Cambridge IGCSE History American BES 0409 — 2018 May/June Paper 1 · Variant 0

This document consists of 5 printed pages, 3 blank pages, and 1 Insert. DC (LEG) 155245/2 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 7 6 7 0 8 8 2 7 9 2 * AMERICAN HISTORY (US) 0409/01 Paper 1 Making of a Nation May/June 2018 2 hours No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the test administrator for a continuation booklet. Answer three questions from one section. For each question you choose, answer every part, (a), (b), and (c). This paper has two sections. Section A: Emergence of a Nation 1754–1890 OR Section B: Consolidating the Nation 1890–2000 You are advised to spend equal time answering each of the three questions. The number of points is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

2 0409/01/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 Answer any three questions from your chosen section. Section A: Emergence of a Nation 1754–1890 1 Prior to 1840 the United States established itself as a democratic nation. (a) Describe the creation of the US Constitution, 1787 to 1788. [4] (b) Why did the relationship between the colonists and the British government get worse by 1776? [6] (c) To what extent was the Bill of Rights the most important step towards democracy in the United States before 1840? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 2 Foreign powers continued to be involved in the United States after the Declaration of Independence. (a) How did foreign powers support the colonists during the Revolutionary War? [4] (b) Explain why the United States went to war with Great Britain in 1812. [6] (c) “Declining Spanish power was the biggest factor in the expansion of the United States by 1853.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 3 The relationship between the US government and Native Americans changed throughout the nineteenth century. (a) Describe Tecumseh’s Confederacy. [4] (b) Explain how the Plains Wars changed the relationship between the United States and Native American communities. [6] (c) “The Indian Removal Act was the most damaging government policy for Native Americans during the nineteenth century.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 4 Discussions and debates about the lives of African Americans happened before and after the Civil War. (a) What were the terms of the Compromise of 1850? [4] (b) Why did support for the Republican Party increase during the 1850s? [6] (c) To what extent did the lives of African Americans improve during the period of Reconstruction? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20]

3 0409/01/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over 5 The effects of economic change caused widespread concern in the late nineteenth century. (a) Describe the work of the Knights of Labor. [4] (b) Explain why campaigns to improve working conditions began in the second half of the nineteenth century. [6] (c) “After the Civil War, new political groups were mostly concerned with supporting the needs of farmers.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 6 After 1850 immigration was not always popular with Americans. (a) What did the “Know Nothing” movement campaign for in the 1850s? [4] (b) Why did immigration from Europe to the United States increase after 1850? [6] (c) “Immigration after 1850 caused a major change in the ethnic composition of the United States.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20]

4 0409/01/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 Answer any three questions from your chosen section. Section B: Consolidating the Nation 1890–2000 7 Ordinary Americans faced many challenges at the beginning of the twentieth century. (a) How were “yellow dog contracts” used in the early twentieth century? [4] (b) Explain why there was an increase in concerns about factory working conditions at the beginning of the twentieth century. [6] (c) “The policies of Progressives had little impact on the lives of ordinary Americans before 1920.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 8 There was a “boom” in the US economy during the 1920s. (a) What were the economic policies of Republican governments during the 1920s? [4] (b) Explain why the motor industry was able to expand so rapidly before 1929. [6] (c) “Only people in urban areas benefited from the ‘boom’ of the 1920s.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 9 The economic depression of the 1930s had many causes. Different solutions to the depression were tried. (a) Describe the purpose of the “alphabet agencies” set up by President Roosevelt. [4] (b) Why did President Roosevelt pass a Second New Deal in 1935? [6] (c) “The main cause of the Depression was over-production.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 10 Changes in the lives of African Americans had many causes in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. (a) What was the Atlanta Compromise, 1895? [4] (b) Explain why a Civil Rights Act was passed in 1964. [6] (c) To what extent did the Civil Rights movement result in an improvement in the lives of African Americans before 1970? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20]

5 0409/01/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 11 During the period of the Cold War there were different levels of tension across the globe. (a) Describe the events of the Berlin Blockade and Airlift, 1948–49. [4] (b) Explain how President Reagan took steps to end the Cold War during the 1980s. [6] (c) “The United States’ policy of Containment was successful in the period from 1945 to 1980.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20] 12 The federal government faced numerous domestic challenges from the 1950s to the 1970s. (a) What happened during the oil crisis, 1973? [4] (b) Explain why the United States experienced a period of prosperity during the 1950s and 1960s. [6] (c) To what extent did federal reform programs of the 1960s achieve their goals? Explain your answer. [10] [Total: 20]

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