Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448 — 2021 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 0

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing the four main areas of gypsum and limestone extraction in southern Pakistan. N 0 100 200 300 Arabian Sea km Key international boundary main mineral extraction areas gypsum limestone Fig. 1.1 Complete the shading of the oval shapes in Fig. 1.1 to show the main areas where gypsum and limestone are extracted. Use the information in the key. One area of limestone has already been shaded for you. [2] (ii) State two uses of each mineral in Pakistan. gypsum: use 1 ............................................................................................ use 2 ............................................................................................ limestone: use 1 ............................................................................................ use 2 ............................................................................................ [4] (b) (i) Study Fig. 1.2, a bar graph showing the amount of GDP Pakistan earned from mining between 2011 and 2018. 360 000 340 000 320 000 GDP from mining (PKR million) 300 000 280 000 260 000 0 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 year Fig. 1.2 Complete Fig. 1.2 to show that Pakistan earned 345 000 PKR million from mining in 2018. [1] (ii) Identify the amount of GDP earned from mining in 2011. ....................................... PKR million [1] (iii) Describe the changes in GDP earned from mining between 2011 and 2018. You should include data in your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (c) (i) Complete the passage below about limestone extraction in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. building equipment excavation explosives methods minerals mining outcrops seams When limestone .............................. at the surface it is extracted by quarrying. Quarrying is an open .............................. from which stone is extracted for .............................. and engineering purposes. Quarrying is carried out by using different .............................. and .............................. such as hand tools, .............................. or power saws, depending on the final use of the limestone. [3] (ii) Explain two human factors influencing the location of a cement factory. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (iii) Define ‘sustainable’. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (d) Evaluate the extent to which the extraction of Pakistan’s mineral resources could be made more sustainable. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1 showing a blank divided bar graph. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 % Key surface water source % glacial melt 45 rainfall 30 snowmelt 25 Fig. 2.1 Complete Fig. 2.1 to show the percentage share of each source of surface water in Pakistan. Use the information in the key. [5] (ii) State three ways water is obtained for domestic purposes in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................ [3] (b) (i) Explain how water is used in two different secondary industries in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (ii) Define ‘irrigation’. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iii) Name and describe one type of conventional irrigation system used in Pakistan. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Outline two advantages and two disadvantages of using irrigation on small-scale subsistence farms. advantages disadvantages 1 1 2 2 [4] (d) The United Nations has predicted that Pakistan may become a ‘water scarce’ country by 2025. To what extent can effective management of its water supply help Pakistan to avoid becoming a ‘water scarce’ country in the future? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a map showing wheat-growing areas in southern Pakistan. 64°E 68°E 72°E 76°E 32°N 32°N AFGHANISTAN INDIA 28°N 28°N N IRAN 0 100 200 300 ArabianArabian SeaSea km 24°N 24°N 64°E 68°E 72°E 76°E Key international boundary wheat-growing areas main secondary minor Fig. 3.1 Using Fig. 3.1 only, describe the distribution of the main wheat-growing area. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) State two uses of wheat in Pakistan. 1 ....................................................................... 2 ....................................................................... [2] (b) (i) Study Fig. 3.2, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for Multan. 40 80 30 60 temperature rainfall (°C) 20 40 (mm) 10 20 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 3.2 Complete Fig. 3.2 using the information below. month temperature (°C) June 36 [2] (ii) Complete the passage below about conditions required for growing wheat. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. 50 90 dry heavy light rainfall sunshine wet 5–10 °C 15 °C 25–30 °C 35 °C Wheat is sown during the ................... season from October to December when ................... is low and the average temperature is .................... . Wheat needs at least ................... days to grow with a mild temperature of 10–20 °C. A warmer temperature of ................... is needed for ripening to take place. ................... rain is also needed just before the harvest to swell the grain and ensure a high yield. [3] (iii) Describe the methods used to cultivate wheat on a small-scale subsistence farm. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) (i) What type of crop is wheat? Circle one of the following: kharif rabi zaid [1] (ii) Explain how two human factors can increase the production of wheat under the cash crop farming system. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... (d) Wheat contributes around 2 per cent to Pakistan’s GDP with 80 per cent of farmers growing wheat on approximately 40 per cent of Pakistan’s total cultivated land. Assess the extent to which the large amount of land currently used to grow wheat should be used to grow other higher-value crops. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a pie chart showing the percentage share of Pakistan’s fertiliser production by province-level area. 0% Key province-level area % Punjab 55 90 10 Sindh 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 10 80 20 all other 5 70 30 60 40 50 Fig. 4.1 Complete Fig. 4.1 using the information in the key. [3] (ii) Define ‘secondary industry’. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (b) (i) Name two raw materials needed to manufacture fertiliser. 1 ................................................................ 2 ................................................................ [2] (ii) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph of a fertiliser factory in Pakistan. Describe two features of the factory shown. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Describe the physical factors required for the location of a fertiliser factory. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) (i) State three ways in which the fertiliser industry is important to Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ......................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Explain two negative impacts of using fertilisers and pesticides in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (d) Pakistan’s agricultural sector is becoming increasingly dependent on fertiliser. Read the following two views about ways of meeting the demand for fertiliser. A B Additional research and use Increasing imports of fertiliser of technology in Pakistan’s is the best way of providing fertiliser industry is the best way more fertiliser for agricultural of providing more fertiliser for use in Pakistan. agricultural use. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider View A and View B in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1, a line graph showing the unemployment rate (as a percentage of the population) in Pakistan between 2008 and 2018. 4 3.5 3 2.5 unemployment 2 rate (%) 1.5 1 0.5 0 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 year Fig. 5.1 Complete Fig. 5.1 to show that 3% of the population were unemployed in 2013. [1] (ii) In which year was the unemployment rate lowest? ........................... [1] (iii) Which of the following statements best describe the change in the unemployment rate between 2008 and 2018? Tick (3) two boxes in the table below: Unemployment rate has: Tick (3) decreased then increased fluctuated generally decreased generally increased stayed the same [1] (iv) In 2018 the total working-age population of Pakistan was 127 million and the unemployment rate was 3 per cent. Calculate the number of unemployed people in Pakistan in 2018. Show your working in the box below. [2] (b) (i) Define ‘underemployment’. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest two reasons for unemployment and two reasons for underemployment in Pakistan. reasons for unemployment reasons for underemployment 1 1 2 2 [4] (iii) Describe how unemployment and underemployment can influence GDP in Pakistan. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (c) (i) Name two jobs in Pakistan’s informal sector. 1 ................................................... 2 ................................................... [2] (ii) Explain how employment opportunities are affected by the availability of manual labour and skilled labour in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4]