Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 — 2002 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 1

TIME 1 hour 45 minutes INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces provided on the answer paper/ answer booklet. Answer any three questions. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. If you use more than one sheet of paper, fasten the sheets together. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Sketch-maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. Insert 1 contains Fig. 7. Insert 2 contains Photograph A. International General Certificate of Secondary Education CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GEOGRAPHY 0460/1 PAPER 1 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION 2002 1 hour 45 minutes Additional materials: Answer paper Ruler This question paper consists of 16 printed pages and 2 inserts. SPA (NH/Ox) S19983/4 © CIE 2002 [Turn over www.XtremePapers.com

2 0460/1 O/N/02 1 (a) Fig. 1 (opposite) provides information on the growth of the world’s population and a forecast of the likely population growth until the total number of people is 8 billion. (i) How many years did it take for the world’s population to grow from 1 billion to 2 billion? [1] (ii) How many years passed before the population doubled again? [1] (iii) What does the graph show about the expected future rate of growth of the world’s population (beyond 1999)? [1] (b) Study Fig. 2 (opposite). (i) How many more countries in Africa are expected to have a population of over 100 million in 2050 compared with 1998? [2] (ii) Which country is expected to show the biggest growth of population from 1998 to 2050? By how much is it expected to grow? [2] (iii) What does the map show about population changes in A the developing countries of the world, [2] B the developed countries of the world? [2] (iv) Give reasons for the population changes you have described in each of (b) (iii) A and B. [2,2] (c) Italy, a developed country in Europe, has an ageing population. There are twice as many people aged 60 years and over than children aged below 10 years. What problems may this cause for the country? [4] (d) The number of international migrants increased in the world from 75 million in 1965 to 120 million in 1999. With reference to named examples you have studied, explain why people migrate from one country to another. [6]

3 0460/1 O/N/02 [Turn over Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Population forecast (million) for 2050 1998 population when over 100 million 1,478 1,256 China 1,529 982 India 213 125 Bangladesh 127 Vietnam 312 206 Indonesia 131 Philippines 105 126 Japan 122 147 Russia 346 148 Pakistan 115 Iran 170 Ethiopia 115 Egypt 101 Turkey 160 Congo 244 106 Nigeria 244 166 Brazil 349 274 USA 147 Mexico 1960 3 billion 1974 4 billion 1987 5 billion 1999 6 billion 2013 7 billion 2028 8 billion 1804 1 billion 1927 2 billion World population growth forecast Countries with populations over 100 million in 1998 and 2050 (forecast)

4 0460/1 O/N/02 2 (a) Maps X, Y and Z (Fig. 3) show three different settlements in rural areas. Fig. 3 Write down X, Y and Z as a list and for each (i) name the type of settlement, [3] (ii) describe the distribution of buildings shown on the map, [3] (iii) give one reason why it might have developed. [3] (b) Fig.4 shows the development of passenger transport in the countries of Europe over recent years. Fig. 4 4.0 2000 Years 0 3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 Trillion passenger kilometres 1970 1980 1990 Trends in passenger transport in the countries of Europe 1970–2000 Motor car Bus/coach Rail Roads 0 1 km Key Buildings Contours (metres) 60 90 60 X Z 30 60 90 120 Y 60 30 30 N N N

5 0460/1 O/N/02 [Turn over (i) What does the graph show about the growth of passenger transport? [3] (ii) From information in Fig. 4 and from information you know, explain why traffic congestion occurs in most large towns and cities throughout the world, especially at certain times of the day. [5] (c) (i) Fig. 5 shows the results of an attempt to reduce the problem of traffic congestion in Singapore City, a large city in Asia. The effect of charges on traffic flow in Singapore city Fig. 5 From the information given, do you think that the attempt has been successful? Give three reasons for your answer. [3] (ii) Describe measures to reduce the problem of traffic congestion in towns and cities, apart from the one referred to in (c) (i). You should refer to examples in your answer. [5] 10 0 Singapore’s cars and taxis travelling through the restricted zone in peak periods,’000 50 40 30 20 1974 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 92 Source: John Polak, Piotr Olezewiski, Yiik-diew Wong Evening peak outbound Morning peak inbound N.B. extra charges on cars and taxis travelling through the central restricted zone in the morning peak period were introduced in the 1970s. These were extended to evening peak traffic in 1989. The restricted zone is the central area of Singapore City.

6 0460/1 O/N/02 3 (a) Photograph A (Insert 2) and Fig. 6 (opposite) show a stretch of coastline. (i) Write down A, B, C and D as a list and name the physical features found at each location on Fig. 6. [4] (ii) State the length of the coastline shown on Fig. 6 to the nearest kilometre. [1] (iii) Describe the general shape and direction of the coastline shown on Fig. 6. [2] (iv) Describe the shape of the hills and valleys in the area. [2] (b) (i) Suggest reasons for the formation of features A and B shown on Fig. 6. [3] (ii) Feature C was once similar to feature B. State how and suggest why it has developed as shown on Fig. 6. [2] (iii) Give a reason why feature D may have developed. [1] (c) Now study Fig. 7 (Insert 1) which shows different speeds of the water as it flows around a river meander. (i) Complete the line on Fig.7 which shows the river speed of 20 centimetres per second. [2] (ii) On Fig. 7, shade the part of the river where the flow is greater than 40 centimetres per second. [1] (iii) Describe the shape and features of the meander shown in Fig. 7. [2] (iv) Give reasons for the shape and features of the meander you have described in (c) (iii). [2] (v) Why do meanders sometimes develop into ox-bow lakes? [3]

7 0460/1 O/N/02 [Turn over Fig. 6 50m 50m 50m 50m 100m 50m SEA 100m 50m 50m 50m C B A D Streams Lakes Marsh Cliffs Height above sea level in metres 50m Key 0 1 km N

8 0460/1 O/N/02 4 Study Fig. 8 which shows the disasters (including natural hazards) which occurred in the world between 1971 and 1996. Fig. 8 (a) (i) Which two natural hazards occurred most over the time shown? [2] (ii) Why are some earthquakes more hazardous than others? [3] (iii) For each of A and B, name an area where it may occur and give reasons for your answer. A earthquakes and volcanoes, B drought. [3,3] (iv) What effects might droughts have upon the lives of people in areas where they occur? [3] (b) (i) Fig. 9 shows the main features of a tropical storm. Use information from this diagram to help you to describe three of the main features of a tropical storm. [3] A section across a tropical storm Fig. 9 Hot and calm, high humidity Gusty winds Sea Low swell Very rough Warm sea surface temperature 27°C Very rough Low swell Sea Dense clouds, violent winds, thunderstorms Dense clouds, violent winds, thunderstorms Hot and calm, high humidity Gusty winds Calm vortex 32 to 64 km eye 16 to 32 km vortex 32 to 64 km Percentage of total number of disasters (including natural hazards) by type, 1971–96 Non-natural 34% Other natural 8% Volcano 1% Landslide 3% Strong wind 21% Flood 19% Earthquake 8% Drought & famine 6%

9 0460/1 O/N/02 [Turn over (ii) Fig. 10 shows a large area affected by river floods in Mozambique in southern Africa during February 2000. Fig. 10 Describe three causes of river flooding in areas such as Mozambique. [3] (iii) Why is river flooding on the scale seen in Mozambique both difficult to prepare for and so serious for the people living in the area affected? [5] Beira Maputo SOUTH AFRICA ZIMBABWE M O Z A M B I Q U E MALAWI River Sa v ve River Lim impop v o INDIAN OCEAN Lake Malawi SWAZILAND W 0 400 km Key Flooded areas Mozambique floods AFRICA N

10 0460/1 O/N/02 5 (a) Study Fig. 11 which gives information about oil production and its use in areas important for supplying most of the world’s oil. Fig. 11 (i) Compare Region I (North America, South America and Europe) with Region II (The Middle East) in terms of A the amount of oil produced, B the amount of oil used, C the relationship between A and B [3] (ii) What evidence is there on Fig. 11 to suggest why oil is of great importance in world trade? [3] (iii) Why is oil in such great demand throughout the world? [3] (iv) Why is oil referred to as a non-renewable fuel and also as a fossil fuel? [2] (v) Name two other fossil fuels. [2] (b) The newspaper extract opposite (Fig. 12) gives details about a plant (factory) in southern France which processes used nuclear fuel, making some of it into new fuel for nuclear power stations. (i) Study the newspaper article and explain why some people are concerned about this plant. [2] (ii) What other safety concerns do some people have about nuclear power? [2] (iii) Apart from safety factors, describe two other factors which influence the siting and location of nuclear power stations. [2] (c) What are your views about the development and use of alternative energy sources? You may wish to refer to one or more of: hydro-electric power, tidal energy, wind power, wave energy, solar energy, geothermal energy. [6] USED PRODUCED DEFICIT Region I North America, South America, Europe USED PRODUCED SURPLUS Region II The Middle East USED PRODUCED DEFICIT Region III Asia (excluding the Middle East) 51 45 6 4 22 18 21 8 13 Key Figures in million barrels per day

11 0460/1 O/N/02 [Turn over Fig. 12 0 5 km David Hearst in Paris Earthquake fear for nuclear plant The French nuclear safety inspectorate has demanded the closure of a nuclear reprocessing plant in the south of the country because it is built on an earthquake zone which seismologists fear could soon become active. Nuclear reprocessing plant Cadarache Mirabeau St Paul- lès-Durance Directions of surface movements resulting from the earthquake in July 2000 Durance river Verdon river Vinon FRANCE Cadarache The last big earthquake in the area was in 1913, but there could be a major earthquake once every hundred years N

12 0460/1 O/N/02 6 Figs 13A, 13B and 14 are about global warming. (a) (i) What do you understand by the term ‘global warming’? [2] (ii) From Fig. 13A, describe the changes from 1860 to 2000 in A CO2 (carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere, [2] B temperatures. [2] Fig. 13A Fig. 13B 25.0 USA 22.1 Europe (inc. E. Europe) 13.5 China 10.2 Former Soviet Union 5.6 Japan 3.6 India 2.2 Republic of Korea 2.1 Canada 1.3 Australia 4.7 10.0 21.5 5.0 2.2 16.3 0.8 0.5 0.3 Areas/countries producing CO2 emissions Population of the areas/countries % of world’s total, 1996 % of world’s total, 1996 0 400 Billions of tonnes of CO2 (carbon dioxide) 1860 Years 2000 1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 –0.2 –0.4 –0.6 + – Average 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 Changes of temperature from the average temperature from 1960–90 in °C Warming up Buildup of CO2 in the atmosphere (billions of tonnes) World temperature changes from the 1960–90 average (°C) Key

13 0460/1 O/N/02 [Turn over (b) From Fig. 13B: (i) state the percentage of the world total of CO2 produced by USA and Europe combined; [1] (ii) state how the amount of air pollution from the production of CO2 per person in the USA compares with that of India; [2] (iii) suggest why the areas/countries named in Fig. 13B produce more CO2 than other world areas such as Africa and South America. [2] (Question 6 continues on page 14)

14 0460/1 O/N/02 (c) With reference to Fig. 14 (opposite) and other information, answer the following. (i) How does global warming cause a rise in sea level? [1] (ii) Name one city in Europe (E) and one city in Asia (A) which is in danger of flooding from a rise in sea level. Label each named city either A or E as appropriate. [2] (iii) Describe three problems for island areas in many parts of the world as they are affected by a rise in sea level. [3] (iv) Apart from a rise in sea level, describe one other way in which global warming may cause problems for people in many parts of the world. [1] (d) (i) What can be done to reduce the problem of global warming? [3] (ii) Why is it difficult to reduce global warming? [4]

15 0460/1 O/N/02 How global warming threatens some major world cities and island nations Fig. 14 New Orleans Cuba Jamaica Haiti Dominican Republic Trinidad & Tobago The Bahamas St Kitts & Nevis Antigua & Barbuda Dominica St Lucia Barbados St Vincent & The Grenadines Grenada London Alexandria Venice Hamburg St Petersburg Maldives Mauritius Comoros Seychelles ATLANTIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN Bangkok Hong Kong Shanghai Tokyo Solomon Islands Vanuata Fiji Tonga Samoa Tuvalu Nauru Kiribati Cook Island Palau Marshall Islands Federated States of Micronesia Members of the Alliance of Small Island States in danger of flooding from a rise in sea level Cities in danger of flooding from a rise in sea level Key Equator Stages in the flooding of Island States as a result of a rise in sea level 1 1 Waves and storms surge over coral reef 2 Sea erodes beaches making land more vunerable 3 Water table polluted by sea requiring imports of water or construction of de-salination plants 4 Land becomes less fertile requiring more food imports 5 Insurance problems for property close to coast 6 Population moves inland leading to loss of livelihood and eventual evacuation of island 2 3 5 4 6 Coral reef Water table Cape Verde Islands Sao Tome & Principe ~

16 0460/1 O/N/02 Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1 World and Country Population Charts, published by The Telegraph Group. Question 2 ‘© The Economist Newspaper Limited, London. 5 September 1998’ Question 3 Photograph, Paul Prestidge. Question 4a ‘© The Economist Newspaper Limited, London. 6 September 1997’ Question 4b Fig. 8 Chart by R Bunnett. Physical Geography. Longman Group UK Limited 1973, 1988, reprinted by permission of Pearson Education Limited. Question 5a Three Regional Charts of America. Published by The Observer, 3rd September 2000. Question 5c Earthquake fear for Nuclear Plant by David Hearst. Published by The Guardian, 19th July 2000. Question 6 Charts of Global Warming and CO2 emissions. Published by The Guardiean, 10th October 1997. Cambridge International Examinations has made every effort to trace copyright holders, but if we have inadvertently overlooked any we will be pleased to make the necessary arrangements at the first opportunity.

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME FOR the November 2002 question papers 0460 GEOGRAPHY 0460/1 Paper 1 (Written), maximum raw mark 75 0460/2 Paper 2 (Written), maximum raw mark 75 0460/3 Paper 3 (Written), maximum raw mark 60 0460/5 Paper 5 (Alternative to Coursework), maximum raw mark 60 These mark schemes are published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. They show the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. They do not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will be recorded in the published Report on the Examination. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the Report on the Examination. . CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the November 2002 question papers for most IGCSE and GCE Advanced Subsidiary (AS) Level syllabuses. UNIVERSITY of CAMBRIDGE Local Examinations Syndicate

MARK SCHEME IGCSE GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1 (0460/1) NOVEMBER 2002 N.B. normally one line in mark scheme equals 1 mark, oblique symbol signifies alternatives, there may be other acceptable answers where candidates are encouraged to give descriptions / reasons or views 1 (@ @ 123 years. 11] (ii) 47 years 11] (iii) continues to increase, period between each billion extends, 6-7 billion - 14 years, 7-8 billion - 15 years. 2 at 1 mark __[2] (b) (i) 3 [1] (ii) India, 547 million. 2 at 1 mark [2] (iii) A more countries with 100 million, rapid increase within countries - e.g. India, China, Indonesia, Brazil. 2 at 1 mark [2] B slower growth, even decline - e.g. Russia, Japan. 2at 1 mark [2] (iv) A high birth rate, falling death rate, reasons for high birth rate / falling death rate. 2 at 1 mark [2] B little difference between birth and death rate, both are low, in some countries death rate higher than birth rate. 2 at 1 mark [2] (c) slow growth / decline of population, labour shortages, more spending - pensions / retirement homes / medical expenses, under-use of some resources - e.g. schools. 4at 1 mark [4] (d) employment, better paid jobs, political freedom, escape from poverty, flight from natural hazards, escape from persecution, better standard of living, educational opportunities, recreation ( short term migration ) etc., credit examples used to illustrate up to 2 marks at 1 mark each. 6 at 1 mark [6]

(a) (b) (c) (i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) (i) (ii) X dispersed / scattered, Y nucleated, Z linear. 3 at 1 mark 3] X scattered / no pattern, Y concentrated / around road junction, Z along roads. 3 at 1 mark [3] X even distribution of water / good soil, infertile land - settlements need large area to support themselves. Y accessibility, meeting of routes from different directions. Z accessibility / communications. Sat 1 mark [3] great increase in number using motor car, over twice as many over time period, little growth - bus / coach & rail, rail / very low / slight increase. 3 at 1 mark [3] towns - meeting / convergence of routes, centres of trade, large numbers of people, increase in car ownership, roads often narrow, high volume of traffic, rush hours / early morning / early evening, travel to work / commuters, school traffic, shoppers. 5 at 1 mark 5] sharp decline in morning traffic following introduction of charges, decline by 1/4 / over 40000 to just over 10000, increase since to over 20000 but less than 1/2 1974 level, evening peak fairly steady below 30000. drop end of 1980s with introduction of charges. 3 at 1 mark [3] staggered times for work / flexi-time, decentralisation, parts of town centre made traffic free, limited parking, expensive parking, urban motorways, road widening, clearways on main roads, tidal flows, traffic lights controlling traffic from side streets, ring roads, large car parks on edge of city - park & ride, rapid bus services - bus lanes, improved public transport - underground / monorail / rapid transit.

(a) (b) (c) (i) (ii) (iti) (iv) (i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) credit references to examples up to 2 marks at 1 mark each 5 at 1 mark [5] A bar, B lake / lagoon, Cc marsh, D headland / cliff. 4 at 1 mark 5 km. straight, NNE - SSW / NE - SW/N-S. 2 at 1 mark hills - rounded / gently sloping sides, valleys - wide / flat-floored / gently sloping sides. 2 at 1 mark A deposition offshore, deposited material moved towards coast by waves, possibly some longshore drift. For A reserve 41 mark B coastal water cut off from sea. For B reserve 4 mark One extra mark for either A or B 4 mark now marsh, silting by rivers, growth of marsh / vegetation. [4] [1] [2] [2] BI 2 at 1 mark 2} hard / resistant rock. line for 20 cms per sec. shaded area. asymmetrical, concave / outer bank -steep slope / cliff, convex / inner bank - gentle slope / slip-off slope, 2 at 1 mark concave bank - faster flow, greater volume, river has more energy, undercutting. 41 mark convex bank - slower flow, shallow, less energy, deposition. [1] [2] [1] (2)

(a) (b) (v) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii) 4 mark [2] erosion on outer / concave banks, narrow neck, straightening of river meander, break through / straightening, sealing of ends with deposition. 3 at 1 mark [3] strong winds, floods. 2 at 1 mark (2) strength, location, population density in area affected, time of earthquake, duration, number of after shocks. 3 at 1 mark [3] A location - location may be a country or region, e.g. Japan, not a large country only part of which may have earthquakes and volcanoes e.g. USA , India, China etc. location may be given as along a plate boundary. reasons -plate margin / edge of or meeting of plates, instability, pressure. B location- accept country e.g. Ethiopia or region e.g. Sahel or named desert / semi desert region. reasons -rains do not occur, late arrival, dryness may last for a long time - several years, high evaporation, deforestation, overgrazing. For each - location 41 mark reasons 2 at 1 mark [3,3] water shortages, crops die, animals die, famine, people need to migrate, depend upon help / aid. 3 at 1 mark [3] thunderstorms heavy rainfall, dense clouds, violent / strong winds, calm in centre / eye. 3 at 1 mark [3] physical reasons - high density of drainage,

(a) (b) (iii) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (i) extensive flood plains, limited number of lakes for storage, concentrated seasonal rainfall, storms / flash floods, shallow / narrow channels, lack of vegetation, human reasons - cutting down forest, ploughing up & down slopes, lack of investment - flood control. 3 at 1 mark [3] huge costs, developing countries such as Mozambique, scale involved, climate unpredictable, loss of life, destruction of settlements, agricultural land / crops destroyed, communications destroyed / interrupted, long time to recover, limited planning to deal with the problem. 5 at 1 mark [5] A Region | more produced / 23 million barrels / day more, B Region | uses more / 47 million barrels / day more, C Region [6 million barrels deficit, M.East 18 million surplus. 3 at 1 mark [3] regions with high production use little, regions of high use do not produce enough. 2 at 1 mark [2] n.b. change of sub mark here from that printed on question paper transport, industry, power - electricity production, coal declined in many regions, alternative sources of energy not sufficient for demand. 4 at 1 mark [4] n.b. change of sub mark here from that printed on question paper once used - finished, derived from animals & plants. 2 at 1 mark —I2] two of -coal, natural gas, peat. 1 mark each __[2] safety, earthquakes, surface movements / faults near plant, last big earthquake 1913 - major earthquake every 100 years. 2 at 1 mark [2]

(c) (a) (b) (c) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) (iii) (i) (ii) (iii) radiation, getting rid of nuclear waste, pollution of water, accidents can affect a large area - e.g. Chernobyl, effects can last for a long time. 2 at 1 mark [2] near large supply of water / cooling water, firm foundation, near large transmission system. 2 at 1 mark [2] clean, no waste products, use natural energy sources, more research needed, cannot supply large amounts of energy yet, HEP schemes flood large areas, people may have to leave area to be flooded, visual pollution, wind power noise pollution etc. n.b. views may be for or against alternative energy development or may be a mixture of both. 6 at 1 mark [6] increasing temperature, build up of gases in atmosphere. 2 at 1 mark [2] A steady increase up to 1950, rapid increase to 2000. 2 at 1 mark [2] B low/ gradual increase up to 1900, decline - 1910, rapid increase to 1940, levelled off until 1980, rapid rise - 2000. 2 at 1 mark [2] 47.1% : (1] USA large amount per person, India small amount per person. 2 at 1 mark [2] mainly developed regions, more heavy industry / industrial development, more transport. 2 at 1 mark 2] melting of ice. 1] E - London, Venice, Hamburg, St. Petersburg. A - Tokyo, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Bangkok. 1+ 1 mark [2] land lost with rise of SL,

(iv) (a) (i) (ii) followed through, loss of agricultural land, drinking water affected / desalination plants needed, population movements / evacuations, destruction of properties. 3 at 1 mark drought, famine, floods. reduce burning of fossil fuels, pollution control, control emissions from transport, control deforestation - trees absorb CO2, burning vegetation adds CO2 to atmosphere. develop alternative energy sources, international controls. 3 at 1 mark cost, reluctance by some to recognise the problem, difficult to reduce road transport, industry needs to continue to expand, few alternatives to fossil fuels, international conferences e.g. Kyoto / Johannesburg produce [3] (1) [3] agreements but intentions not always forest clearance difficult to control, 4 at 1 mark [4]