Cambridge IGCSE History American BES 0409 — 2024 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 0

Cambridge IGCSE™ 0409/01 AMERICAN HISTORY (US) October/November 2024 Paper 1 Making of a Nation 2 hours You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed) INSTRUCTIONS • Answer three questions in total, from one section only. • For each question you choose, answer every part, (a), (b) and (c). • Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. INFORMATION • The total mark for this paper is 60. • The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in parentheses [ ]. This document has 8 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. [Turn over 11_0409_01_2024_1.12 © UCLES 2024 *4818832269*

Answer any three questions from your chosen section. You are advised to spend equal time answering each of the three questions. SECTION A: Emergence of a Nation 1754–1890 Americans discussed, and experimented with, different forms of government before 1840. 1 Describe the ways in which colonists challenged British rule, 1754–76. [4] (a) Why were the Articles of Confederation adopted as a system of government? [6] (b) “The ideas of ‘Jacksonian Democracy’ were not democratic.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] War and diplomacy had an impact on the borders of the United States before 1853. 2 What happened during the War of 1812? [4] (a) Explain how the French and Indian War (1754–63) had an impact on people living in the colonies. [6] (b) “The collapse of Spanish power in North America allowed the United States to expand before 1853.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] The relationship between Native American peoples and the United States government was often violent. 3 What was Tecumseh’s Confederacy? [4] (a) Explain why the Sand Creek Massacre took place in 1864. [6] (b) To what extent was the Dawes Act the most significant factor in the destruction of Native American communities in the nineteenth century? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] 11_0409_01_2024_1.12 © UCLES 2024 2

New political ideas and different ways of governing dominated the country before and after the Civil War. 4 Describe the rise of the Republican Party, 1854–56. [4] (a) Why were the Lincoln–Douglas Debates important to the election of 1860? [6] (b) “Reconstruction improved the lives of African Americans.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] Industrialization caused people to think differently about the way they lived and worked. 5 Describe the impact of the growth of railroads after 1850. [4] (a) Why did Populism grow in the late nineteenth century? [6] (b) “Industrialization had the greatest impact on working conditions.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] People had different reactions to immigration in the second half of the nineteenth century. 6 Describe the impact of immigration on culture in American cities. [4] (a) Explain why the Ku Klux Klan grew in the 1860s and 1870s. [6] (b) “Americans opposed immigration because they believed it was an economic threat.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] [Turn over 11_0409_01_2024_1.12 © UCLES 2024 3

Answer any three questions from your chosen section. You are advised to spend equal time answering each of the three questions. SECTION B: Consolidating the Nation 1890–2000 During the early twentieth century some people had new ideas about how society should be organized. 7 What was meant by the term “muckraker” in the early twentieth century? [4] (a) Explain why many Progressives admired the work of Robert M. La Follette. [6] (b) “Progressive policies failed to change the lives of most Americans.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] The economic “boom” of the 1920s had many causes and consequences. 8 Describe the aims of “laissez-faire government” in the 1920s. [4] (a) Why did many farmers continue to struggle despite the boom of the 1920s? [6] (b) To what extent was the spread of electricity the most significant impact of the boom of the 1920s? [10] (c) [Total: 20] The problems in the United States economy lasted throughout the 1930s and had an impact on Americans across the country. 9 What problems were caused by overproduction in the 1920s? [4] (a) Why was the Dust Bowl of great concern to Americans in the 1930s? [6] (b) To what extent was the Second New Deal more successful than the First? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] 11_0409_01_2024_1.12 © UCLES 2024 4

During this period, African Americans had different ideas about how to improve their lives. 10 Describe the Atlanta Compromise. [4] (a) Explain why the Harlem Renaissance happened in the 1920s. [6] (b) To what extent did Malcolm X achieve more than others campaigning for African American civil rights? [10] (c) [Total: 20] The United States often had difficult relationships with other countries after 1945. 11 Describe the steps President Reagan took to end the Cold War in the 1980s. [4] (a) Why did the United States and Soviet Union come close to war over Cuba in 1962? [6] (b) To what extent was US involvement in Vietnam a failure? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] There were changes in the way Americans lived after the Second World War. 12 Describe the aims of Reaganomics. [4] (a) Why did President Kennedy promise a “New Frontier”? [6] (b) “Economic growth between 1945 and 1960 was caused by the development of franchises.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] 11_0409_01_2024_1.12 © UCLES 2024 5

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BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge. 11_0409_01_2024_1.12 © UCLES 2024 8