Cambridge IGCSE History (9-1) 0977 — 2021 Oct/Nov Paper 4 · Variant 1

1 How important was British and French resistance as a factor in the failure of the Schlieffen Plan? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks DEPTH STUDY A: THE FIRST WORLD WAR, 1914–18 1 How important was British and French resistance as a factor in the 40 failure of the Schlieffen Plan? Explain your answer. YES – Belgian resistance at the start of the war held up the German advance; BEF entered the war to protect Belgium who held up the Germans at the Battle of Mons; 120 000 trained, professional soldiers helped hold off a much larger German force of mainly conscripts; French mobilisation effective – halted German advance at the Battle of the Marne and forced the Germans to dig in; ‘race to the sea’ stopped Germany from outflanking Allies – First Battle of Ypres etc. NO – More important – plan changed by von Moltke reducing troop commitment in the East; plan was outdated – first created in 1905; based on assumption of no British intervention and believed Russia would take 6 weeks to mobilise its army; von Moltke also changed the route of the attack avoiding Netherlands and not predicting Belgian resistance; Russia's mobilisation only took 10 days and forced von Moltke to divert troops to the Eastern Front; stretched German supply lines; new weapons and outdated tactics etc.

2 How significant was the machine gun as a cause of the stalemate on the Western Front? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–45

Mark scheme: 2 How significant was the machine gun as a cause of the stalemate on the 40 Western Front? Explain your answer. YES – Machine gun was able to fire 400–600 rounds per minute which was equivalent to 100 rifles; formidable defensive weapon when used in crossfire, which made offensives difficult and led to high casualties; machine guns often housed in pill boxes or blockhouses for extra protection from artillery; Germany used machine guns particularly effectively in early stages of the war; helped lead to a static war and a war of attrition; stopped major gains at the Somme; machine gun crews could use dug-outs during artillery bombardments and then quickly surface and set up; very effective with barbed-wire defences etc. NO – More significant – artillery led to largest number of casualties on the Western Front and pinned troops in the trenches; used to bombard trenches before offensives; caused wounds, shellshock as well as deaths; gas weapons; aircraft; trench system and trench conditions; lack of effective offensive strategies on both sides; ‘race to the sea’ saw 1000s km of trenches dug; BEF entry into the war; German failure of Schlieffen Plan; war on two fronts etc.

3 How important was the occupation of the Ruhr amongst the social and economic problems in Weimar Germany, 1919–24? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 3 How important was the occupation of the Ruhr amongst the social and 40 economic problems in Weimar Germany, 1919–24? Explain your answer. YES – French and Belgian occupation led to a decrease in coal and iron production which was vital to German economic growth and paying reparations; passive resistance led to French taking retribution by killing over 100 and expelling 100 000 from the Ruhr region; passive resistance led to increased printing of money to pay strikers; helped cause hyperinflation; expelled Germans had to be housed; hyperinflation led to bartering; allow references to Munich Putsch etc. NO – Issues caused by the Ruhr effectively solved by Stresemann – new currency (Rentenmark) and Dawes Plan; more important – effects of First World War – unemployment, homelessness, widows, starvation, disease and war debt; impact of terms of Treaty of Versailles – territorial losses, reparations’ payments, Article 231 – War Guilt; November Criminals and ‘stab in the back’ myth perpetuated by many nationalists; extremist violence of the left (Spartacists) and the right (Freikorps and Nazis) etc.

4 How significant was the Second World War in determining Nazi policies towards the Jews? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY C: RUSSIA, 1905–41

Mark scheme: 4 How significant was the Second World War in determining Nazi policies 40 towards the Jews? Explain your answer. YES – Second World War helped radicalise Nazi policies towards Jews, especially in occupied territories; General Government in Poland set up ghetto system in many cities; Einstazgruppen killing squads (branch of SS) – approximately 1 million killed by mass shootings from 1941; Jews forced to wear yellow Star of David; Wannsee Conference, 1942 made decisions on Final Solution – elimination of all European Jews in death camps such as Treblinka and Sobibor from 1942; mass gassing of Jews in mobile vans, then specially built gas chambers and crematoria - over 6 million killed in total etc. NO – More significant – Nazi policy became increasingly anti-Semitic after Hitler and the Nazis assumed power in 1933; 1933 saw SA boycott shops and Jews were removed from civil service and then later barred from professions; 1935 Nuremburg Laws denied Jews citizenship and prohibited marriages between Jews and Aryan Germans; 1938 Kristallnacht – first official violence towards Jewish community by disguised SS men; Jews barred from owning property and businesses; banned from schools; 40% of Jews had left Germany by 1939 etc.

5 How important was the 1905 Revolution in weakening the Tsarist system of government to 1914? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 5 How important was the 1905 Revolution in weakening the Tsarist system 40 of government to 1914? Explain your answer. YES – 1905 Revolution saw mass riots, demonstrations and strikes across Russia after Bloody Sunday demonstrations; popular revolution and spontaneous; contained peasants, workers, and middle-class liberals; led to October Manifesto which brought limited democracy and representation to Russia; parties and trade unions were legalised; new Duma set up in 1906; basic civil rights established which weakened autocracy etc. NO – 1905 Revolution did not have a united opposition; some liberals were appeased by October Manifesto which split the opposition and allowed Tsar to restore control; Duma's powers effectively reduced to nothing by the 1906 Fundamental Laws; Tsar used army returning from the Russo-Japanese War to crush riots in countryside and strikes in cities; more important – Stolypin's reforms did not help solve land issue for poorer peasants; workers still had poor wages and living and working conditions did not improve leading to greater support for radical left-wing groups such as Bolsheviks, Mensheviks and SRs etc.

6 How significant were policies towards women amongst the social changes in Stalin’s Russia after 1928? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY D: THE UNITED STATES, 1919–41

Mark scheme: 6 How significant were policies towards women amongst the social 40 changes in Stalin’s Russia after 1928? Explain your answer. YES – Women were given equal opportunities in education, employment and access to the Communist Party; many women occupied junior positions in the Communist Party and wielded some political power; by 1935 – 42% of industrial workers were women; hugely important to the success of the Second and Third Five Year Plans and militarisation increased; many women trained as skilled workers and gained management positions in industry and in collective farms – driving and repairing tractors, setting targets; creches and kindergartens allowed women to work; divorce made easier at first and abortion on demand; divorced fathers had to pay maintenance for their children etc. NO – Women had many rights removed later in Stalin's rule; 1936 Family Law made divorce more difficult; women still kept many traditional roles, especially in the countryside and often had lower pay than men; women did not occupy senior positions in the Communist Party or government; more significant – Stalin's policies towards religion – only one in forty churches still held services due to atheism as official policy; persecution of other religions such as Islam and Judaism – only 1300 mosques in USSR by 1939; music and arts heavily monitored and censored – socialist realism in art and sculpture; education controlled by state and youth groups indoctrinated by Marxism – Young Pioneers; homosexuality made illegal; new nomenklatura became elite in Soviet society; managers and supervisors got access to better housing and other benefits; nationalities forced to ‘Russify’; allow collectivisation and dekulakisation – led to famine etc.

7 How important was the loss of foreign markets as a reason why US agriculture did not prosper in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 7 How important was the loss of foreign markets as a reason why US 40 agriculture did not prosper in the 1920s? Explain your answer. YES – Loss of European markets after the First World War meant there was nowhere to export surplus agricultural produce; this was made worse by tariffs; new international competitors forced prices down even further as they began to capture foreign markets – Canadian wheat; agricultural income fell from $22 billion in 1919 to $13 billion by 1928 etc. NO – More important – Republican policies meant there was little government help for failing farms and US tariffs caused a tariff war with other countries; mechanisation during the First World War led to overproduction of foodstuffs; US population was falling prior to 1920, so fewer mouths to feed and decreased consumption in domestic markets; many farmers failed to diversify crops to appeal to changing dietary trends; tenant farmers and agricultural labourers hit worst, especially black American sharecroppers – many migrated; falling prices of agricultural products due to decreased demand; collapse of many rural banks meant farm bankruptcies were high; Prohibition saw drop in demand for wheat and barley etc.

8 How significant was the Red Scare as an aspect of intolerance in US society in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY E: CHINA, c.1930–c.1990

Mark scheme: 8 How significant was the Red Scare as an aspect of intolerance in US 40 society in the 1920s? Explain your answer. YES – November 1917 Russian Revolution saw communists take control; led to fear of communist and anarchist ideology spreading to American troops in First World War and penetrating USA after the war; Russian and Eastern European immigrants arriving in the USA thought to be possible communist radicals or Soviet agents/spies; 1919 workers’ strikes involved 400 000; Boston Police strike; race riots in 25 towns – these were seen as signs of increasing radicalism; terrorist bombs – one almost killed Attorney General Mitchell Palmer who launched Palmer Raids; J Edgar Hoover created files on suspected communists; Palmer targeted trade unionists, Jews and Catholic organisations and whipped up Red Scare; Sacco and Vanzetti case highlighted prejudice in the US system etc. NO – More significant – Immigration – government quotas in 1924 limited immigration to 150 000 and no Asian immigrants; many Americans feared competition in employment from cheaper immigrant workers; some feared immigrants brought crime, disease, and ‘un-American’ culture with them; racism, especially in the South; Jim Crow Laws and segregation; rise of the KKK; lynching; religious fundamentalism in South and Midwest; Scopes Trial; Prohibition; intolerance towards women; Native Americans etc.

9 How important was the Second World War in the rivalry between the Nationalist government and the Chinese Communist Party? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 9 How important was the Second World War in the rivalry between the 40 Nationalist government and the Chinese Communist Party? Explain your answer. YES – Second World War saw the Nationalist government focus on the threat of the Communists rather than the Japanese occupation; this made them unpopular with many Chinese people; the Nationalists also received foreign aid from Britain, France and the USA which was poorly used – corruption, hoarding of weapons and supplies – $750 million brought no results; the Nationalists refused to engage Japanese in military confrontations further frustrating the Communists and the Chinese population etc. NO – More important – Shanghai Massacre and five extermination campaigns saw the Nationalists target Communist Party beginning rivalry between 1927 and 1931; led to Long March to escape Nationalist forces; rivalry increased when Mao began spreading Maoist ideology and propaganda against the Nationalist government and increased peasant support; importance of Yenan Settlement; Civil War after the Second World War saw increased rivalry – Communist guerrilla tactics etc.

DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940–c.1994

Mark scheme: 10 How significant was the Great Leap Forward in Mao's modernisation of 40 China? Explain your answer. YES – Great Leap Forward focused on developing Chinese economy rapidly, especially in steel; development of communes – joining of collective farms and sometimes villages and towns; the aim was to use peasants to develop industry; allowed CCP to control communes as a local government and spread Maoist propaganda; communes were put to work on large-scale projects such as tunnels, bridges; 23 000 communes with over 700 million people living in them; farming developed, education, entertainment, healthcare provision as well as industrial production – backyard furnaces – increased iron production by 45% in 1958 as well as steel and timber etc. NO – Great Leap Forward modernisation was not positive – unrealistic targets set; those who refused to accept were labelled reactionaries and imprisoned; living standards dropped rapidly; workers being taken away from fields during harvest and led to famine – 20–40 million died; figures for iron and steel production falsified by local officials; led to shortage of coal for rail system; steel was often of a poor quality; more significant – First Five-Year Plan development of heavy industry and communications; Agrarian Reform Law – collective farms; Soviet aid and experts; social reforms – healthcare, education and women etc.

11 How important was economic growth in shaping the lives of South Africans before 1948? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 11 How important was economic growth in shaping the lives of South 40 Africans before 1948? Explain your answer. YES – Economic growth after Depression – South Africa was nearly self- sufficient by 1945; large input of foreign capital; development of gold mining – accounted for 70% of exports and helped create employment in other sectors such as machinery, explosives and wire cabling; led to immigration of healthcare and legal professionals; skilled labour drawn to South Africa; taxes helped white farmers; increased use of black labour force in mines on low wages; agricultural growth for white farmers due to taxes on foodstuffs for black farmers – 30% of population employed in farming; growth of manufacturing industry – total economic output rose creating more jobs for black South Africans on a low wage – many moved to towns and this created tension over segregated housing etc. NO – More important – Natives Representation Act ended non-white voting; Immorality Act forbade inter-racial relationships; Natives Land Act gave black people the worst and least land to farm and they were only allowed to farm on their reservations; Urban Areas Act segregated housing; Pass Laws restricted freedom of movement for non-white people; colour bar in many areas of employment – non-white people banned from striking etc.

12 How significant in the resistance to apartheid was the South African Students' Organisation (SASO)? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY G: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS SINCE 1945

Mark scheme: 12 How significant in the resistance to apartheid was the South African 40 Students' Organisation (SASO)? Explain your answer. YES – SASO founded by Steve Biko – a medical student at Natal University; also founded the Black Consciousness Movement of which SASO was a part; promoted pride in black culture and history; Biko promoted solidarity, non- violent action and assertiveness among black people; authorities regarded him as dangerous on account of the 1972 strikes by students; Steve Biko was arrested and eventually murdered in a police cell – this encouraged Soweto protests in 1976 as well as affirmative action by students etc. NO – More significant – Programme of Action (1949–50) organised by the ANC to oppose apartheid including boycotting and civil disobedience; Defiance Campaign, 1952 – Youth League members such as Mandela and Sisulu led a peaceful protest; Freedom Charter; Black Sash support for black women over Pass Laws; impact of Sharpeville Massacre and Rivonia Trial; creation of militant resistance groups such as MK; role of key individuals such as Mandela, Tutu and Tambo etc.

13 How important was President Nasser as a cause of the Suez War in 1956? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 13 How important was President Nasser as a cause of the Suez War in 40 1956? Explain your answer. YES – 1956 – Nasser came to power in 1954 with nationalist policies and wanted to remove foreign influences in Egypt; he officially recognised Communist China which damaged relations with the West; Nasser nationalised Suez Canal and blocked Straits of Tiran which led to Suez Crisis; anti-Western rhetoric and promotion of Arab nationalism and hostility towards Israel – led to 1956 War when Britain, France and Israel launched a secretly planned attack on Egypt etc. NO – More important – role of Britain and France who had been arming Israel since 1949; Suez Canal crucial for British and French imperial interests and trade; role of Israel who wanted to remove Egyptian presence in the Sinai region and wanted to stop Palestinian raids on Israeli settlements from the Gaza Strip; Cold War context as Nasser turned to the USSR for military assistance and financial aid, etc.

14 How significant were Palestinian militants as a factor shaping the Palestinian peace process? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 14 How significant were Palestinian militants as a factor shaping the 40 Palestinian peace process? Explain your answer. YES – PLO formed in 1964 which combined Al-Fatah and other Palestinian resistance groups under one umbrella organisation; engaged in border raids and terrorism; more extreme groups such as PFLP hijacked airliners in 1970, murdered Jordanian Prime Minister in 1971; Black September kidnapped nine Israeli athletes in 1972 Olympics – all were killed; also hijacked plane in 1972; extremist groups such as Hamas have enjoyed control in Gaza and influenced West Bank Palestinians and disrupted peace process etc. NO – More significant – role of USA – President Carter and Camp David Accords; role of Sadat and Begin; international support and sympathy for Palestinian crisis/refugees; Intifadas were popular uprisings by youths in West Bank and drew attention to Palestinian issues; role of UN peace keeping; Oslo Agreement and setting up of Palestinian Authority etc.