Cambridge IGCSE Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) 0654 — 2006 May/June Paper 3 · Variant 1

Centre Number Candidate Number Name UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/03 Paper 3 Extended May/June 2006 2 hours Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Answer all questions. You may use a pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 24. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. For Examiner’s Use 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total This document consists of 21 printed pages and 3 blank pages. IB06 06_0654_03/4RP  UCLES 2006 [Turn over www.XtremePapers.com

2 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 For Examiner's Use 1 Blood contains red cells, white cells and plasma. (a) Outline the function of white blood cells. [2] (b) The heart pumps blood around the body. Explain how the heart pushes blood into the arteries. [2] (c) State one difference between the structure of arteries and the structure of veins. Explain how this difference relates to their different functions. structure function [3] (d) Plants do not have a heart to pump fluids around them. Water is carried through xylem vessels from a plant’s roots to its leaves. Explain why this happens more quickly when it is warm than when it is cold. [3]

3 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 [Turn over For Examiner's Use 2 (a) A student uses a pH sensor connected to a computer to investigate four liquids, A, B, C and D. The apparatus is shown in Fig. 2.1. pH: C D B A pH sensor Fig. 2.1 The results obtained when the pH sensor was placed into the liquids in the test-tubes are shown in Table 2.1. Table 2.1 tube pH A 14.0 B 7.0 C 1.0 D 6.0 (i) Which liquid in Table 2.1 could be pure water? Explain your answer. [1] (ii) Which liquid in Table 2.1 would react with iron(II) sulphate to form a green precipitate of iron(II) hydroxide? Explain your answer. [2] (iii) Which liquid in Table 2.1 contains the highest concentration of H+ ions? Explain your answer. [1]

4 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 For Examiner's Use (b) The student then used a temperature sensor in a second experiment as shown in Fig. 2.2. temp: temperature sensor dilute hydrochloric acid concentration 0.5 mol / dm3 dilute potassium hydroxide solution volume = 25.0 cm3 tap Fig. 2.2 The student opened the tap and added the hydrochloric acid slowly to the potassium hydroxide solution. She plotted a graph of the temperature of the mixture against the volume of acid added. Her graph is shown in Fig. 2.3. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 volume of acid added / cm3 temperature of mixture Fig. 2.3 The mixture became neutral when 15.0 cm3 of acid had been added. (i) Explain why the temperature of the mixture increased when the acid was first added to the potassium hydroxide solution. [1]

5 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (ii) Suggest why the temperature of the mixture decreased once 15.0 cm3 of acid had been added. [2] The balanced equation for this reaction is HCl (aq) + KOH (aq) → KCl (aq) + H2O (I) (iii) Show that the number of moles of hydrochloric acid required to neutralise all of the potassium hydroxide was 0.0075. Show your working. [2] (iv) Calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide solution in mol / dm3. Show your working. [3] (v) Write an ionic equation for the neutralisation of any acid by any alkali. [1]

6 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 For Examiner's Use 3 (a) Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion are both sources of energy. (i) Apart from releasing energy, in what way are these two processes similar? [1] (ii) In what way are these two processes different? [1] (iii) There are safety concerns about the use of nuclear fission as an energy resource. Describe and explain one of these safety concerns. [3] (b) (i) The voltage of electricity generated in a power station is increased using transformers for transmission through power lines to the users. Explain why this is done. [2]

7 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (ii) Fig. 3.1 shows a diagram of a simple transformer. 12 V 120 V 10 turns Fig. 3.1 Use the equation s p V V = s p N N to calculate the number of turns on the coil in the secondary circuit. number of turns = [1] (iii) Explain how a transformer changes the voltage of an electrical supply. Your explanation should include the terms induced current and magnetic field. [3]

8 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 For Examiner's Use 4 Big-horn sheep live on rocky mountain sides in Canada. The males have very large horns. The size of their horns is caused by their genes. (a) State one feature shown in the photograph that is found only in mammals. [1] (b) (i) Name the part of a cell that contains the genes. [1] (ii) In which cells in the big-horn sheep’s body will the gene for horn size be present? [1]

9 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (c) Hunters kill big-horn sheep and keep their horns as trophies. They kill the sheep with the largest horns. Fig. 4.1 shows how the average size of the horns in a population of big-horn sheep changed between 1970 and 2005. 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 70 60 50 40 30 year mean horn length / cm Fig. 4.1 Explain how hunting of big-horn sheep could have caused the general trend shown in Fig. 4.1. [4] (d) In summer it may be very hot in the mountains, but in winter it is very cold. (i) Explain how the big-horn sheep’s sweat glands can help to keep them cool in summer. [2] (ii) Explain how vasoconstriction can help to keep the sheep warm in winter. [3]

10 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 For Examiner's Use 5 (a) Electrical signals can be sent along wires in digital form. (i) Describe what is meant by a digital signal. [1] (ii) Give one advantage of using digital signals rather than analogue signals. [1] (b) Electrical signals can pass in and out of electronic gates. Identify the gates in Fig. 5.1 below. gate gate [2] signal in no signal in signal out signal in no signal out Fig. 5.1 (c) Rays of light entering the eye are refracted by the lens. (i) Complete Fig. 5.2 below to show what happens when parallel rays of light are refracted by a lens of focal length 10 cm. scale 1:2 [3] Fig. 5.2

11 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (ii) Human eyes are able to detect the three primary colours. Name these colours. 1. 2. 3. [1] (iii) These three colours of light are electromagnetic waves. Apart from their colour, state one other way in which they differ from each other. [1]

12 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 For Examiner's Use 6 (a) The diagrams below show some common raw materials which are changed by chemical reactions into useful products. Choose words from the list to complete each box. aluminium ammonia ceramics chlorine glass paper plastics OIL petroleum (crude oil) clay silicon(IV) oxide mixed with metal oxides raw materials useful products [3] (b) Explain why silicon (IV) oxide has a very high melting point. You may draw a diagram if it helps your answer. [2]

13 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (c) Petroleum (crude oil) undergoes many processes in order to provide a wide range of useful chemicals. Some of the alkane molecules from petroleum are cracked on the surface of a hot catalyst to produce a mixture of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. Fig. 6.1 shows a schematic diagram of catalytic cracking. cracking unit mixture of large saturated hydrocarbon molecules mixture of smaller saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon molecules catalyst in the form of very small particles Fig. 6.1 (i) Name the unsaturated hydrocarbon, produced by cracking, which is used to make ethanol, C2H6O. [1] (ii) Write a balanced equation for the reaction referred to in (i) that produces ethanol. [1] (iii) Describe how a sample of the mixture coming from the cracking unit could be tested to show that it contained unsaturated compounds. [2] (iv) The mixture coming from the cracking unit contains molecules of different sizes. Suggest the name of a process which could be used to separate the mixture into individual substances. [1]

14 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 For Examiner's Use 7 Fig. 7.1 shows three aeroplanes at an airport. A B C Fig. 7.1 (a) Aeroplane A is moving at a constant velocity towards the main runway. Aeroplane B is stationary, waiting for take off. Aeroplane C has just taken off and is accelerating. (i) Which, if any, of the aeroplanes has zero momentum? Explain your answer. [1] (ii) The momentum of one of the aeroplanes is changing. State which aeroplane and explain your answer. [1]

15 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) Fig. 7.2 shows a speed-time graph for aeroplane C. 0 50 100 150 time / s 200 250 300 100 50 0 speed m / s Fig. 7.2 Calculate the distance covered by the aeroplane in the first 200 seconds. Show your working. [2] (c) The mass of aeroplane C is 120 000 kg. Calculate the kinetic energy of the aeroplane as it travels at 100 m / s. Show your working and state the formula that you use. formula used working [3]

16 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 For Examiner's Use 8 In many parts of the world, cattle are farmed to provide meat and milk for humans. The cattle may be fed on maize. This information can be shown as a food chain. maize → cattle → humans (a) The arrows in the food chain represent the flow of energy along the chain. Explain how the maize plants obtain their energy. [3] (b) Fig. 8.1 is a pyramid of biomass for this food chain. Fig. 8.1 (i) State the meaning of the term biomass. [1] (ii) Write the letter C in the level or levels in this pyramid that represent the consumers. [1] (iii) Explain why the pyramid is this shape. [2]

17 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (c) Explain why farmers may spray pesticides onto growing maize crops. [2] (d) There is more than enough food in the world to feed everyone, but in many places people cannot get enough to eat. Describe one example of a problem of inadequate diet in a named part of the world and suggest a solution to this problem. [3]

18 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 For Examiner's Use 9 Growing crops take up several elements they need from the soil. The chemical symbols of three of these elements are N, P and K. (a) (i) One of these elements, when uncombined, is a metal. Name this element. [1] (ii) State which two of these elements have the same number of electrons in the outer shells of their atoms. Explain your answer briefly. elements and explanation [2] (b) In industry, nitrogen from the atmosphere is used to make ammonia. Ammonia is used to make the salts ammonium nitrate and ammonium phosphate, which are added to soil used for growing crops. Fig. 9.1 shows a diagram of the industrial process used to make ammonia. A ammonia reaction vessel nitrogen hydrogen ammonia separator Fig. 9.1 (i) The equation for the formation of ammonia is shown below. N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) Name the two main gases in the mixture flowing through pipe A. and [1]

19 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (ii) Complete the bonding diagram below to show • the chemical symbols of the elements in a molecule of ammonia, • the arrangement of the outer electrons of each atom. [2] (iii) The chemical formula of ammonium phosphate is (NH4)3PO4. The formula and charge of the ammonium ion is NH4 +. Deduce the formula and charge of the phosphate ion. Explain your answer. [2] (iv) The gas mixture inside the reaction vessel in Fig. 9.1 is kept at a high temperature. Explain the effect this has on the rate of the reaction that produces ammonia. [2]

20 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 For Examiner's Use 10 (a) Explain why the pressure inside a car tyre increases as the tyre gets hotter. [2] (b) Explain why snow skis have a large surface area. [2] (c) Explain why an earthquake taking place inside the Earth can be detected on the surface. [2]

23 Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 4 © William Ervin/Science Photo Library Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. 0654/03/M/J/06 BLANK PAGE

24 © UCLES 2006 0654/03/M/J/06 Group 140 Ce Cerium 58 141 Pr Praseodymium 59 144 Nd Neodymium 60 Pm Promethium 61 150 Sm Samarium 62 152 Eu Europium 63 157 Gd Gadolinium 64 159 Tb Terbium 65 162 Dy Dysprosium 66 165 Ho Holmium 67 167 Er Erbium 68 169 Tm Thulium 69 173 Yb Ytterbium 70 175 Lu Lutetium 71 232 Th Thorium 90 Pa Protactinium 91 238 U Uranium 92 Np Neptunium 93 Pu Plutonium 94 Am Americium 95 Cm Curium 96 Bk Berkelium 97 Cf Californium 98 Es Einsteinium 99 Fm Fermium 100 Md Mendelevium 101 No Nobelium 102 Lr Lawrencium 103 1 H Hydrogen 1 7 Li Lithium 3 23 Na Sodium 11 24 Mg Magnesium 12 40 Ca Calcium 20 45 Sc Scandium 21 48 Ti Titanium 22 51 V Vanadium 23 52 Cr Chromium 24 55 Mn Manganese 25 56 Fe Iron 26 59 Co Cobalt 27 59 Ni Nickel 28 64 Cu Copper 29 65 Zn Zinc 30 70 Ga Gallium 31 27 Al Aluminium 13 11 B Boron 5 12 C Carbon 6 14 N Nitrogen 7 16 O Oxygen 8 19 F Fluorine 9 28 Si Silicon 14 31 P Phosphorus 15 32 S Sulphur 16 35.5 Cl Chlorine 17 40 Ar Argon 18 20 Ne Neon 10 4 He Helium 2 73 Ge Germanium 32 75 As Arsenic 33 79 Se Selenium 34 80 Br Bromine 35 84 Kr Krypton 36 39 K Potassium 19 88 Sr Strontium 38 89 Y Yttrium 39 91 Zr Zirconium 40 93 Nb Niobium 41 96 Mo Molybdenum 42 Tc Technetium 43 101 Ru Ruthenium 44 103 Rh Rhodium 45 106 Pd Palladium 46 108 Ag Silver 47 112 Cd Cadmium 48 115 In Indium 49 119 Sn Tin 50 122 Sb Antimony 51 128 Te Tellurium 52 127 I Iodine 53 131 Xe Xenon 54 137 Ba Barium 56 139 La Lanthanum 57 * 178 Hf Hafnium 72 181 Ta Tantalum 73 184 W Tungsten 74 186 Re Rhenium 75 190 Os Osmium 76 192 Ir Iridium 77 195 Pt Platinum 78 197 Au Gold 79 201 Hg Mercury 80 204 Tl Thallium 81 207 Pb Lead 82 209 Bi Bismuth 83 Po Polonium 84 At Astatine 85 Rn Radon 86 Fr Francium 87 227 Ac Actinium 89 9 Be Beryllium 4 I II III IV V VI VII 0 85 Rb Rubidium 37 133 Cs Caesium 55 226 Ra Radium 88 The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.). a X b a = relative atomic mass X = atomic symbol b = proton (atomic) number Key *58-71 Lanthanoid series 90-103 Actinoid series DATA SHEET The Periodic Table of the Elements

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2006 question paper 0654 CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/03 Paper 3, maximum raw mark 100 These mark schemes are published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. They show the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. They do not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will be recorded in the published Report on the Examination. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the Report on the Examination. The minimum marks in these components needed for various grades were previously published with these mark schemes, but are now instead included in the Report on the Examination for this session. • CIE will not enter into discussion or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2006 question papers for most IGCSE and GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2006 0654 03 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006 1 (a) defence against (infectious) disease ; action of phagocytes described ; action of antibodies described ; [2 max] (b) muscles ; contract ; increase pressure / reduce volume ; of ventricles ; [2 max] (c) (arteries have) thicker wall ; because blood is at high(er) pressure ; stop them bursting ; more elastic wall ; able to expand / recoil ; ref. to pulse / heart beat ; small lumen; maintains high pressure ; so blood moves through faster ; accept converse if referring to veins [3 max] (d) transpiration ; pulls water up ; ref. pressure gradient / water potential gradient ; transpiration happens faster on hot day ; [3 max] [Total: 10]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2006 0654 03 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006 2 (a) (i) (B) water is neutral / has pH = 7; [1] (ii) (A) (sodium) hydroxide / alkali (produces the green precipitate); pH 14 is alkaline; [2] (iii) (C) this means it is an acid and pH 1 is (strongest) acid; [1] (b) (i) reaction is exothermic / gives out heat (energy); [1] (ii) reaction is complete / finished / no more alkali; so no more heat given out / cold acid cools the mixture; [2] (iii) dissolved moles = volume (in dm3) x concentration (in mol / dm3); dissolved moles = (15.0 ÷ 1000) x 0.5; [2] ( = 0.0075 moles) (iv) reference to the 1:1 ratio HCl : KOH; expression for moles of KOH e.g. (25.0 ÷ 1000) x C; 0.025 x C = 0.0075; C = 0.3;(mol / dm3 ) [3 max] (if volumes in cm3 consistently not divided by 1000 then will still get 0.3 and could be worth all the marks i.e. ecf from (iii)) (v) H+ + OH– → H2O; [1] (also H3O+ + OH– → 2 H2O ) [Total: 13]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2006 0654 03 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006 3 (a) (i) (both release) energy generated from within atoms/ involve nuclei; [1] (ii) fission - atoms/ nuclei split and fusion - atoms join; [1] (iii) uncontrolled chain reaction; explosion; release of radioactive materials; radiation can harm, humans/animals; detail – e.g. radiation burns / mutation / cancer; radioactive waste produced; problem of safe disposal; remains radioactive for (very) long time; radiation can harm, humans/animals; detail – e.g. radiation burns / mutation / cancer; [3] (b) (i) high voltage means low current; this reduces energy losses; [2] (ii) 100 turns; [1] (iii) alternating current in primary, causes alternating / changing magnetic field; this produces alternating magnetic field around secondary; this induces current in secondary; [3] [Total: 11]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2006 0654 03 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006 4 (a) hair / fur ; [1] (b) (i) nucleus ; [1] (ii) all ; [1] (c) sheep with largest horns killed ; they do not reproduce ; they do not pass their genes onto offspring ; next generation has smaller horns ; or all vice versa for those with short horns [4] (d) (i) secrete sweat which evaporates ; water in the sweat evaporates ; explanation of cooling effect / latent heat of evaporation ; [2 max] (ii) arterioles constrict ; near skin surface ; less blood carried close to surface ; blood flows beneath, insulating layer / fat / adipose tissue ; less heat lost by radiation ; [3 max] [Total: 12]

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2006 0654 03 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006 5 (a) (i) series of, pulses / on offs; [1] (ii) less distortion/ need amplification less often; [1] (b) OR; NOT; [2] (c) (i) rays of light brought to a focus; on the principal axis; at 10cm; [3] (ii) red, green & blue; [1] (iii) wavelength/frequency; [1] [Total: 9]

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2006 0654 03 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006 6 (a) glass; ceramics; plastics; [3] (b) silicon(IV) oxide is a giant structure; in order to melt (many) strong bonds must be broken / much heat energy is required; [2] (marks may come from labelled diagram which needs to show the idea of a giant structure even if not exactly SiO2) (c) (i) ethene; [1] (ii) C2H4 + H2O → C2H6O; [1] (iii) shake mixture with bromine / potassium manganate(VII); unsaturation shown by orange to colourless / purple to colourless; [2] (iv) fractional distillation; [1] [Total: 10]

Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2006 0654 03 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006 7 (a) (i) (airplane B) no velocity / not moving; [1] (ii) (airplane C) velocity is increasing so momentum increases; [1] (b) area under graph or working; 15 000 m; [2] (c) KE = 1/2 mv2; = 0.5 x 120 000 x 100 x 100 = 600 MJ; [3] [Total: 7]

Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2006 0654 03 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006 8 (a) from sunlight ; photosynthesis ; light energy trapped by chlorophyll ; transferred to, carbohydrate / sugar / glucose / starch ; [3 max] (b) (i) the mass of living organisms ; [1] (ii) C in the top two rectangles ; [1] (iii) energy losses along food chain ; less energy to support organisms at higher levels ; [2] (c) to kill organisms that are, harming / eating, crops ; increase yield ; [2] (d) problem stated and food type involved ; explanation related to specific health issue ; detail ; [3] [Total: 12]

Page 10 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2006 0654 03 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006 9 (a) (i) potassium; [1] (ii) nitrogen / N and phosphorus / P; same group / both in Group 5 / correct reference to electron configuration details; [2] (b) (i) nitrogen and hydrogen; [1] (ii) (symbols shown e.g. in centres of circles) three shared pairs of electrons shown correctly; lone pair shown on nitrogen; [2] (if symbols not shown e.g. in centres of circles then 1 max) (iii) PO4 3-; total charge on three NH4 + ions has to be balanced so 3 negative charges required on phosphate; [2] (iv) molecules have greater kinetic energy / are moving faster; (at high temperature) collisions happen more often; more of the collisions result in reaction / exceed activation energy; [2 max] [Total: 10]

Page 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2006 0654 03 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2006 10 (a) gases expand when heated; particles moving faster; hit tyre wall with greater force / more often; [2 max] (b) large area means smaller pressure; pressure = area force ; stops skier sinking into snow; [2 max] (c) earthquakes produce waves; these are able to travel through the Earth's crust; [2] [Total: 6]