Cambridge A Level Physical Education 9396 — 2022 Oct/Nov Paper 3 · Variant 2

1 (a) Describe the role of ATP, including its breakdown and resynthesis. [4] (b) Explain how each of the following determine the energy system used by a performer during different intensities of exercise: • availability of oxygen • level of fitness. [6] (c) (i) Describe the following types of strength: • strength endurance • static strength. [2] (ii) Describe how a grip strength dynamometer is used to evaluate strength. [4] (iii) Outline values for the repetitions, sets and resistance guidelines to improve strength endurance. [3] (iv) State the predominant energy system and food fuel used during strength endurance training. [2] (d) Explain the use of BMI as a measure of body composition in elite athletes. [5] (e) Explain the use of blood doping as a prohibited method to enhance performance. [4] [Total: 30]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a) 4 marks for any 4 of: 4 1 only usable form of energy in body OR energy currency of body; 2 high-energy phosphate compound / molecule OR high-energy bonds OR potential energy; 3 phosphate bond / ATP is broken down to release energy; 4 ATP → ADP + P + energy; 5 energy + ADP + P → ATP; 6 coupled reaction OR combination of endothermic AND exothermic reactions; 1(b) 6 marks for 6 of: 6 (availability of oxygen) 1 if insufficient oxygen then anaerobic energy systems are used; 2 if sufficient / enough oxygen then aerobic energy system is used; 3 if exercise is high intensity then anaerobic systems used OR if exercise is low / moderate intensity then aerobic system used; (level of fitness) (sub-max. 5 marks) 4 fitter performer will use aerobic system more / earlier / quicker OR less time using anaerobic systems; 5 fitter athlete can transport / use greater volumes of oxygen; 6 because of aerobic adaptations to training OR named adaptation, e.g. more mitochondria; 7 fitter performer can work aerobically at higher intensity; 8 because OBLA reached later / delay OBLA; 9 fitter performers may use lactic acid system for longer; 10 because better at buffering / removing lactic acid OR greater tolerance to lactic acid; 11 fitter performer can use ATP/PC system for longer; 12 due to greater stores of PC / quicker replenishment of PC stores; 1(c)(i) 2 marks for: 2 1 (strength endurance) the ability to sustain repeated muscular contractions OR the ability of the muscles to withstand fatigue during prolonged work; 2 (static strength) the ability to apply a force where the length of the muscle does not change OR the ability to apply a force where there is no movement at a joint OR the ability to apply a contract muscle isometrically; Credit other suitable descriptions of each type of strength. 1(c)(ii) 4 marks for any 4 of: 4 1 calibrate the dynamometer OR adjust to suit subject; 2 squeeze the dynamometer as hard as possible; 3 for (approximately) 3–5 seconds; 4 arm is static OR held at 90º angle OR arm is moved (downwards) as test is performed; 5 test is performed 3 times (with rest between attempts); 6 (best) score is recorded AND compared to normative data; 7 dominant hand only OR left- and right-hand scores are compared; 8 test must be performed consistently for valid results; 1(c)(iii) 3 marks for: 3 1 (repetitions) 10–20; 2 (sets) 3–8; 3 (resistance) 40–75% of one repetition maximum / 1 RM / the maximum you can lift once; 1(c)(iv) 2 marks for: 2 1 (energy system) lactic acid / glycolytic system; 2 (food fuel) glucose / glycogen / carbohydrates; 1(d) 5 marks for any 5 of: 5 1 body composition is the percentage of body weight / mass that is fat compared to lean body mass; 2 mass / weight divided by height squared OR based on height and mass / weight; 3 a BMI of more than 30 is classed as obese; 4 a high BMI can lead to health problems; 5 elite athletes often have an extreme BMI; 6 elite athletes tend to have a high percentage of muscle; 7 elite athletes generally have very low percentage of fat; 8 muscle weighs more than fat; 9 elite athletes tend to have high bone density; 10 BMI does not distinguish between types of tissue; 11 BMI is not a valid test of body composition for elite athletes; 1(e) 4 marks for any 4 of: 4 1 blood is removed from performer, stored AND reinjected; 2 use of blood transfusions OR injections of EPO OR injections of red blood cells / haemoglobin OR injections of synthetic oxygen carriers; 3 increase number of red blood cells / haemocrit / haemoglobin; 4 more oxyhaemoglobin formed; 5 improves oxygen carrying capacity of blood; 6 more oxygen to working muscles; 7 increases aerobic capacity / stamina / VO2 max;

2 (a) State three characteristics of a Type A personality. [3] (b) Describe Atkinson and McClelland’s theory of achievement motivation. [4] (c) (i) Outline Steiner’s model of group performance. [3] (ii) Describe, using a practical example for each, four problems that may affect the productivity of a sports team. [4] (d) The diagram shows a representation of Chelladurai’s multi-dimensional model of leadership. antecedents leader behaviour consequences situational required characteristics behaviour performance leader actual and characteristics behaviour satisfaction member preferred characteristics behaviour Explain, using a practical example, how the antecedents in this model affect leader behaviour. [6] (e) Using a practical example of each, describe what is meant by: • a short-term goal • a long-term goal. [4] (f) Explain the relationship between arousal, optimum performance and the following factors: • introverted personality type of the performer • ability level of the performer • complexity of the task. [3] (g) Describe the instinct theory of aggression. [3] [Total: 30] Section C: Olympic Games: a global perspective

Mark scheme: 2(a) 3 marks for any 3 of: 3 1 highly / very competitive; 2 high levels of alertness / focused; 3 works at a fast pace / efficient; 4 perfectionist tendencies; 5 high task persistence; 6 more aggressive / short-tempered / quick to become angry / more passionate; 7 needs to be in control; 8 highly stressed; 2(b) 4 marks for any 4 of: 4 1 links between personality AND competition / competitiveness; 2 explains how people react to success / competition; 3 need to achieve / Nach AND need to avoid failure / Naf; 4 (Nach) show approach behaviour / task persistence / take risks / like a challenge / enjoy evaluation; 5 (Naf) show avoidance behaviour / give up easily / avoid responsibility; 6 an interactionist approach; 7 dependent on perception of success / incentive of task; Accept other suitable characteristics of Nach and Naf. 2(c)(i) 3 marks for any 3 of: 3 1 (actual) productivity = potential productivity – losses due to faulty processes; 2 (actual) productivity is how the group performed; 3 (potential productivity) is the best possible performance of the group; 4 (losses due to faulty processes) are any actions that negatively affect performance; 5 faulty processes may be caused by coordination or motivation problems; 2(c)(ii) 4 marks for any 4 of: 4 1 social loafing / lack of effort / motivation AND e.g. footballer does not try to track back after losing ball; 2 Ringelmann effect / lack of coordination / communication / size of group AND e.g. rugby move from scrum breaks down as a player runs wrong line; 3 lack of identifiable roles / goals / accountability AND e.g. basketball player is not clear what his role is in defence; 4 lack of cohesion / belief that others are not trying / presence of cliques AND e.g. netballer thinks teammate is not trying so stops trying; 5 poor leadership / tactics / strategies AND e.g. volleyball team keep setting to a weak spiker; 6 injury / illness AND e.g. playmaker in hockey is injured; 7 level of competition too high or low / unachievable goals AND e.g. opposition in rugby are just too good; 8 environmental factors / weather / crowd AND e.g. hostile crowd at football match; 2(d) 6 marks for any 6 of: (max. 5 marks if no practical example used) 6 1 leader should choose the approach that suits the situation; 2 if situation is dangerous / time is limited, e.g. rock climbing, autocratic is preferable; 3 if situation has no time constraints / focus is on enjoyment / group is small democratic is preferable; 4 (leader characteristics) leader’s personality / skill level / experience / preferred leadership style OR leader prefers one leadership style (which will affect leader behaviour); 5 leader may choose the approach that suits their personality; 6 leader should choose the approach that suits the members; 7 if members are beginners / males / young, autocratic style may be preferred; 8 if members are experienced / females / older, democratic style may be preferred; 9 if leader behaviour matches member characteristics AND situational characteristics then performance / satisfaction will be high; 10 if the requirements of situation and member characteristics do not match then performance / satisfaction will be reduced; 2(e) 4 marks for: 4 1 (short-term) a goal that is measured in days / weeks / microcycle; 2 (example) score a try in next week’s rugby match; 3 (long-term) a goal that is measured in months / years / macrocycle; 4 (example) be selected for the Olympic boxing squad for 2024; 2(f) 3 marks for: 3 (for optimum performance) 1 (personality) introverts need lower arousal; 2 (ability level) novices need lower arousal OR elite need higher arousal; 3 (complexity) complex skills need lower arousal OR simple skills need higher arousal: 2(g) 3 marks for any 3 of: 3 1 aggression is a trait; 2 innate characteristic / genetic / inherited / natural; 3 stable / enduring characteristic; 4 inevitable behaviour (that builds up in our body); 5 aggression needs a release (or will be dangerous to well-being); 6 this release is called catharsis; 7 sport can provide an acceptable way to release aggression;

3 (a) (i) Outline the limited role of women at the ancient Olympic Games. [3] (ii) Describe how the role of women has changed since the first modern Olympic Games in 1896. [5] (b) The Olympic Games has been used for political purposes because it is a global event that receives worldwide media coverage. Outline how the Olympic Games has been used for political purposes. [3] (c) Explain the transition from amateurism to professionalism at the Olympic Games. [5] (d) Suggest potential benefits for athletes who compete successfully at the Olympic Games. [3] (e) (i) One dysfunctional aspect at the Olympic Games is a win-at-all-costs ethic. Outline ways that a win-at-all-costs ethic might occur at the Olympic Games. [3] (ii) Suggest methods that the International Olympic Committee (IOC) can use to reduce dysfunctional aspects at the Olympic Games. [4] (f) Describe the key features of the Olympic Oath 2000. [4] [Total: 30]

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) 3 marks for any 3 of: 3 1 not allowed to compete; 2 married women not allowed to attend stadium / spectate / coach; 3 single women were allowed to spectate; 4 priestess (of temple of Demeter) allowed to attend; 5 women had separate Games; 3(a)(ii) 5 marks for any 5 of: 5 1 no women’s participation in 1896 OR only role of women was to present wreaths to winners; 2 limited involvement / some women’s sport introduced in 1900 (tennis, golf); 3 low numbers of participants before Second World War; 4 role of Alice Milliat / Women’s Olympics created in response to IOC refusal to allow women’s athletics in 1920 / 1924; 5 mixed-gender events included; 6 all sports should have a male and female equivalent; 7 acceptance of women as judges / officials; 8 women co-opted on to IOC; 9 some IOC members are women; 10 IOC conference on women and sport; Accept other suitable descriptions. 3(b) 3 marks for any 3 of: 3 1 enhancing national prestige; 2 promoting a political ideology; 3 platform for political confrontation; 4 using athletes as pawns for their governments; 5 preventing certain athletes from competing; Accept specific historical examples that have been used at the Olympic Games. 3(c) 5 marks for any 5 of: 5 (transition happened because) 1 early modern Olympic Games were amateur only OR amateurism seen as a noble concept; 2 amateurism excluded those who could not afford to take part; 3 Olympic success requires full-time training; 4 costs of equipment / facilities / travel; 5 costs of coaches / physio / nutritionist / psychologist / support staff; 6 Olympic Games needs the best athletes (for commercial reasons); 7 abuse of amateur ideals / shamateurs (when Games were amateur); 8 professional athletes have proved to be positive role models; 9 professionalism no longer seen as a negative concept; 10 other major events had professionals (e.g. World Cup) (while Olympics did not allow them) OR conflict with other major events; 3(d) 3 marks for any 3 of: 3 1 high income; 2 sponsorships / endorsements; 3 public appearances / opportunities for work; 4 media spotlight OR gain fame OR become role models; 5 honour of representing country; 6 competing at the highest level in sport; 7 socialising with other elite athletes; 8 once-in-a-lifetime experience / opportunity to travel OR cultural experience; 3(e)(i) 3 marks for any 3 of: 3 1 use of drugs / PEDs; 2 cheating; 3 gamesmanship; 4 use of violence / aggression; 5 bribery of officials; 6 age / gender falsification; 7 modification of equipment; 8 deliberately losing a match / tanking to gain a better draw in the next round; 9 match fixing; 3(e)(ii) 4 marks for any 4 of: 4 1 drug testing / out-of-season testing; 2 punishments; 3 funding to World Anti-Doping Agency / WADA OR closer monitoring of national anti-doping agencies; 4 biological passport; 5 education; 6 use of positive role models; 7 better / stronger officiating OR better vetting of officials; 8 support of National Olympic Committees (NOC); 9 encourage whistleblowing; 10 liaise with betting companies; 11 age-verification systems; Accept other suitable methods. 3(f) 4 marks for any 4 of: 4 1 in the name of every athlete; 2 spoken by one athlete at the opening ceremony (from host nation); 3 to respect / abide by rules; 4 without doping / drugs; 5 in spirit of sportsmanship / fair play; 6 for the glory of sport; 7 and the honour of the team; 8 (oath taken) while holding (a corner of) Olympic flag; 9 (usually) in the language of the host city; 10 separate oaths taken by coaches / officials;