Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448 — 2025 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 0

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing a mountain range in southern and western Pakistan. 64° E 68° E 72° E Key N 0 100 200 300 international boundary km province-level boundary 36° N 36° N KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa city mountain range PeshawarPeshawar KPK W 32° N 32° N RangeRange QuettaQuetta PunjabPunjab SulaimanSulaiman 28° N 28° N BalochistanBalochistan SindhSindh X Arabian Sea 24° N 24° N 64° E 68° E 72° E Fig. 1.1 Name the country labelled W and the city labelled X on Fig. 1.1. • W .................................................... • X ..................................................... [2] (ii) Using Fig. 1.1 only, measure the length of the Sulaiman Range. .................................................... km [1] (iii) Using Fig. 1.1 only, describe the location of the Sulaiman Range. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iv) Suggest why mining may be difficult in mountainous areas. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2, a bar graph showing mineral resources extracted in Pakistan. 4500 4000 3500 3000 amount extracted 2500 per year (million tonnes) 2000 1500 1000 500 0 granite iron gold lead marble mineral Fig. 1.2 Using Fig. 1.2 only, identify the amount of granite extracted. .................................................... million tonnes [1] (ii) Describe how mineral extraction is beneficial to Pakistan. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) (i) Study Fig. 1.3, a diagram showing forest types and altitude. forest type altitude tropical thorn / rakh 4000– 4500 m alpine 1000– 4000 m coniferous below 1000 m Fig. 1.3 Complete Fig. 1.3 by using arrows to match the forest type to the altitude where it grows. [2] (ii) State two human activities which are reducing the extent of forests in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (iii) Explain two reasons for afforestation in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (d) Evaluate the opportunities for, and challenges of, continuing to develop mineral resource extraction sustainably in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a climate graph showing temperature and rainfall for Karachi. Content removed due to copyright restrictions. Fig. 2.1 Using Fig. 2.1 only: – identify the highest rainfall .......................................... mm – calculate the temperature range .......................................... °C [2] (ii) State the season when regions of Pakistan experience rainfall from: – the south-west monsoon .......................................... – the western depressions .......................................... [2] (iii) Identify the location that is associated with the climatic conditions given. Circle the correct answer for each statement. – cold winter, mild summer and rainfall in all seasons: northern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa south-east Sindh north-east Balochistan – mild winter, warm summer, extreme aridity: central Balochistan south-west Sindh north-east Punjab [2] (b) (i) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph of a landscape in Pakistan. Using Fig. 2.2 only, describe three characteristics of the landscape shown. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Define ‘drought’. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Describe how altitude and latitude affect temperature in Pakistan. altitude ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... latitude ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) Explain how rain storms can impact agriculture in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] (d) In the Swat Valley, winter temperatures can be as low as –10 °C and there is regular snowfall. Evaluate the benefits and challenges of low temperatures, ice and snow for people living in the northern areas of Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25] Question 3 is on page 12.

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing selected thermal power stations in southern and western Pakistan. 64°E 68°E 72°E Key: N 0 100 200 300 international boundary km province-level boundary 36°N 36°N KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa city river thermal power station PeshawarPeshawar KPK 32°N 32°N Quetta PunjabPunjab 28°N 28°N BalochistanBalochistan Indus RiverSindh Sindh Karachi Arabian Sea 24°N 24°N 64°E 68°E 72°E Fig. 3.1 Using Fig. 3.1 only, identify: – the city that is located close to a thermal power station in the west of Pakistan. .......................................... – the number of thermal power stations located in Sindh. .......................................... [2] (ii) Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of thermal power stations. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, a diagram of a coal-fired thermal power station. emissions ............................. ............................. ............................... ............................. power lines cool warm water water Fig. 3.2 Complete the labels on Fig. 3.2. Choose the correct words from the box and place them in the spaces provided. boiler cooling tower generator turbine [2] (ii) Describe how coal is mined in an open cast mine. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Cost is one factor that can affect the availability of electricity. State three other factors that can affect the availability of electricity in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................ [3] (iv) Explain why the cost of some non-renewable power sources in Pakistan may increase. You should develop your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) (i) Define ‘renewable energy’. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Describe how electricity can be generated from geothermal resources. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Read the following two views about ways to increase renewable power generation in Pakistan: A B Pakistan should focus more on Pakistan should focus small-scale power generation more on large-scale such as solar panels in power-generation projects villages. such as hydel dams. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing airports, dry ports and international seaports in southern and western Pakistan. Key N 0 100 200 300 international boundary km province-level boundary KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa city international seaport PeshawarPeshawar international airport domestic airport KPK dry port QuettaQuetta PunjabPunjab Balochistan Sindh Y Arabian Sea Z Fig. 4.1 Identify the international seaports labelled Y and Z on Fig. 4.1. Y .................................................... Z .................................................... [2] (ii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, state the compass direction from Peshawar to Quetta. ........................... [1] (iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, compare the distribution of dry ports with the distribution of airports. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iv) State three factors which can affect the development of airports. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................ [3] (b) (i) Study Fig. 4.2, a line graph showing goods transported by rail in Pakistan from 2015 to 2022. 9 8 7 6 goods 5 transported (million 4 tonnes) 3 2 1 0 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 year Fig. 4.2 Complete Fig. 4.2 using the information in the table. goods transported by rail year (million tonnes) 2018 7.2 2019 8.3 [2] (ii) Complete the statements about the railway network in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the box and place them in the spaces provided. Pakistan has a large rail network linking major cities: a main line runs from north to south, connecting Peshawar in the north and .............................. in the south. Some areas in .............................. Pakistan have few railway lines. The province with the most dense rail network is .............................. . eastern Islamabad Karachi KPK northern Punjab [2] (iii) Describe one advantage and one disadvantage of using roads to transport goods in Pakistan. advantage ......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... disadvantage ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) (i) Define ‘dry port’. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Explain one reason why dry ports and one reason why international seaports have been developed in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. dry ports ............................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... international seaports ........................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (d) To what extent can building new airports in Pakistan support its future sustainable development? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

5 (a) Study Fig. 5.1, pie charts showing the proportion of people employed in urban and rural areas of Pakistan in 1990 and 2020. 1990 2020 0% 0% 90% 10% 90% 10% 80% 20% 80% 20% 70% 30% 70% 30% 60% 40% 60% 40% 50% 50% urban areas rural areas Fig. 5.1 (i) Using Fig. 5.1 only: – what is the proportion of people employed in urban areas in 1990? ..............................% – by how much has the proportion of people employed in rural areas decreased between 1990 and 2020? ..............................% [2] (ii) Which of the following statements about employment sectors are correct? Tick (✓) two boxes in the table. Tick (✓) Most workers are in primary and secondary sector jobs. The proportion of jobs in the primary sector is increasing. The proportion of workers in secondary employment is decreasing. The tertiary sector employs the highest proportion of workers. [2] (iii) Suggest two reasons why the number of workers employed in agriculture in Pakistan is changing. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) (i) Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), a map showing rates of unemployment in southern Pakistan in 2020. Using Fig. 5.2 only, describe the pattern of rates of unemployment. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) State three impacts of unemployment that affect people living in urban areas in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) Explain two ways that unemployment and informal employment can affect Pakistan’s gross domestic product (GDP). You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) Describe how governing authorities can encourage industrial growth in Pakistan. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3] CLES 2025 0448/02/M/J/25 [Turn over