Cambridge IGCSE History (9-1) 0977 — 2022 Oct/Nov Paper 4 · Variant 1

1 How important was the ‘race to the sea’ as a reason for a prolonged war? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1 How important was the ‘race to the sea’ as a reason for a prolonged 40 war? Explain your answer. YES – Race to the sea started after the Battle of the Marne; Germans forced to retreat and dig-in; both sides tried to outflank each other and created a network of trenches, multiple lines deep from the English Channel to the Swiss Alps; aim was to cut off supply lines from Britain; trenches became impenetrable defences for both sides with little land gained over the course of the war; easily defended by machine guns and barbed wire; first Battle of Ypres, etc. NO – More important: failure of the Schlieffen Plan (Russian mobilisation, Belgian resistance and BEF intervention); new weapons and technology coupled with lack of military tactics to fight trench warfare (machine guns and artillery); trench system easy to defend; adoption of war of attrition tactics by both sides, etc.

2 How significant was the German Revolution as a reason for the Armistice in 1918? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–45

Mark scheme: 2 How significant was the German Revolution as a reason for the 40 Armistice in 1918? Explain your answer. YES – Germany's politics became divergent as the silent military dictatorship and increasingly active role of the Reichstag became opposing forces; Reichstag increasingly questioned the war effort and composition of the Kaiser's government; war weariness increased pressure on Hindenburg and Ludendorff to begin revolution from above; Kiel Mutiny started revolution from below; riots spread throughout Germany and Soviets were formed; fear of communist revolution from both conservatives and moderate socialists forced abdication of Kaiser and sparked peace negotiations with Allies, etc. NO – More significant: German army losses after the Somme and Passchendaele; extra 1.75 million casualties in 1918; Germany unable to match Allied equipment and technology, especially after US entry into the war in 1917; failure of Ludendorff Offensive and Allied counter-attack used up German reserves and left the safety of Hindenburg Line; new tactics developed by Allies – creeping barrage and tank/combined arms tactics by summer 1918; impact of British blockade of German ports led to food and fuel shortages; Germany's weaker allies failed to support, etc.

3 How important were reparations as a cause of disorder in Weimar Germany, 1919–23? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 3 How important were reparations as a cause of disorder in Weimar 40 Germany, 1919–23? Explain your answer. YES – Reparations agreed on when Germany signed Armistice in November 1918; Treaty of Versailles imposed reparations in 1919 and were calculated at £6.6 billion in 1921 by Reparations Commission; proved to be unpopular with many Germans and right-wing politicians; Germany blamed for war damage in France and Belgium which was thought to be unfair; Germany had to give her coal from the Saar to France for 15 years; German government printed money to pay for reparations, creating steady inflation; failure to pay led to 1923 French and Belgian occupation of the Ruhr; 100 000 Germans expelled; caused massive economic and trade problems in Germany; government printed money and ordered passive resistance, which resulted in hyperinflation, etc. NO – More important: social, economic and political impact of the end of the First World War; stab in the back myth and November Criminals blamed for the Armistice and later signing the Treaty of Versailles; weaknesses of Weimar Constitution; political extremism from left and right (Spartacist leading to Bavaria and Ruhr; Kapp and Munich Putsches); may use Ruhr occupation and hyperinflation as a NO argument, etc.

4 How significant was the Depression in securing support for the Nazi Party up to 1933? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY C: RUSSIA, 1905–41

Mark scheme: 4 How significant was the Depression in securing support for the Nazi 40 Party up to 1933? Explain your answer. YES – 1929 Wall St Crash led to the Great Depression which hit Germany hard due to US loans which were recalled; massive drop off in trade and rapid unemployment – 6 million by 1932; increased support for extremists on left and right; fear of communism propelled Nazi support from moderate middle-classes and industrialists who feared revolution; Hitler used the Crash to scapegoat enemies of Germany – communists, socialists, Weimar politicians (negative cohesion), etc. NO – More significant: role of Hitler and leadership abilities (public speaking, etc.); Nazi propaganda effective at targeting all classes; role of SA – show of strength, soup kitchens, street violence to encourage disorder in Germany and make middle-class believe a revolution was inevitable; resentment towards Treaty of Versailles; loss of confidence in Weimar Republic and politicians; failure of left-wing parties to form united front against Nazis; Hitler's appointment as Chancellor in 1933; Reichstag Fire and emergency decree end Communist Party, etc.

5 How important was Lenin in the consolidation of Bolshevik rule, 1917–24? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 5 How important was Lenin in the consolidation of Bolshevik rule, 1917– 40 24? Explain your answer. YES – Lenin crucial for the timing and decision to storm the Winter Palace in November 1917; became Chairman of the Sovnarkom which was dominated by Bolsheviks; Lenin's Decrees on workers, land, etc.; Decree on Peace and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; closure of Constituent Assembly; Lenin developed ideology of Marxism-Leninism; propaganda during the Russian Civil War; introduction of War Communism to ensure Red victory; crushing of Kronstadt Rebellion; NEP in 1921, etc. NO – More important: Trotsky's role as Chairman of Petrograd Soviet, MRC and organising Red Guards for coup; Trotsky formed Red Army and led them during Civil War; Trotsky effective speaker; use of Cheka and Red Terror (could be attributed to Lenin); grain requisitioning; weaknesses of White armies in Civil War and foreign intervention, etc.

6 How significant were economic factors in Stalin’s introduction of the Five-Year Plans? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY D: THE UNITED STATES, 1919–41

Mark scheme: 6 How significant were economic factors in Stalin’s introduction of the 40 Five-Year Plans? Explain your answer. YES – Stalin viewed the NEP as too slow a policy to reform Soviet economy; command economy required to develop it rapidly; Stalin wanted to build up Soviet heavy industry rapidly to compete with the Western powers; communism inherently committed to industrialisation and the creation of a workers' state; Stalin wanted the USSR to be a world leader in industrial output and become a superpower, etc. NO – More significant: ideology – Stalin wanted to expose those in the Bolshevik Party that opposed his idea of Socialism in One Country; NEP seen as a capitalist system and Stalin wished to remove the conservative Kulak class; defence – Stalin wanted the USSR to be protected from future aggression from the West; focus on building heavy industry and munitions; power/control – Stalin wanted a command economy to give him centralised control of the economy, etc.

7 How important were tariffs as a reason why farmers did not share in the prosperity of the 1920s? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 7 How important were tariffs as a reason why farmers did not share in 40 the prosperity of the 1920s? Explain your answer. YES – Tariffs imposed taxes on imported goods and foodstuffs – foreign markets began a tariff war with the USA and did the same to US food exports after the war; European countries could not sell in US markets and therefore could not earn dollars to buy US produce; caused overproduction of food produce in USA and drop in food prices throughout 1920s; led to drop in profits and many farms repossessed by banks as loans and mortgages could not be paid – 1 million fewer farmers between 1920 and 1930, etc. NO – More important: foreign competition from countries like Canada and Argentina; patterns of food consumption were changing in the USA after the war – greater demand for fresh fruit and vegetables, and many smaller farmers were unable to diversify; demobilisation after war meant European markets were gradually lost and US left with excess food; new machinery and farming technology boosted production; US market saturation; Prohibition laws hit cereal farmers who sold grain for alcohol – barley consumption fell by 90% between 1920–33, etc.

8 How significant was President Hoover’s reaction to the Bonus Marchers as a reason for his defeat in the Presidential election in 1932? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY E: CHINA, c.1930–c.1990

Mark scheme: 8 How significant was President Hoover’s reaction to the Bonus 40 Marchers as a reason for his defeat in the Presidential election in 1932? Explain your answer. YES – Bonus Marchers demanded war pensions early during Depression; 25 000 veterans marched on Washington in 1932; peaceful protest but Hoover regarded it as a threat to government and a possible communist uprising; Hoover asked army to clear the Bonus Army’s camp; the army responded by burning the camp and used machine guns, tanks and tear gas against the protesters; two veterans were killed and a thousand were injured; made Hoover appear unsympathetic and indifferent to the suffering during the Depression, etc. NO – More significant: Hoover viewed as do-nothing President; many of his policies were ineffective or lacked funding from government; Republicans opposed to government intervention during Depression; Hoover not viewed as man of action or vision compared to Roosevelt; Roosevelt’s campaign very effective and promised New Deal; experience as Governor of New York where he had organised schemes to help unemployed and elderly; Roosevelt’s upbeat personality and optimism despite contracting polio, etc.

9 How important was the First Five-Year Plan to China’s social and economic development by 1960? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 9 How important was the First Five-Year Plan to China’s social and 40 economic development by 1960? Explain your answer. YES – First Five-Year Plan nationalised private business and industry as per the Soviet model; centralised planning and command based economy using production targets; focus on heavy industry (coal, iron, steel, oil and cement); local targets used to encourage workers to be more productive and gain access to better wages, food and accommodation; steel, coal and iron all exceeded targets set; most heavy industry doubled or tripled in production over the 5 years; heavily reliant on Soviet loans and expertise; cities and industrial towns increased in size rapidly as well as new infrastructure like railways, etc. NO – More important: Agrarian Reform Law, 1950 saw communal ownership of land; landlords arrested and executed; cooperatives and collective farms set up with state control and eventually ownership, with peasants becoming wage earners; by 1956, 95% of peasants in collectives; 1950s social reforms – healthcare made free; more rural doctors; CCP discouraged traditional Chinese medicine and promoted preventative medicine; education improved and primary education compulsory; literacy rates rose to 90% by early 1960s; Great Leap Forward, 1958 saw development of communes; combined agricultural and industrial production; backyard furnaces produced poor quality steel; Hundred Flowers Campaign in 1957 encouraged development in arts and culture, etc.

DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940–c.1994

Mark scheme: 10 How significant was the Cultural Revolution in changing life for the 40 Chinese people? Explain your answer. YES – Cultural Revolution launched in 1966 to re-establish control of the CCP and the revolution; it was feared that the revolution had been hijacked by revisionists; Little Red Book and Red Guards used to radicalise young Chinese students against intellectuals, revisionists and counter- revolutionaries; violence, terror and arrests became commonplace; schools and universities closed down; those accused of profiteering were punished and many forcibly moved to rural areas to be re-educated in camps; forced re-education meant many skilled jobs were undertaken by unskilled persons; illiteracy rates soared; art and culture showing traditional Chinese ways of life were discouraged or destroyed; fear of the West was encouraged in propaganda; Cult of Personality of Mao strengthened in media, posters and loudspeakers, etc. NO – More significant: Agrarian Reform Law in 1950 saw landlords removed, over 1 million executed; land was brought under communal control with cooperatives and collective farms; First Five-Year Plan saw massive increase in steel, iron and oil production; massive expansion of urban areas and railway network across China; Great Leap Forward saw development of commune system combining industrial and agricultural production; led to increase in steel production but falsification of figures; led to Great Famine in 1959 with 20–40 million dead; communes allowed communist control of schools, healthcare; social reforms in 1950s – improved rights for women (divorce made easier, polygamy banned); healthcare made free and increase in rural doctors; education improved and literacy rates boomed by early 1960s to over 90%, etc.

11 How important were government policies on schools in maintaining apartheid after 1948? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 11 How important were government policies on schools in maintaining 40 apartheid after 1948? Explain your answer. YES – Bantu Education Act, 1953 brought all black schools under government control; Native Affairs Department set up to manage schools for black people; government grants for missionary schools were withdrawn – this had been a source of funding for 90% of schools for black children; funding reduction led to larger class sizes, poor quality buildings, lack of amenities and equipment as well as less-qualified teachers; a later law introduced apartheid at university level; mixed universities were banned and new colleges were set up, etc. NO – More important: Population Registration Act classified all South Africans in races; Group Areas Act segregated South Africa into racial living areas; Pass Laws restricted movement for black people – extended to women in 1956; Native Laws restricted movement further in towns; Bantustans set up as homelands for black people based on ethnicity; low quality land and limited in size – 13% of land for Bantustans, etc.

12 How significant was Steve Biko in the development of the anti-apartheid movement in South Africa? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY G: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS SINCE 1945

Mark scheme: 12 How significant was Steve Biko in the development of the anti- 40 apartheid movement in South Africa? Explain your answer. YES – Steve Biko set up South African Students’ Organisation (SASO) in 1969; helped promote Black Consciousness Movement in universities; promoted pride in being black; promoted black culture, history, art, culture and identity against white repression; helped spread peaceful protest and encouraged a greater sense of cohesiveness among black people; led to strikes on campuses; murdered by security forces leading to national and international outrage; helped inspire protests and riots in other parts of South Africa – led to Soweto riots which caused international backlash against apartheid, etc. NO – More significant: role of ANC and Youth League in 1950s and ’60s – Defiance Campaign and Freedom Charter; role of PAC and Sharpeville massacre in 1960; role of Communist Party and trade unions; key individuals – Mandela, Tutu, Slovo, Buthelezi and Tambo; these helped organise resistance in South Africa and abroad; UN opposition to apartheid in 1960s and 1970s – resolutions passed against apartheid; international sanctions; impact of Botha’s reforms, etc.

13 How important was disunity between Israel’s enemies in determining the outcome of the 1948–49 war? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 13 How important was disunity between Israel’s enemies in determining 40 the outcome of the 1948–49 war? Explain your answer. YES – Arab forces divided between a northern force (Syria and Palestinian) and one based around Jerusalem with very little coordination; other Arab states did little to help and the Arab League refused to fund the forces in Jerusalem; King Abdullah of Transjordan acted independently and took parts of Jerusalem and Palestine for himself; Arab forces were poorly led by their respective leaders with differing aims and objectives; Syria and Lebanon engaged very little in the actual fighting; Syria and Lebanon only provided a very small number of troops to the Civil War, etc. NO – More important: Israeli forces outnumbered the Arab forces by over 7000 troops; Arabs had poor supply lines and medical supplies were overstretched; lack of military experience in the Arab armies compared to Israeli forces; Haganah had experience of fighting in WWII and had stockpiled weapons and equipment; Israel enjoyed total air superiority and had quality military leadership throughout the campaign; determination of Israeli people who were united behind the cause to create a Jewish state; morale was boosted by political and financial support from the USA; Jewish Agency’s success in controlling the communication routes after Plan D; terror tactics used by Lehi and Irgun to force Palestinians from their homes; Israelis secured heavy artillery and tanks from Czechoslovakia, etc.

14 How significant have the Palestinians been in the development of the Arab-Israeli dispute? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 14 How significant have the Palestinians been in the development of the 40 Arab-Israeli dispute? Explain your answer. YES – Actions of Irgun and Lehi during the 1948–49 war created terror in the minds of Arab villagers in Palestine; 300 000 fled their homes to other parts of Palestine and neighbouring Arab countries; Israel increased its territory by 21% by 1949 and pushed many refugees to Transjordan, Egypt, Syria and Lebanon; 1967, Israel tripled its size and increased the number of refugees to over 700 000; led to increased Palestinian nationalism and Arab nationalism – opposition to state of Israel; formation of Al Fatah and later PLO led by Arafat; border raids into Israel; raids from Lebanon led to Israeli invasion in 1978 and 1982; PLO involvement in Oslo Agreement; Palestinian Authority; role of Hamas in Gaza and West Bank, etc. NO – More important: role of Israel – expansion of territory and settlers in Palestinian Arab areas; role of Nasser and nationalisation of Suez Canal; pre-emptive attack of Egypt and Syria in Six Day War; role of Begin and Sadat and Camp David Talks with Carter; roles of Palestinian neighbours such as Jordan, Egypt, Syria; roles played by the superpowers – USA and financial and military support for Israel; Soviet military aid to Syria and Egypt; role of Britain and France; actions by the UN in peace talks and dealing with refugee crisis, etc.