Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448 — 2022 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 0

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map of southern and western Pakistan. N Key international boundary province-level boundary U river 0 100 200 300 mountain range city km BalochistanBalochistan PlateauPlateau Indus River V Arabian Sea Fig. 1.1 Name landform U and city V shown in Fig. 1.1. U ................................................................................................... V ................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Suggest two reasons why it may be difficult to develop a large airport on the Balochistan Plateau. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a map showing the location of the airport in Peshawar. Using Fig. 1.2 only, describe the location of the airport. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iv) State two improvements that have recently taken place in air communications in Pakistan. 1 ................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................... [2] (b) (i) Describe two features of large-scale industry. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Using Fig. 1.2 (Insert) and your own knowledge, suggest two advantages of locating a new large-scale industry at W. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) Explain how large-scale industries can increase economic development in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] (d) The development of international transport links can help to promote further economic growth in Pakistan. Read the following two views: A B Building new international Improving existing airports in Pakistan has the international seaports in most potential to increase trade Pakistan has the most and development. potential to increase trade and development. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a map showing three desert areas in southern and western Pakistan. 64° E 68° E 72° E N 36° N 36° N Key international boundary province-level boundary 0 100 200 300 desert KPK km KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 32° N 32° N Y AFGHANISTAN Punjab Balochistan 28° N 28° N X IRAN THARTHAR INDIA Sindh Arabian Sea 24° N 24° N 64° E 68° E 72° E Fig. 2.1 Name either desert X or desert Y. letter chosen ........... name of desert ............................................... [1] (ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the location of the desert named in (a)(i) above. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) Study Fig. 2.2 (Insert), a photograph of part of the Thar desert. Using Fig. 2.2 only, state two features of the desert shown. 1 ................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................... [2] (b) Explain how desert areas influence the development of road networks in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] (c) (i) Describe the effect of latitude on day length and temperature in Pakistan. day length .......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... temperature ....................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (ii) Which of the following factors cause seasonal variations in Pakistan’s climate? Tick (3) two boxes in the table below: factor tick (3) air pressure land use rainfall soil type temperature water quality wind direction [2] (iii) Describe the characteristics of an arid climate in Pakistan. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (d) In 2019, more than 1.2 million people experienced food shortages in the south of Pakistan due to drought. Evaluate the extent to which extremes of climate influence the lives of people and the economy in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

3 (a) (i) Study Fig. 3.1, a diagram showing three methods of coal extraction. .............................................. .............................................. coal seams exposed the coal is processed coal seam tunnels .............................................. Fig. 3.1 Name the three methods of coal extraction shown in Fig. 3.1 in the spaces provided. [3] (ii) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), a photograph of a mine in Pakistan. Using Fig. 3.2 only, identify two features of the mine shown. 1 .................................................................................................... 2 .................................................................................................... [2] (iii) Suggest how coal is extracted from the type of mine shown in Fig. 3.2. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) (i) Define ‘renewable’ and ‘non-renewable’. renewable .......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... non-renewable .................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Complete the table to classify by type (renewable or non-renewable), the energy resources listed below. coal gas hydel oil solar wind renewable non-renewable [3] (iii) Study Fig. 3.3, a pie chart showing the percentage share by value of Pakistan’s energy sources. 0% 90 10 Key source of energy % 80 20 fossil fuels 64 hydel 27 nuclear power and 9 70 30 other renewables 60 40 50 Fig. 3.3 Complete Fig. 3.3 using the information in the key. [3] (c) Explain one advantage and one disadvantage of generating electricity using solar power. You should develop your answer. advantage .................................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... disadvantage ............................................................................................................................. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [4] (d) Pakistan plans to generate 60 per cent of its power using renewable energy by 2030, yet coal-fired power stations are being rapidly developed. In 2016 there was one coal-fired power station and by 2019 there were nine, providing 15 per cent of Pakistan’s electricity supply. To what extent is it possible for Pakistan to generate more of its power from renewable energy? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

4 (a) (i) Complete the table to define the three main types of farming in Pakistan. type definition farming is the growing of crops for sale. ............................................ farming is the production of food and raw ............................................ materials from animals. farming is the production of food mainly for ............................................ personal consumption. [3] (ii) Study Fig. 4.1, a map showing the areas in southern and western Pakistan where one type of livestock is mainly kept. 64° E 68° E 72° E N36° N 36° N Key international boundary province-level boundary 0 100 200 300 livestock KPK km KPK Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 32° N 32° N Balochistan Punjab 28° N 28° N Sindh Arabian Sea 24° N 24° N 64° E 68° E 72° E Fig. 4.1 State the type of livestock mainly kept in the areas shown in Fig. 4.1. ............................................................... [1] (iii) Using Fig. 4.1 only, describe the distribution of the areas within southern and western Pakistan where the livestock is mainly kept. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) (i) Study Fig. 4.2, a divided bar graph showing the percentage share by value of major crops grown in Pakistan. Key wheat cotton 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 rice % sugar cane maize others Fig. 4.2 Using the information in Fig. 4.2 only: – which crop accounts for a quarter of the value of major crops? ................................... [1] – what is the percentage share of sugar cane? ................. % [1] (ii) State one major use for each of the crops below: cotton ................................................................................................................................ rice .................................................................................................................................... tobacco .............................................................................................................................. [3] (c) (i) Explain how the natural factors of soil and climate affect the growth of cotton. You should develop your answer. soil ..................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... climate ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (ii) Complete the passage below about tobacco farming in Pakistan. Choose the correct words from the list and place them in the spaces provided. Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJ&K) Balochistan domestic export Gilgit-Baltistan import Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Punjab Sindh Tobacco is mainly grown in ......................................................... and ......................................................... . The varieties of tobacco grown on fertile soils with irrigation facilities are for the ...................................................... market. [3] (d) Water is a valuable resource for development, yet Pakistan faces acute water shortages. 2600–5300 litres of water per day are needed to grow enough food for one person compared with 50 litres of water being needed per person per day for domestic use. Evaluate the extent to which the use of water in agriculture in Pakistan can be made more sustainable. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

5 (a) (i) Define ‘population distribution’. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a map showing average annual population change by district in southern and western Pakistan between 1998 and 2017. Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the distribution of the districts within southern and western Pakistan with over 4 per cent annual population change. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) Suggest two reasons for the annual population change of the district labelled Z in Fig. 5.1. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) (i) Study Fig. 5.2 (Insert), a photograph of part of a tent city in Pakistan. Using Fig. 5.2 only, describe two features of the area shown. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) State two reasons for the growth of tent cities in Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................... [2] (iii) Describe four problems faced by many people living in tent cities. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 4 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) Explain two strategies which could be used to improve living conditions in existing tent cities in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [4] (d) Read the following two views about approaches that could be taken to further develop Pakistan’s economy. A B Reducing death rates and the Improving literacy rates spread of disease in Pakistan and educational provision in is the best way to develop the Pakistan is the best way to economy further. develop the economy further. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]