heart size increases (hypertrophy); stroke volume increases; decrease in resting heart rate / bradycardia; increases the ability to tolerate lactic acid; 3 14(b) 1 mark for each part of equation. heart rate;  stroke volume; 2