Cambridge IGCSE Pakistan Studies 0448 — 2014 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 1

1 (a) Study Fig. 1, a graph showing wheat production and cultivation. 30 100 area production (million acres) (million tonnes) 20 90 production area 10 80 0 70 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Fig. 1 (i) By how much did wheat production increase from 1991 to 2010? .......................................................................................................................................[1] (ii) By how much did the area of wheat cultivation increase from 1991 to 2010? .......................................................................................................................................[1] (iii) Compare the production of wheat from 1991 to 2000 with the production from 2001 to 2010. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] (iv) To what extent was the amount of wheat produced related to the cultivated area from 1991 to 2010? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] (b) (i) Circle the months in which most wheat is grown in Pakistan. OCTOBER – MAY JUNE – SEPTEMBER [1] (ii) Explain why the climate at this time is most suitable for wheat farming. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] (c) Why are waterlogging and salinity called ‘the twin menaces for farmers’? ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[2] (d) Describe the ways in which damage by waterlogging and salinity can be prevented. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[6] (e) To what extent can better education and training increase farm production? ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[6] [Total: 25]

Mark scheme: 1 (a) Study Fig 1, a graph showing wheat production and cultivation (i) By how much did wheat production increase from 1991 to 2010? [1] 10 million tonnes (ii) By how much did the area of wheat cultivation increase from 1991 to 2010? [1] 11 million acres (iii) Compare the production of wheat from 1991 to 2000 with the production from 2001 to 2010. [2] Both increased Both fluctuated (year to year) For 1991–2000 Accept converse for 2001–10 Lower (average) production Increased at a higher rate From 14–21 mn / by 7 mn whereas 2001–10 from 19–24 mn / by 5 mn Rises to / maximum 21 mn whereas 2001–10 24 mn References to figures need million (iv) To what extent was wheat production related to the cultivated area from 1991 to 2010? [3] • Direct relationship / positive correlation / relationship described e.g. when production is high, area is high • Inverse / no relationship = 0 Res 1 • Both lowest in 1991 • Both highest in 2010 • Year both constant – 2009 • Years both increase – 1994 / 1997 / 1999 / 2004 / 2006 / 2008 • Years both decrease – 1993 / 1998 / 2000 / 2001 • Exception (max 1) e.g.: production increases when area decreases – 2002 • production increases when area constant – 1991 • production decreases when area constant 2005 / 2007 • area increases when production constant – 1992 / 1995 / 2003 • area decreases when production constant – 1996 (b) (i) Circle the months in which most wheat is grown in Pakistan. [1] October–May: Both periods circled = 0 (ii) Explain why the climate at this time is most suitable for wheat farming [3] • Mild temperatures / 10–20 °C for growth • Warmer / 25–30 °C (in spring) for ripening / harvesting • Moderate rainfall / 150–500 mm (in spring) for growth / to swell the grain / before harvest • Dry period / no rain (in spring) for harvest IGCSE – May/June 2014 0448 02 (c) Why are waterlogging and salinity called ‘the twin menaces for farmers’? [2] • Waterlogging restricts root growth / prevents air pockets in soil • Salinity poisons the soil / plants cannot tolerate salt OR the generic for 1 mark max if neither statement above: Takes agricultural land out of production / makes land uncultivable / infertile / damages crops / reduces yields / reduces income (d) Describe the ways in which damage by waterlogging and salinity can be prevented. [6] • Tubewells to lower water table (fresh water pumped up to flush out salt) • Surface drains dug (diverts surface water to river / lake) • Canals lined (prevents seepage) • Canals closed temporarily • (Eucalyptus) trees planted (deep roots absorb water from water table) (e) To what extent can better education and training increase farm production? [6] Possibilities – Res 2 Prevention of waterlogging and salinity / better water management / irrigation Knowledge of proper fertiliser / pesticide usage Knowledge of better seed varieties Use of / ability to repair / maintenance of farm machinery Easier to get bank / government loans / manage farm finances Problems – Res 2 Lack of land Lack of money (to implement the training) Lack of named infrastructure + link, e.g. electricity for machinery Power of landlords Climatic problems Reluctant to change from traditional methods [Total 25] IGCSE – May/June 2014 0448 02

2 (a) Study Fig. 2, a cross section showing an oil trap. Key: porous rock non-porous rock Fig. 2 (i) Label on the diagram A the layer of rock containing oil. B the layer of rock containing gas. [2] (ii) What is meant by the term ‘porous rock’? ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[1] (iii) Why is the feature in Fig. 2 called ‘an oil trap’? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] (b) Study Fig. 3 which shows the uses of oil. 86(6 2) 2,/ power lubricants fuels Synthetics Electricity Plastics Heating Diesel Fig. 3 Choose three of the following terms below to complete Fig. 3. by-products raw materials pesticide petrol biogas bagasse [3] (c) Study Fig. 4, a map showing oil refineries and pipelines in Pakistan. N Peshawar R Faisalabad Multan R Key: White Pipeline Existing pipeline Pipeline for refined products R Oil Refinery Oilfield R international boundary Karachi disputed boundary Arabian Sea provincial boundary 0 400 km Fig. 4 (i) Name and locate the oil refinery marked on the oilfield in Fig. 4. Name .................................................. Location ................................................ .........[2] (ii) Name one refinery where imported oil is processed. .......................................................................................................................................[1] (iii) Explain the importance of the White Pipeline, and other pipelines to the development of Pakistan. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[4] (d) (i) Name an area where coal is mined in Pakistan, and state one type of coal found there. Name .................................................. Type of coal ....................................................[2] (ii) Give two reasons why most of the coal mined in Pakistan is called ‘low quality’. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ....................................................................................................................................[2] (e) To what extent can Pakistan rely on fossil fuels to increase fuel and power supplies? ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[6] [Total: 25]

Mark scheme: 2 (a) Study Fig 2, a cross section showing an oil trap. (i) Label on the diagram [2] A the layer of rock containing oil B the layer of rock containing gas B / Gas A / Oil (ii) What is meant by the term ‘porous rock’ [1] Rock with pores / holes / spaces / that lets liquids or gases pass through (iii) Why is the feature in Fig. 2 called ‘an oil trap’? [2] Oil cannot get through the rocks around it Oil lies / trapped between layers of non-porous / impervious / impermeable rock Oil rises to the top of the anticline / top of bend in rocks (b) Study Fig. 3 which shows the uses of oil. Choose three of the following terms to complete Fig. 3. [3] by products – in the LHS heading box pesticide – below plastics petrol – below fuels (c) Study Fig. 4, a map showing oil refineries and pipelines in Pakistan. (i) Name and locate the oil refinery marked on the oilfield in Fig. 4. [2] Attock (oil refinery) Morga(h) / Rawalpindi / Potwar Plateau / SE of Peshawar / NW of Faisalabad (ii) Name one refinery where imported oil is processed. [1] National Refinery / Pakistan Refinery / Pak-Arab Refinery / Korangi / Mahmood Kot IGCSE – May/June 2014 0448 02 (iii) Explain the importance of the White Pipeline, and other pipelines to the development of Pakistan. [4] White Pipeline will carry refined oil / frees existing pipeline for crude oil – Res 1 Reduce rail / road transport Cheaper method of transport (than tanker / rail transport) Faster method of transport (than tanker) To meet (increasing) demand for oil Will increase industrialisation / employment / economic prosperity / living standards / attracts investment (in inland areas) (d) (i) Name an area where coal is mined in Pakistan, and state one type of coal found there. [2] Quetta – coking coal / Sharig coal / sub-bituminous Lower Sindh / Thar (desert) – lignite Salt Range / Dandot Pidh – sub-bituminous / lignite Makerwal – sub-bituminous If no or incorrect named area, 0 marks [2 × 1 mark] (ii) Give two reasons why most of the coal mined in Pakistan is called ‘low quality’. [2] High ash content High moisture content High sulphur content Low (hydro)carbon content Gives off less heat / low heating value / low burning temperature Crumbles easily / soft / not compressed (e) To what extent can Pakistan rely on fossil fuels to increase fuel and power supplies? [6] Possibilities – Res 2 Large reserves of gas Sui / Pirkoh / Mari / Potwar Plateau area Large / new reserves of coal Of a type suitable for use in power stations / power generation Coal a cheap fuel Potential of coal gas Port at Karachi for imports Problems – Res 2 Small oil reserves / oil has to be imported Will run out / not renewable Coal is heavy / bulky to transport Gas is difficult to transport / explosive Fossil fuels expensive to import Because becoming inaccessible / higher cost of production / exploration / extraction / rising world prices [Total 25] IGCSE – May/June 2014 0448 02

3 (a) Study the map Fig. 5. F N C E B Rawalpindi D Zhob A Key: main road pass international boundary disputed boundary Arabian Sea 0 400 km Fig. 5 (i) Name the towns A, B and C. A ............................................................. B ............................................................ C ............................................................. [3] (ii) Name one of the passes D, E and F shown on Fig. 5, and name the country that it links to Pakistan. Letter ............... Name .................................. Country ........................................ [2] (iii) Give two reasons why air transport is used to carry lightweight or valuable goods to other countries instead of roads. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (b) Study Fig. 6 (Insert) an advertisement for cotton fabric. (i) State three ways in which this company can be contacted. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ....................................................................................................................................[3] (ii) Explain the importance of good communications to a business such as Cotton Fabrics International. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[3] (c) (i) Name two dry ports in Pakistan. 1 ......................................................... 2 ......................................................... [2] (ii) Explain how dry ports have increased trade in Pakistan. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[4] (d) To what extent could a better road network increase the development of small scale and craft industries of Pakistan? ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[6] [Total: 25]

Mark scheme: 3 (a) Study the map Fig.5 (i) Name the towns A, B and C [3] A – Quetta B – Peshawar C – Gilgit (ii) Name one of the passes D, E and F shown on Fig. 5, and name the country that it links to Pakistan. [2] D – Khojak pass – Afghanistan E – Khyber pass – Afghanistan F – Khunjerab pass – China (iii) Give two reasons why air transport is used to carry lightweight or valuable goods to other countries instead of roads. [2] Safety / less likely to be damaged / stolen / less risk of accidents Speed (b) Study Fig. 6 (insert) an advertisement for cotton fabric. (i) State three ways in which this company can be contacted. [3] Any three of (Mobile) telephone, e-mail, internet / website, fax, letter, visit (ii) Explain the importance of good communications to a business such as Cotton Fabrics International. [3] For ordering supplies / linking to dealers / enabling best prices For advertising For market research For direct (internet) sales / after sales service / customer contact / loyalty Speed of contact Global reach / www / international exposure To enable deliveries / transport of workforce / businessmen (c) (i) Name two dry ports in Pakistan. [2] Any two of Sambrial / Sialkot, Lahore, Multan, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Hyderabad, Larkana, Quetta, Peshawar (ii) Explain how dry ports have increased trade in Pakistan. [4] Increases foreign trade / more exports / more imports Better access to remote areas / areas away from Karachi / opened up interior Saves time / expense of providing own transport to coast Less congestion / relieves burden at Karachi / Keamari / Port Qasim / sea ports Speeds up / more efficient paperwork / customs checks Stimulated / encouraged businesses / investment More efficient loading / containerisation IGCSE – May/June 2014 0448 02 (d) To what extent could a better road network increase the development of small scale and craft industries of Pakistan? [6] Advantages – Res 2 More remote areas can be connected e.g. Swat – Allow other relevant examples Good access to raw materials Greater access to training Greater access to (export) markets, Increases tourist market Faster / safer trade Problems – Res 2 Limited marketing skills / access to product markets Roads likely to be often closed in mountain areas Due to landslides / avalanches / snow Cost of transport / middle man / do not have own transport Allows more import of cheap manufactured goods / more competition [Total 25]

4 (a) Study Fig. 7, a map of deforestation in Pakistan. N B A C Key: area of deforestation desert international boundary disputed boundary Arabian Sea 0 400 km Fig. 7 (i) Name the areas of deforestation A and B. [2] (ii) Name the desert C. [1] (iii) State three reasons why deforestation occurs in one of the areas shown on Fig. 7. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ....................................................................................................................................[3] (b) Study the article below from ‘Dawn’, November 4th, 2011. Pakistan has the highest annual deforestation rate in Asia. The forests only cover 2.5% of the country’s land. At the time of independence they covered 33%. If deforestation is not more strictly controlled, the country will not be able to meet its commitment under the UN Development Goal. This goal is to increase its forest cover to 6% by 2015. (i) By how much has forest cover decreased since independence? .......................................................................................................................................[1] (ii) By how much should it increase by 2015 to meet its commitment under the UN Development Goal? .......................................................................................................................................[1] (c) State and explain three effects of deforestation in mountainous areas. Effect ......................................................... Explanation ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... Effect ......................................................... Explanation ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... Effect ......................................................... Explanation ............................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... [6] (d) Explain how forests can become a source of income for the people of rural areas. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ...............................................................................................................................................[4] (e) (i) What is meant by the term ‘sustainable agriculture’? ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[1] (ii) To what extent can agriculture be sustainable in Pakistan? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[6] [Total: 25]

Mark scheme: 4 (a) Study Fig. 7, a map of deforestation. (i) Name the areas of deforestation A and B. [2] A – Sulaiman Range B – Safed Koh / FATA (ii) Name the desert C. [1] Kharan desert (iii) State three reasons why deforestation occurs in one of the areas shown on Fig. 7. [3] Farming / growing food / fodder / cash crops, For firewood For timber Mining Roads Overgrazing Housing / urbanisation / residential Industry (b) Study the article below from ‘Dawn’, November 4th, 2011. (i) By how much has forest cover decreased since independence? [1] 30.5% (ii) By how much should it increase by 2015 to meet its commitment under the UN goal? [1] 3.5% IGCSE – May/June 2014 0448 02 (c) State and explain three effects of deforestation in mountainous areas. [6] Any three of the following Soil erosion, no roots to hold the soil / less interception Landslides / avalanches Rocks / snow no longer held back by trees Leaching, no roots to bring minerals to surface / minerals washed out of exposed soil / infertile soils Silt blocks rivers Water runs off slopes Silt fills reservoirs / canals Silt settles in still / slow moving water Flooding Runoff increased / less interception Extinction / loss of species Loss of habitat Less rainfall / lower humidity Less transpiration Less shade Loss of branches and leaves Less tourism Loss of scenic beauty Shortage of firewood No fuel for heating / domestic use [3 × 2 marks] (d) Explain how forests can become a source of income for the people of rural areas. [4] Firewood / charcoal Named raw material e.g. timber / roots / leaves / ephedra / fruit / nuts For cottage / small scale / craft / pharmaceutical industries Named product e.g. furniture, toys, souvenirs Forests attract tourism Goods can be sold to tourists Creates employment e.g. forest guides / rangers / forest department / forestry (e) (i) What is meant by the term ‘sustainable agriculture’? [1] A definition such as Supplying the food / agricultural product needs of the present generation while protecting / not compromising the food / agricultural product needs of those in the future Or Supplying the food / agricultural product needs of the present generation while protecting / not compromising the natural environment Or Supplying the food / agricultural product needs of the present generation while minimising environmental damage IGCSE – May/June 2014 0448 02 (ii) To what extent can agriculture be sustainable in Pakistan? [6] Possibilities – Res 2 Less overcropping / multicropping Methods of preserving soil e.g. terraces / contour ploughing Restrict use of heavy machinery Keeping vegetation cover Better water management / avoiding over watering / conserving water / lining canals Organic farming / using manure Use of appropriate knowledge / training Problems – Res 2 High demand for more food Pressures on land e.g. for timber Lack of education / awareness of sustainable methods Unco-operative landlords Land reform needed Lack of government will / support / investment Resistance to changing traditional / modern methods [Total 25]

5 (a) Study Fig. 8 showing the United Nations figures for the different age groups in Pakistan. 100 % 65 and over 80 15 to 64 0 to 14 60 40 20 0 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Fig. 8 (i) What was the percentage of the age group 0–14 years in 2010? .......................................... [1] (ii) Which age group of the population decreased in percentage from 1990 to 2010? .......................................... [1] (iii) How has the percentage of working population (aged 15 to 64) changed from 1980 to 2010? .......................................................................................................................................[1] (b) (i) What is meant by ‘seasonal migration’? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[2] (ii) Name and describe an example of seasonal migration. Example ................................................................ Description ........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[4] (c) Study Photographs A and B (Insert). (i) Give four features of the housing shown in the photographs. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 4 ....................................................................................................................................[4] (ii) Explain why people live in areas such as those shown in Photographs A and B. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................[6]

Mark scheme: 5 (a) Study Fig. 8 showing the United Nations figures for the different age groups in Pakistan. (i) What was the percentage of the age group 0–14 years in 2010? [1] 35–37 (%) (ii) Which age group of the population has decreased from 1990 to 2010? [1] 0–14 (iii) How has the percentage of working population (aged 15 to 64) changed from 1980 to 2010? [1] Increased / decreased to 1990 then increased (b) (i) What is meant by ‘seasonal migration’? [2] Moving / migrating from one place to another according to the time of year / season Do not accept use of ‘migrate’ and ‘season’ together in a response Influenced by the weather / quality of pasture / suitable living conditions / rearing conditions for animals / availability of water / employment IGCSE – May/June 2014 0448 02 (ii) Name and describe an example of seasonal migration. [4] Transhumance – Res 1 Moving to higher land / mountains in the summer Animals kept on high summer pastures Returning to valleys in the winter Animals brought down to lower pastures / to sheds in winter e.g. goats / sheep / cattle / yaks / dzu Northern and Western mountains OR Nomadic / nomadism – Res 1 Moving from place to place looking for water and pasture Taking their animals e.g. sheep / goats / camels Taking their tents Settle for a short period / several weeks Balochistan and desert areas Specific example – Res 1 Outward movement to which location + time of year / reason Details Return movement to which location + time of year / reason Details Time period Area within Pakistan Maximum 3 marks if no specific example (c) Study Photographs A and B (Insert). (i) Give four features of the housing shown in the photographs. [4] Closely built / dense / congested Low / one storey Near water level / near dirty water Some have power / telephone lines Poor / scrap materials / makeshift Named scrap building material e.g. corrugated metal / wood / cloth No glass in windows Rusty Stones on roofs IGCSE – May/June 2014 0448 02 (ii) Explain why people live in areas such as those shown in Photographs A and B. [6] Rural-urban migrants Refugees Looking for work / safety Close to work Work for low pay / poor / work in informal sector / poverty Cheap / cannot afford housing / housing too expensive Unemployed Authorities cannot provide enough housing / no investment in housing Only space / land that is available Access to water Considered only to be temporary Relatives already living there (d) To what extent can living conditions in areas such as those in Photographs A and B be improved? [6] Possibilities – Res 2 Self-help schemes Authorities provide building materials / blocks / bricks and people their own labour International charities Work with street children, etc. (Local) Government schemes / projects Building of low-cost / permanent housing / loans to build own housing With minimum standards and basic facilities e.g. toilets Infrastructural development e.g. roads, water supply, sanitation, rubbish collection, electricity Provision of schools / (family planning) clinics Problems – Res 2 Lack of government will / priorities / political instability Lack of government funds / investment Corruption Dangerous for Western charities High cost Long term Huge scale of the problem May attract more migrants Local resistance to improvement projects [Total 25]