Cambridge IGCSE History American BES 0409 — 2023 May/June Paper 1 · Variant 0

Cambridge IGCSE™ 0409/01 AMERICAN HISTORY (US) May/June 2023 Paper 1 Making of a Nation 2 hours You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed) INSTRUCTIONS • Answer three questions in total, from one section only. • For each question you choose, answer every part, (a), (b) and (c). • Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. INFORMATION • The total mark for this paper is 60. • The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in parentheses [ ]. This document has 8 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. [Turn over 06_0409_01_2023_1.15 © UCLES 2023 *6768809921*

Answer any three questions from your chosen section. You are advised to spend equal time answering each of the three questions. SECTION A: Emergence of a Nation 1754–1890 In the late eighteenth century the United States emerged as a country. 1 What were the Articles of Confederation? [4] (a) Explain why a Constitution was developed between 1787 and 1788. [6] (b) ‘‘American colonists rebelled against the British for economic reasons.’’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] The influence of the United States spread across the continent before 1853. 2 Describe how the United States took control of Florida in 1819. [4] (a) Why did it take a decade for Texas to be admitted to the Union? [6] (b) ‘‘The United States’ relationship with France was key to defining its borders before 1853.’’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] Throughout this period there was tension between the United States government and Native Americans. 3 What happened at Sand Creek in 1864? [4] (a) Explain why Tecumseh led a rebellion against the United States. [6] (b) To what extent were Reservations the cause of the destruction of the Native American way of life before 1890? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] Political divisions tore the country apart in the middle of the nineteenth century. 4 Describe the Lincoln–Douglas debates held in 1858. [4] (a) Why did the election of Lincoln in 1860 lead to secession? [6] (b) To what extent did Reconstruction reunite the country? [10] (c) [Total: 20] 06_0409_01_2023_1.15 © UCLES 2023 2

After 1850 there was rapid industrial change in the United States. 5 Describe what reforms the Farmers’ Alliances wanted in the late nineteenth century. [4] (a) Explain why there was support for the construction of a transcontinental railroad in the second half of the nineteenth century. [6] (b) To what extent was the availability of natural resources the cause of the Industrial Revolution in the North after 1850? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] There were different reasons for immigration and different reactions towards it. 6 Describe the purpose of the Homestead Act. [4] (a) Why was there violence between some immigrant communities in American cities? [6] (b) ‘‘Opposition to immigration was based on ideas about religion and culture.’’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] [Turn over 06_0409_01_2023_1.15 © UCLES 2023 3

Answer any three questions from your chosen section. You are advised to spend equal time answering each of the three questions. SECTION B: Consolidating the Nation 1890–2000 In the early twentieth century some people began to question the way people worked and lived. 7 Describe what happened at the Triangle Shirtwaist factory in 1911. [4] (a) Explain why many Progressives wanted to follow the ‘‘Wisconsin Idea.’’ [6] (b) ‘‘Labor unions were successful in improving working conditions in this period.’’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] The 1920s was a decade of change for many Americans. 8 What were the new methods of advertising in the 1920s? [4] (a) Why did the availability of credit change the economy of the 1920s? [6] (b) ‘‘Women’s lives did not change significantly during the 1920s.’’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] Economic changes had an impact on peoples’ lives in the 1920s and 1930s. 9 What happened to unemployment after the Wall Street Crash? [4] (a) Explain why speculation became an issue in the US economy in the late 1920s. [6] (b) To what extent was getting people back to work the most important part of the New Deal? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] African Americans faced many challenges in their struggle for Civil Rights in this period. 10 What was the Black Power movement? [4] (a) Why was the Plessy vs. Ferguson judgement (1896) important to debates about Civil Rights in the early twentieth century? [6] (b) To what extent was Martin Luther King effective in his campaign for Civil Rights in the 1950s and 1960s? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] 06_0409_01_2023_1.15 © UCLES 2023 4

The United States took on a different role in global politics after 1945. 11 What did the term détente mean in the 1960s and 1970s? [4] (a) Why did President Reagan meet with Mikhail Gorbachev during the 1980s? [6] (b) ‘‘The United States policy of containment was successful before 1960.’’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] The United States tried to develop new economic and social ideas after 1945. 12 Describe the aims of President Johnson’s ‘‘Great Society’’ program. [4] (a) Explain why there was a debate about the use of nuclear energy in the United States during the 1970s. [6] (b) To what extent was the federal government responsible for economic prosperity in the United States, 1945–60? Explain your answer. [10] (c) [Total: 20] 06_0409_01_2023_1.15 © UCLES 2023 5

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BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge. 06_0409_01_2023_1.15 © UCLES 2023 8