Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448 — 2023 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 0

1 (a) (i) Study Fig. 1.1, a map showing southern Pakistan and surrounding countries. Y Indus N River X Arabian Sea 0 100 200 300 km Key international boundary province-level boundary river Fig. 1.1 On Fig. 1.1 label the following: Afghanistan, India, Iran. You should write the name in the correct location on the map. [3] (ii) Add a dot and the letter K onto Fig. 1.1 to show the location of Karachi. [1] (iii) Using Fig. 1.1 only, what is the approximate length of Pakistan’s coastline? Circle the correct answer. 500 km 1000 km 1500 km [1] (iv) Name the rivers labelled X and Y on Fig. 1.1. X ....................................................... Y ....................................................... [2] (b) Suggest four ways in which rivers are important to Pakistan. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 3 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 4 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) (i) Study Fig. 1.2 (Insert), a photograph showing part of the Karakoram range. Describe the natural features of the landscape shown. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (ii) Explain two ways in which the natural topography shown in Fig. 1.2 influences human activities. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (d) Water is a valuable resource for the continued sustainable development of Pakistan. Read the following two views about providing water: A B Water pollution is the biggest A shortage of dams is the threat to the continued biggest threat to the continued provision of water supplies. provision of water supplies. Which view do you agree with more? Give reasons to support your answer and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider view A and view B in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

2 (a) (i) Study Fig. 2.1, a climate graph showing rainfall and temperature for a region of Pakistan. 40 40 30 30 temperature rainfall 20 20 (°C) (mm) 10 10 0 0 J F M A M J J A S O N D month Fig. 2.1 Complete Fig. 2.1 for July using the information below. temperature (°C) 36 rainfall (mm) 5 [2] (ii) Using Fig. 2.1 only, describe the climate shown in the graph. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (iii) What type of climate region does the graph show? Circle the correct answer. arid highland humid [1] (b) (i) Describe the climate characteristics (rainfall and temperature) of the semi‑arid region of Pakistan. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (ii) Explain two benefits of the climate for people living in mountain areas in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) (i) What is hydel power? Tick (3) one box below. Hydel power is electricity generated tick using energy from: (3) fast flowing water the sun’s rays tides and waves wind [1] (ii) Hydel power stations can be found in mountainous areas of Pakistan. Describe how electricity can be generated from hydel power. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (d) Power sources are vital for economic development in Pakistan. To what extent can hydel power be relied upon for the future economic development of Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

3 (a) (i) Study Figs. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4 (Insert), photographs showing four different crops grown in Pakistan. Identify the type of crop shown in each photograph. Fig. 3.1 ....................................................... Fig. 3.2 ....................................................... Fig. 3.3 ....................................................... Fig. 3.4 ....................................................... [4] (ii) Using Fig. 3.1 (Insert) only, describe the characteristics of the crop shown. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) (i) Study Fig. 3.5, a map showing sheep‑rearing areas in southern Pakistan. 64°E 68°E 72°E 76°E Punjab 28°N 28°N Balochistan Sindh Arabian Sea 24°N 24°N 64°E 68°E 72°E 76°E Key N sheep-rearing areas main secondary 0 100 200 300 minor km international boundary province-level boundary Fig. 3.5 Using Fig. 3.5 only, describe the distribution of the main sheep‑rearing areas. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Explain two reasons why sheep are reared in the areas shown in Fig. 3.5. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) (i) Define ‘cash crop farming’. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Complete the diagram to show how cash crop farming operates as a system. You should give one example of: ‑ an input; ‑ a process; ‑ an output. input process output [3] (iii) Suggest two ways agricultural production in Pakistan could be increased. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Pakistan has a large agricultural sector which contributed around 20 per cent to its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2020. Evaluate the opportunities for, and challenges of, continuing to develop agriculture sustainably in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

4 (a) (i) Study Fig. 4.1, a diagram showing the intended destination for the main products of some of Pakistan’s major industries. type of product destination industry needles/ export crafts scalpels/ market scissors sports carpets/ domestic goods rugs market iron and footballs/ domestic steel cricket bats market metal domestic surgical rolls/bars/ and export instruments tubes/wires/ market sheets Fig. 4.1 Complete Fig. 4.1 by using arrows to match the type of industry with the correct product and its main destination. An example has been done for you. [3] (ii) State one city where each of the following industries takes place in Pakistan. sports goods ........................................................... iron and steel .......................................................... surgical instruments ............................................... [3] (iii) To which sector do the types of industry named in (a)(i) belong? Circle the correct answer. primary secondary tertiary [1] (b) (i) Study Fig. 4.2 (Insert), a photograph taken inside a steel mill in Pakistan. Using Fig. 4.2 only, describe three features of the steel mill shown. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Study Fig. 4.3, a line graph showing changes in the percentage share of total employment by employment sector in Pakistan between 2012 and 2020. 50 40 30 share of total employment (%) 20 10 0 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 year Key primary sector secondary sector tertiary sector Fig. 4.3 Complete Fig. 4.3 by plotting the percentage share employed in the secondary sector in 2018 and the tertiary sector in 2020 using the information below. sector year percentage (%) secondary 2018 25 tertiary 2020 38 [2] (iii) Suggest reasons for the changes in the percentage share of total employment for each employment sector shown in Fig. 4.3. primary .............................................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... secondary .......................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... tertiary ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (c) Explain two factors influencing the location of the iron and steel industry in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [4] (d) The informal sector plays an important role within many of Pakistan’s major industries. To what extent does informal labour benefit the economic development of Pakistan? Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]

5 (a) (i) Study Fig. 5.1 (Insert), a map showing part of the urban area of Islamabad. Using Fig. 5.1 only, describe the location of the ‘National Institute of Health’. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) Using Fig. 5.1 only, identify two areas used for leisure and recreation. 1 ..................................................................... 2 ..................................................................... [2] (iii) Fig. 5.1 shows an area around the edge of Islamabad that could be used for future development. Suggest three ways in which this area could be developed for leisure and tourism. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 3 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) (i) Define ‘death rate’. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Explain two ways in which death rates can be reduced in Pakistan. You should develop your answer. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (iii) Life expectancy is the average number of years a person is likely to live from birth. Suggest two ways that an increasing life expectancy could benefit Pakistan. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... 2 ........................................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) Describe why seasonal migration occurs in Pakistan. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] (d) Physical and social factors contribute to variations in population density. Assess the importance of these factors in causing differences in population density between provinces / administrative areas in Pakistan. Give reasons to support your judgement and refer to examples you have studied. You should consider different points of view in your answer. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] [Total: 25]