Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2023 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 2

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. [Turn over Cambridge IGCSE™ ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/12 Paper 1 Theory October/November 2023 1 hour 45 minutes You must answer on the question paper. No additional materials are needed. INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer all questions. ● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. ● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. ● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. ● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. ● Do not write on any bar codes. ● You may use a calculator. ● You should show all your working and use appropriate units. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 80. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. * 6 7 1 4 4 7 4 3 0 4 * DC (CJ) 332536 © UCLES 2023

2 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 Section A 1 (a) The table shows data for the extraction of mining products from eight countries in one year. country mass of mining product extracted / million tonnes Australia 1196 Brazil 474 China 4084 India 1014 Indonesia 668 Russia 1659 Saudi Arabia 689 USA 2176 (i) State the country with the largest mass of mining product extracted. … [1] (ii) Iron is one of the mining products extracted. 62% of the mining product extracted in Brazil was iron. Calculate the mass of iron extracted from Brazil. Give your answer to the nearest whole number. … million tonnes [1] (b) Explain why a more economically developed country (MEDC) might decide not to extract iron from the Earth. … … … … [2] (c) State one strategy for restoring landscapes damaged by rock and mineral extraction. … [1] [Total: 5]

3 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over 2 The graph shows methane concentration in the atmosphere from 1985 to 2020. 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 year 2015 2020 methane concentration / parts per billion 1700 1800 1900 1600 (a) Calculate the increase in methane concentration between 2010 and 2020. … parts per billion [1] (b) Circle the 5-year period that had the greatest increase in methane concentration. 1985–1990 1995–2000 2005–2010 2015–2020 [1] (c) Suggest reasons why methane concentration in the atmosphere increased between 1985 and 2020. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 5]

4 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 3 The photograph shows part of a forest. (a) Describe the activity that has happened in this part of the forest. … [1] (b) Explain why there is a risk of soil erosion in this part of the forest. … … … … [2] (c) State two reasons, other than soil erosion, why forests need to be conserved. 1 … 2 … [2] [Total: 5]

5 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over 4 The graph shows predicted world population from 2020 to 2100. 2020 2040 2060 year 2080 2100 population / billion 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 total world population age 25 – 64 age 15 – 24 age 65+ age 5 –14 age 0 – 4 (a) State the year in which the total world population is predicted to reach 10 billion. … [1] (b) Suggest why the 65+ age group is predicted to increase between 2020 and 2100. … … … … [2] (c) State two strategies a country can use to limit the size of the national population. 1 … … 2 … … [2] [Total: 5]

6 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 Section B 5 A newspaper report on Cyclone Tauktae is shown. Cyclone Tauktae hits the west coast of India On Monday 18 May 2021, Cyclone Tauktae hit the west coast of India. The cyclone caused widespread damage and the loss of 100 lives. The cyclone moved inland over the next 24 hours, as shown in the map. 0 100 km INDIA PAKISTAN Arabian Sea 18:30 Mon 00:30 Tue 06:30 Tue 12:30 Tue 18:30 Tue (a) (i) Estimate the distance the cyclone moved between 18:30 on Monday and 06:30 on Tuesday. … km [2]

7 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over (ii) Describe the impact caused by Cyclone Tauktae over the period shown on the map. … … … … … … [3] (b) Describe the strategies that can be used to manage the impact of tropical cyclones. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 9]

8 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 6 The bar chart shows the number of oil spills at sea between 1970 and 2020. year 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 20 0 40 60 80 100 120 number of spills Key size of oil spill up to 700 tonnes greater than 700 tonnes (a) (i) State the year with the highest number of oil spills greater than 700 tonnes. … [1] (ii) Describe the trends shown by the bar chart. … … … … … … [3]

9 0680/12/ O/ N/23 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over (b) (i) Describe the impact of oil pollution on coastal ecosystems. … … … … … … [3] (ii) The diagram shows a boom being used to reduce the impact of an oil spill. Discuss the effectiveness of using a boom as a strategy for reducing the impact of oil spills at sea. … … … … … … … … [4]

10 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 (c) The diagram shows the process of fracking. shale aquifer 200–300 m 1500–2500 m (i) Describe the process of fracking as a means of extracting oil. … … … … … … [3] (ii) Suggest why some people are concerned about fracking. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 17]

11 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over 7 The diagram shows the structure of the Earth’s atmosphere. stratosphere thermosphere … troposphere (a) Complete the diagram with the name of the layer. [1] (b) The table shows some gases found in the troposphere. Complete the table. gas percentage in troposphere … 78.09 oxygen 20.95 carbon dioxide … other gases 0.92 [2]

12 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 (c) The diagram shows the processes in the natural greenhouse effect. Earth Sun 4 5 3 1 2 Match the following statements to the numbered processes shown in the diagram. statement numbered process in diagram Greenhouse gases absorb some of the infrared radiation. … Some ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s surface. … Some ultraviolet radiation is reflected and absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere. … The Earth re-emits infrared radiation back towards space. … Ultraviolet radiation travels through the Earth’s atmosphere. … [3]

13 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over (d) A government introduces a national policy to limit vehicle emissions. Suggest reasons why this policy is not enough to reduce the enhanced greenhouse effect. … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 11]

14 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 8 The map shows predicted water shortage for 2025. Equator Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer Key no water shortage water shortage no data (a) Describe the distribution of water shortage predicted for 2025. … … … … … … [3]

15 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over (b) (i) Describe how water can be extracted from aquifers and made safe for drinking. … … … … … … [3] (ii) State the names of two other sources of fresh water. 1 … 2 … [2]

16 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 (c) The graph shows the availability of safe drinking water and safe sewage disposal for several countries. Haiti Peru Venezuela Bolivia country Brazil Mexico Uruguay 10 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 percentage of population Key safe drinking water safe sewage disposal (i) State the name of the country with: • the lowest percentage of safe drinking water … • the largest difference in percentage between safe drinking water and safe sewage disposal. … [2]

17 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 [Turn over (ii) Suggest why the people living in Uruguay are at very low risk from cholera. … … … … … … [3] (d) Describe how overuse of fertilisers can impact lakes and rivers. … … … … … … … … [4]

18 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 (e) A student says: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 23] Dams are the only way that the increasing world demand for water can be met.

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20 0680/12/O/N/23 © UCLES 2023 The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its authorities, or of the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

This document consists of 14 printed pages. © UCLES 2023 [Turn over Cambridge IGCSE™ ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/12 Paper 1 Theory October/November 2023 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 80 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2023 series for most Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level components, and some Cambridge O Level components.

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 2 of 14 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 3 of 14 GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind. Science-Specific Marking Principles 1 Examiners should consider the context and scientific use of any keywords when awarding marks. Although keywords may be present, marks should not be awarded if the keywords are used incorrectly. 2 The examiner should not choose between contradictory statements given in the same question part, and credit should not be awarded for any correct statement that is contradicted within the same question part. Wrong science that is irrelevant to the question should be ignored. 3 Although spellings do not have to be correct, spellings of syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms with which they may be confused (e.g. ethane / ethene, glucagon / glycogen, refraction / reflection). 4 The error carried forward (ecf) principle should be applied, where appropriate. If an incorrect answer is subsequently used in a scientifically correct way, the candidate should be awarded these subsequent marking points. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary and any exceptions to this general principle will be noted. 5 ‘List rule’ guidance For questions that require n responses (e.g. State two reasons …): • The response should be read as continuous prose, even when numbered answer spaces are provided. • Any response marked ignore in the mark scheme should not count towards n. • Incorrect responses should not be awarded credit but will still count towards n. • Read the entire response to check for any responses that contradict those that would otherwise be credited. Credit should not be awarded for any responses that are contradicted within the rest of the response. Where two responses contradict one another, this should be treated as a single incorrect response. • Non-contradictory responses after the first n responses may be ignored even if they include incorrect science.

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 4 of 14 6 Calculation specific guidance Correct answers to calculations should be given full credit even if there is no working or incorrect working, unless the question states ‘show your working’. For questions in which the number of significant figures required is not stated, credit should be awarded for correct answers when rounded by the examiner to the number of significant figures given in the mark scheme. This may not apply to measured values. For answers given in standard form (e.g. a  10n) in which the convention of restricting the value of the coefficient (a) to a value between 1 and 10 is not followed, credit may still be awarded if the answer can be converted to the answer given in the mark scheme. Unless a separate mark is given for a unit, a missing or incorrect unit will normally mean that the final calculation mark is not awarded. Exceptions to this general principle will be noted in the mark scheme. 7 Guidance for chemical equations Multiples / fractions of coefficients used in chemical equations are acceptable unless stated otherwise in the mark scheme. State symbols given in an equation should be ignored unless asked for in the question or stated otherwise in the mark scheme.

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 5 of 14 Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) China; 1 1(a)(ii) 294; 1 1(b) any two from: financial reason qualified; inaccessible area; negative environmental impact assessment / EIA; supply and demand decision; sustainability decision; use other options / resources; 2 1(c) any one from: soil improvement; bioremediation; tree planting; making lakes; making nature reserves; using as landfill sites; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(a) (1880 – 1800 =) 80; 1 2(b) 1985–1990; 1 2(c) any three from: increase in world population; more release from agriculture; named example / more cattle / more rice paddies; increase in industrial releases; 3

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 6 of 14 Question Answer Marks 3(a) land clearance / harvest of wood / slash and burn / trees cut down ; 1 3(b) any two from: no vegetation to protect soil / less interception; so more rain hits soil surface; increased run off; fewer roots to bind the soil; increased wind erosion / fewer wind breaks; 2 3(c) any two from: as a carbon, sink / store; maintain biodiversity; plants may be source of medicinal drugs / eq ; for sustainability of supply of forest products / food; 2 Question Answer Marks 4(a) 2055; 1 4(b) any two from: due to better health care; better nutrition / quality of drinking water; better sanitation; 2 4(c) any two from: use national population policies, e.g. antinatalist / reduce early marriage; increase availability of contraceptives; education of women (so they remain in the workforce); 2

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 7 of 14 Question Answer Marks 5(a)(i) use of scale; 200 (km); 2 5(a)(ii) any three from: heavy rainfall / flooding ; storm surges; high winds ; damage qualified e.g. powerlines down / buildings destroyed / bridges swept away / loss of crops; water contamination; loss of life / injury; habitat loss; 3 5(b) any four from: monitoring / warning; disaster preparation (plans, drills, emergency supplies and emergency rescue teams); evacuation; emergency shelters; rebuilding of damaged areas / structure of buildings; international aid; better flood defences; 4 Question Answer Marks 6(a)(i) 1979; 1 6(a)(ii) any three from: overall decrease; for both large and small spills; peak number of spills in, 1974 / 1975; greater decrease in smaller spills; number of spills levelled off after 2007; supporting quoted data if relating to trend of number of spills; 3

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 8 of 14 Question Answer Marks 6(b)(i) any three from: oil is toxic; marine animals / birds / mammals / corals, killed; beaches / animals / corals, covered in oil; fishing disrupted; coats, feathers / fur affected; impacts food chain; (prevents light from reaching )plants / phytoplankton photosynthesis; oil prevents oxygen reaching water; bioaccumulation; 3 6(b)(ii) any four from: small-scale; cannot collect all the oil; only suitable for calm seas / weather-dependent; cannot use, near coast / in shallow water; only works on, oils that float / low-density oils; cheap; simple technology; does not pollute water further; quick to use; stops the oil from spreading; 4 6(c)(i) any three from: drill down to shale layer / rock; (pump down) liquid / chemical / sand /water (under pressure); cracks in rock formed; oil / gas, released from rock; oil / gas rises (due to pressure); 3

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 9 of 14 Question Answer Marks 6(c)(ii) any three from: pollution of (local) water sources; risk of earthquakes / tremors; contribution to, global warming / climate change; uses large quantities of water; risk of fire (from methane) / explosion; 3 Question Answer Marks 7(a) mesosphere ; 1 7(b) nitrogen; 0.04 ; 2

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 10 of 14 Question Answer Marks 7(c) statement numbered process from diagram Greenhouse gases absorb some of the infrared radiation. 5 Some ultraviolet radiation is absorbed by the Earth’s surface. 3 Some ultraviolet radiation is reflected and absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere. 2 The Earth re-emits infrared radiation back towards space. 4 Ultraviolet radiation travels through the Earth’s atmosphere. 1 one correct; two correct; five correct; 3 7(d) any five from: the country might, be small / have a small population / have a limited number of vehicles; so effect not significant; (emissions still produced by other sources) e.g. factories, electricity generation;; emissions still produced by other countries; atmosphere has no boundaries; so international agreement needed; already a high level of CO2 in atmosphere / reached tipping point; carbon removal methods also required; e.g. carbon capture, reforestation; 5

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 11 of 14 Question Answer Marks 8(a) any three from: more water shortage in southern hemisphere / South of Equator / near Equator; named continents, e.g. S. Asia, Australia and Africa;; comment on location in relation to tropics; 3 8(b)(i) any three from: drill a bore hole / construct a well; pump water to surface / water rises under pressure; boil / chlorinate / treat with chlorine; to sterilise / remove microorganisms; 3 8(b)(ii) any two from: lakes; rivers; reservoirs; desalination systems; rainwater harvesting; 2 8(c)(i) Haiti; Bolivia; 2 8(c)(ii) any three from: drinking water is not contaminated with sewage; all sewage is treated so, cholera / bacterium, cannot survive; so human cholera carriers cannot spread disease; Cholera is a water borne disease; Uruguay has vaccinated its population; Uruguay has good medical facilities; Uruguay has education about hygiene; 3

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 12 of 14 Question Answer Marks 8(d) any four from: some fertiliser enters water sources / leaching; due to surface run-off / heavy rainfall; nitrates in water leads to eutrophication; further details of eutrophication;; 4

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 13 of 14 Question Answer Marks 8(e) Level of response marked question: Level 3 [5–6 marks] A coherent response is given that develops and supports the candidate’s conclusion using relevant details and examples. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are generally used precisely and accurately. Good responses are likely to present a balanced evaluation of the statement. Level 2 [3–4 marks] Development and support of the conclusion is evident, though the response may lack some coherence and/or detail. Irrelevant detail may be present. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are used but may lack some precision and / or accuracy. Responses contain evaluation of the statement, but this may not be balanced. Level 1 [1–2 marks] The response may be limited in development and / or support. Contradictions and / or irrelevant detail may be present. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary may be limited or absent. Responses may lack structure or be in the form of a list. Evaluation may be limited or absent. No response or no creditable response [0 marks] indicative content for Dams are the only way that increasing world demand for water can be met. agree large quantities of water can be stored in reservoir can supply water all year round dams can be multipurpose (therefore reducing cost) control flow of water downstream easy way of storing rainwater established technology can be small-scale as well as large-scale (good for local level) 6

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2023 © UCLES 2023 Page 14 of 14 Question Answer Marks 8(e) disagree limited life of many dams due to silting reduced flow of water downstream only so many sites suitable for dams (climate, terrain) some dam sites too remote to be worth developing can take years to build potential for accidents / leaks collection of rainwater / limited use of clean water e.g. limited shower time not sufficient on their own other methods of increasing supply possible, e.g. solar powered desalination plants, conserving water may help reduce demand, e.g. trickle-drip irrigation, rainwater harvesting, changes in agricultural practice, eating habits, water usage (for humans / crops / livestock)