Cambridge IGCSE History (9-1) 0977 — 2020 Oct/Nov Paper 4 · Variant 1

1 How important was the use of gas weapons in warfare on the Western Front? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1 How important was the use of gas weapons in warfare on the Western 40 Front? Explain your answer. YES – Gas first used in 1915 by German Army; chlorine and later phosgene and mustard gas; gas used by both Allies and Central Powers; caused panic in the trenches; became a regular feature of the stalemate; disabled troops; led to the development of gas masks on both sides; psychological impact, etc. NO – Gas only accounted for a small minority of deaths; 3000 British deaths due to gas; more important– artillery (responsible for the most deaths); underground mines and tunnelling; machine guns could fire 400+ rounds per minute; aircraft used as reconnaissance and later dropped bombs; military leadership; conditions in trenches; trench system, etc.

2 How significant was the war at sea in determining the nature of the British Home Front? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY B: GERMANY, 1918–45

Mark scheme: 2 How significant was the war at sea in determining the nature of the 40 British Home Front? Explain your answer. YES – Early in 1914 German battleships shelled the north east coast of Britain – Hartlepool, Whitby and Scarborough (led to recruitment propaganda); Battle of Jutland claimed as victory on Home Front patriotism; submarine warfare in the Atlantic in 1915 prevented war supplies coming to Britain – unrestricted submarine warfare increased anti-German feeling in Britain; submarines dropped mines in harbours; 1917 unrestricted submarine warfare helped push Britain towards rationing in 1918, etc. NO – Convoy system effectively reduced the impact of submarine warfare; aircraft used to scout for submarines; more significant factors: recruitment, 1914–15 Kitchener’s volunteer army, 1916 conscription introduced; government propaganda was anti-German, patriotic and encouraged people to contribute to the war effort; censorship; DORA; nationalisation of railways, mines; women’s war work, etc.

3 How important were economic problems as a cause of disorder in Germany between 1918 and 1923? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 3 How important were economic problems as a cause of disorder in 40 Germany between 1918 and 1923? Explain your answer. YES – By 1918, the national income was about one-third of what it had been in 1913; war debt nearly bankrupted Germany; industrial production at two- thirds of pre-war levels leading to lack of jobs for returning soldiers; gaps in living standards between rich and poor; war pensions cost one-third of German budget; reparations set at £6.6 billion in 1921; German Ruhr invaded in 1923; led to lack of production and hyperinflation, etc. NO – More important – growth of extremist left and right wing groups like Spartacists and Freikorps; Spartacist Uprising in January 1919; Kapp Putsch 1920; Munich Putsch in 1923; new Weimar Constitution led to coalition governments due to Proportional Representation; November Criminals and ‘stab in the back’ myth for politicians who signed Armistice and Versailles Treaty; terms of Treaty, etc.

4 How significant was army opposition in resisting Nazi rule? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY C: RUSSIA, 1905–41

Mark scheme: 4 How significant was army opposition in resisting Nazi rule? Explain your 40 answer. YES – German army feared the growth of the SA who wanted to become the official German Army under Ernst Rohm; encouraged Hindenburg to threaten martial law in 1934; army knew Hitler needed them for future expansion; Hitler to launch Night of the Long Knives to gain the army’s support; use of ‘Oath of Loyalty’ in 1934; 1944 July Bomb Plot grew out of increased army opposition to Hitler’s war, etc. NO – German army were pacified in 1934 and took oath of loyalty when Hindenburg died; more significant – youth opposition – Edelweiss Pirates, Swing Movement and White Rose; church opposition from Catholics and protestants; low level grumblings; underground political parties (e.g. socialists/communists), etc.

5 How important was political reform to the survival of the Tsarist regime between 1905 and 1914? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 5 How important was political reform to the survival of the Tsarist regime 40 between 1905 and 1914? Explain your answer. YES – October Manifesto guaranteed certain basic rights and freedoms; allowed for the setting up of a Duma and the legalisation of political parties; subdued the liberals and middle-class opposition and divided opponents after 1905 Revolution, etc. NO – Autocracy still survived in the form of the Fundamental Laws in 1906; more important: Stolypin’s economic reforms; peasants’ land bank allowed kulaks to grow in number – could purchase their own land; industrial growth between 1908–11 appeased capitalist class; repression more important – Stolypin’s neck tie; use of army and Okhrana; WWI, etc.

6 How significant was strong leadership as a reason why the Bolsheviks were able to seize power in November 1917? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY D: THE UNITED STATES, 1919–41

Mark scheme: 6 How significant was strong leadership as a reason why the Bolsheviks 40 were able to seize power in November 1917? Explain your answer. YES – Lenin’s April Theses became official Bolshevik policy due to Lenin’s persuasive leadership; Lenin responsible for persuading Bolsheviks to launch seizure of power in November 1917; Trotsky chaired the Petrograd Soviet from September 1917; organised the PRC and Red Guard, etc. NO – More significant – failure of Provisional Government to solve Russia’s social and economic problems: land issue, food and fuel shortages, high inflation; PG’s policy of continuing the war; Dual Power in Petrograd shared between more radical Petrograd Soviet and PG; failure of Kerensky’s June Offensive; Kornilov’s attempted coup, etc.

7 How important was the entertainment industry in changing the lives of women in the 1920s? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 7 How important was the entertainment industry in changing the lives of 40 women in the 1920s? Explain your answer. YES – Radio listened to at home; adverts and programming focused on selling products to women; music influenced women; flappers in the cities; nightlife and jazz music for young, and liberal women; women accompanied men to sports events; cinema influenced the dress, make-up, and behaviour of some women; new idea of Hollywood stars (male and female), and sex symbols, etc. NO – More important – the motor car gave women freedom to travel; changing attitudes after the First World War to women’s work; new jobs available; gaining of the vote in 1920; new products like vacuum cleaners and refrigerators increased leisure time for some women; impact of religion; North- South divide; availability of contraception, etc.

8 How significant was the work of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in dealing with the Depression of the 1930s? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY E: CHINA, c.1930–c.1990

Mark scheme: 8 How significant was the work of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) in 40 dealing with the Depression of the 1930s? Explain your answer. YES – TVA’s work spanned seven states; brought electrical power to the states to help business and farming; hydro-electric power stations provided jobs; allowed farms to irrigate soil more effectively by building of dams; thousands of jobs were created; helped solve issues with the Dust Bowl, etc. NO – TVA resulted in many families being uprooted from their farms and homes; more significant – Civilian Conservation Corps employed 2.5 million young men in environmental projects; Public Works Administration provided millions of jobs building schools, bridges, airports and dams; Federal Emergency Relief Administration set up employment schemes with some of its $500 million; AAA helped farmers; Second New Deal; banking, etc.

9 How important was the withdrawal of American support in bringing about the defeat of the Nationalists in 1949? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 9 How important was the withdrawal of American support in bringing 40 about the defeat of the Nationalists in 1949? Explain your answer. YES – Corruption of the Kuomintang (KMT) leadership based on wasting foreign finances during the Second World War; many KMT left to join the Communists; Communists used this as propaganda against the Nationalists; US funding vital for KMT weapons and supplies; peasants in the KMT left and took their weapons with them to the Communists, etc. NO – More important – Communist propaganda and leadership targeted the peasants; Yenan Soviet spread Maoist ideas and attracted international interest; KMT fought Communists rather than Japanese invaders during Second World War – Communists viewed as patriotic defenders of China; guerrilla warfare tactics in Civil War effective against the KMT, etc.

DEPTH STUDY F: SOUTH AFRICA, c.1940–c.1994

Mark scheme: 10 How significant was ideology as a reason why Mao launched the 40 Cultural Revolution? Explain your answer. YES – Mao believed that class divisions were re-emerging in China; many were turning against the spirit of the revolution; young people were less connected to Maoist ideology; private trade had emerged since the end of the 1950s; private traders began to embrace capitalism – Liu Shaoqi had allowed limited capitalism and was not in favour of collective farming and factories, etc. NO – More significant – Mao wished to repair his reputation since the failure of the Great Leap Forward; Mao was no longer head of state (though remained Party Chairman); Mao believed the Cultural Revolution would re- establish his influence in history; Mao was concerned that China might adopt a Soviet style model from the USSR; Mao wanted to remove his opponents in the Party, etc.

11 How important was the migrant labour system in shaping the lives of the non-white population in South Africa before 1948? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 11 How important was the migrant labour system in shaping the lives of the 40 non-white population in South Africa before 1948? Explain your answer. YES – Migrant labour system saw black people recruited from their reserves or homelands to work in mines and factories run by white people; wages were low and conditions in the compounds were very basic; black people were attracted by the opportunity to earn some cash to add to the family income and pay taxes; men did not see their wives or families for months at a time until the contract ended; harsh work, discipline and punishments; long hours, etc. NO – More important – exclusion from the political system completely by 1936; laws introduced to segregate white people and non-white people; ending of sharecropping in 1936 led to increased poverty for black farmers; Pass system prevented freedom of travel for black people and other non- white people; black people banned from joining trade unions; introduction of a ‘colour bar’ in the mines; poorer housing and land in their homelands and reservations, etc.

12 How significant were women to the development of opposition against apartheid by 1966? Explain your answer. [40] DEPTH STUDY G: ISRAELIS AND PALESTINIANS SINCE 1945

Mark scheme: 12 How significant were women to the development of opposition against 40 apartheid by 1966? Explain your answer. YES – Women campaigned with men in the Defiance Campaign in 1952; women organised their own peaceful protests and demonstrations; women demonstrated in 1952 against Pass Law system; 1956 women occupied government offices in opposition to apartheid laws; Black Sash were white middle-class women who opposed apartheid, etc. NO – More significant – role of ANC and its youth organisation led by Mandela and Tambo; PAC; Programme of Action in 1949–50; Freedom Charter in 1956; Sharpeville Massacre; creation of MK and Poqo militants after Rivonia Trial and General Laws in 1963, etc.

13 How important was the Jewish campaign of terror as a reason for the British withdrawal from Palestine? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 13 How important was the Jewish campaign of terror as a reason for the 40 British withdrawal from Palestine? Explain your answer. YES – Haganah were the military wing of the Jewish Agency; attacked military targets and infrastructure; Lehi and Irgun responsible for 220 deaths of British soldiers between 1946–48; Irgun at war against the British Mandate – King David Hotel; Lehi murdered Lord Moyne in 1944; attacks on planes, patrol boats, road and rail; forced Britain to find an alternative to British mandate; led to talks with Ben Gurion and Arab states over the future of Palestine, etc. NO – More important – US support for Jews in Palestine; Truman’s support for Zionist cause; international support due to Holocaust; disagreement over the UNO Partition Plan; Arab states’ opposition to partition; international outcry at British treatment of Jewish refugees; financial costs of the British mandate, etc.

14 How significant was the USA to the outcome of the Arab–Israeli conflicts between 1956 and 1973? Explain your answer. [40]

Mark scheme: 14 How significant was the USA to the outcome of the Arab–Israeli conflicts 40 between 1956 and 1973? Explain your answer. YES – 1956 – USA was shocked by the Anglo-French and Israeli attack on Egypt; condemned the attack; USA insisted Israel withdraw from the Sinai;1967 Six-Day War – Israel modernised its armed forces with financial support from the USA; weapons such as tanks and aircraft were bought from NATO countries; Eisenhower Doctrine; 1963 Johnson adopted a pro-Israel foreign policy; 1973 USA refused to support Egypt; strong alliance with Israel as part of Cold War tensions; US tanks sent to fight Egypt; Nixon refused a ceasefire until Israel had reclaimed lost territory in the Sinai and Golan Heights; threat of a nuclear exchange if USSR got involved in war – Kissinger and Nixon, etc. NO – 1956 – USA less significant than role of Britain and France who planned a surprise attack to retake the Suez Canal; use of Israeli paratroopers overwhelmed Egyptian forces; USSR threatened nuclear strike if Britain and France did not end war; 1967 – Britain and France sold weapons to Israel; air superiority of Israel; Moshe Dayan’s military tactics and surprise attack; Israeli political leadership; 1973 – Israeli counter-attack very effective; air superiority; USSR initiative to bring war to an end; role of the UN, etc.