Cambridge IGCSE History American BES 0409 — 2021 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 0

This document has 8 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. Cambridge IGCSE™ * 3 6 6 4 2 7 9 8 1 9 * DC (DH) 197856/6 © UCLES 2021 [Turn over AMERICAN HISTORY (US) 0409/01 Paper 1 Making of a Nation October/November 2021 2 hours You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed) INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer three questions in total, from one section only. ● For each question you choose, answer every part, (a), (b) and (c). ● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 60. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in parentheses [ ].

2 0409/01/O/N/21 © UCLES 2021 Answer any three questions from your chosen section. You are advised to spend an equal time answering each of the three questions. Section A: Emergence of a Nation 1754–1890 1 There were many discussions and changes made to try to make the United States more democratic before 1840. (a) Describe the beliefs of the Whig Party in the 1830s. [4] (b) Explain why the role of the presidency changed in the United States before 1840. [6] (c) “The creation of the Constitution was the most important step towards democracy in the period before 1840.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 2 The land under the control of the United States was acquired in different ways before 1853. (a) Describe how the United States took control of Texas in the 1840s. [4] (b) Why were British colonists involved in the French and Indian War 1754–63? [6] (c) “The Louisiana Purchase was the most important event in the expansion of the United States before 1853.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 3 The relationship between Native Americans and the US government changed throughout the nineteenth century. (a) What happened at Wounded Knee in December 1890? [4] (b) Why did the Sand Creek Massacre lead to a deterioration in the relationship between Native Americans and the US government? [6] (c) To what extent was there a good relationship between Native Americans and the US government before 1850? [10] [Total: 20]

3 0409/01/O/N/21 © UCLES 2021 [Turn over 4 There were many reasons for the disagreements between people living in the North and South of the United States. (a) What was the Compromise of 1877? [4] (b) Why was the Compromise of 1850 unpopular with so many people? [6] (c) To what extent were economic differences between the North and South to blame for increased sectionalism before 1860? [10] [Total: 20] 5 Economic changes after 1850 transformed the way that people thought about the United States. (a) What were the problems with factory conditions in the second half of the nineteenth century? [4] (b) Explain why, in the late nineteenth century, the Farmers’ Alliance had political success. [6] (c) “The most important impact of the Transcontinental Railroad was that it united the nation.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 6 Immigrants arrived in the United States for different reasons and had varying experiences. (a) Describe the impact of immigration on the culture of American cities in the late nineteenth century. [4] (b) Explain why nativist groups grew in the middle of the nineteenth century. [6] (c) “Most immigrants arrived in America to pursue economic opportunities.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20]

4 0409/01/O/N/21 © UCLES 2021 Answer any three questions from your chosen section. You are advised to spend an equal time answering each of the three questions. Section B: Consolidating the Nation 1890–2000 7 During the early twentieth century people began to question whether the economy benefited most people. (a) What was meant by Progressivism in the early twentieth century? [4] (b) Why did the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire have such a large impact on working conditions? [6] (c) “Labor unions did little to improve the lives of workers before 1920.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 8 The “boom” in the economy during the 1920s had different causes and impacts. (a) Describe the new methods of advertising that were used during the 1920s. [4] (b) Explain why governments of the 1920s used protective tariffs. [6] (c) To what extent did all American people benefit from the economic “boom” of the 1920s? [10] [Total: 20] 9 The Wall Street Crash had a variety of causes and led to a Depression in the United States. (a) What was meant by the term “Hooverville”? [4] (b) Why were “alphabet agencies” important in the United States during the 1930s? [6] (c) “Overproduction was the biggest problem in the US economy in the late 1920s.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 10 African Americans tried different methods to improve their lives during the twentieth century. (a) Describe how African Americans began to challenge the Jim Crow laws in the 1950s. [4] (b) Explain how Malcolm X challenged the ideas of the Civil Rights movement during the 1960s. [6] (c) “Campaigns to improve the lives of African Americans before 1945 were largely unsuccessful.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20]

5 0409/01/O/N/21 © UCLES 2021 11 The relationship between the United States and the rest of the world changed after 1945. (a) What was the Able Archer exercise, 1983? [4] (b) Explain why the Soviet Union blockaded West Berlin in 1948. [6] (c) To what extent was the United States successful in achieving its aims in the conferences held in 1945 at the end of the Second World War? [10] [Total: 20] 12 The United States government faced new types of domestic challenges after 1945. (a) Describe the ideas of Carter’s energy plan. [4] (b) Explain why there was disagreement about the policies of Reaganomics during the 1980s. [6] (c) “The federal reform programs of the 1960s were successful in transforming the lives of Americans.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20]

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8 0409/01/O/N/21 © UCLES 2021 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE