Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2024 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 2

This document has 24 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. [Turn over * 8 6 0 6 6 3 9 1 7 2 * Cambridge IGCSE™ DC (DE/JG) 336586/2 © UCLES 2024 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/12 Paper 1 Theory October/November 2024 1 hour 45 minutes You must answer on the question paper. No additional materials are needed. INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer all questions. ● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. ● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. ● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. ● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. ● Do not write on any bar codes. ● You may use a calculator. ● You should show all your working and use appropriate units. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 80. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. ,










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2 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 Section A 1 (a) The diagram shows the rock cycle. rock type C rock type A rock type B heat and pressure weathering and erosion compacting and cementing weathering and erosion weathering and erosion sediment cooling magma melting melting heat and pressure Identify each type of rock. A … B … C … [3] (b) Complete the sentence. Marble is an example of … rock. [1] * 0000800000002 * ,










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3 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 [Turn over (c) Marble is a valuable rock used for buildings. The photograph shows extraction of marble in Italy. (i) Name the type of rock extraction shown in the photograph. … [1] (ii) State three factors that affect the decision to extract rocks such as marble. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] [Total: 8] * 0000800000003 * ,










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4 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 2 The diagram shows the movement of two tectonic plates. plate boundary (a) Circle the type of plate boundary shown in the diagram. conservative constructive destructive [1] (b) Explain why volcanoes do not form at the type of plate boundary shown in the diagram. … … … … [2] (c) State why some people do not want houses built within 50 km of this type of plate boundary. … [1] [Total: 4] * 0000800000004 * ,










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5 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 [Turn over 3 In 2021, there were 94 tropical cyclones. (a) Draw an X on the map to show a location where a tropical cyclone can form. 60°N 40°N 20°N 0° 20°S 40°S 60°S [2] (b) Explain how tropical cyclones increase water-related diseases. … … … … … … [3] (c) One strategy for managing the impact of a tropical cyclone is having a disaster preparation plan. State two parts of a successful disaster preparation plan. 1 … 2 … [2] (d) State why monitoring the path of a tropical cyclone can help people manage the impact of this natural hazard. … … [1] [Total: 8] * 0000800000005 * ,










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6 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 Section B 4 Light pollution from artificial lights affects ecosystems. (a) The night-time activity of fresh water organisms in a lake decreases as artificial light increases. This reduces the number of algae eaten from the surface of the water. Algae are producers. Explain how a reduction in the number of algae eaten changes the oxygen concentration in the lake during the day and at night. day … … … … night … … … … [4] (b) Many frogs are nocturnal. This means they are most active at night. (i) Suggest one reason why frogs are more likely to hide when artificial light increases at night. … … [1] (ii) Suggest why the growth rate of frogs decreases when there is an increase in artificial light at night. … … [1] (c) Suggest how urbanisation affects artificial light. Give one reason for your answer. effect … reason … … … [2] * 0000800000006 * ,










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7 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 [Turn over (d) Light sensitivity is when the light level in the environment is too bright. Light sensitivity changes the behaviour of organisms. The graph shows the average light sensitivity of organisms for three different types of streetlight. low-pressure sodium warm white LED standard LED average light sensitivity types of streetlight Determine which streetlight has the least effect on organisms. … [1] [Total: 9] * 0000800000007 * ,










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8 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 5 The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a part of the Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and California. This is the largest zone of plastic waste in the world’s oceans and contains approximately 80 000 tonnes of plastic waste. (a) The diagram shows the mass of plastic waste per km2 in the zone. MEXICO USA Hawaii California mass of plastic waste in kg / km2 North Pacific Ocean N less than 1 1–9 10–100 greater than 100 Key Describe the distribution of plastic waste shown on the map. … … … … … … [3] * 0000800000008 * ,










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9 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 [Turn over (b) The table shows the percentage of different lengths of plastic waste in the zone. length of plastic waste / cm percentage of plastic waste < 0.5 8 0.5–4.9 13 5.0–50.0 26 > 50.0 53 (i) Plot the data as a bar chart. [4] (ii) Calculate the total percentage of plastic waste that is less than 5.0 cm in length. … [1] (iii) Scientists estimate there are 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic waste in this zone. Use this estimate to calculate the number of pieces of plastic waste that are less than 0.5 cm. … trillion [1] * 0000800000009 * ,










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10 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 (c) Suggest the impacts of this zone of plastic waste on: marine animals … … the fishing industry. … … [2] (d) The diagram shows the North Pacific Ocean. Complete the diagram by drawing an arrow for a warm current and an arrow for a cold current. Use the key. N USA MEXICO CANADA Alaska North Pacific Ocean Key warm current cold current MEXICO [2] [Total: 13] * 0000800000010 * ,










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11 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 [Turn over BLANK PAGE * 0000800000011 * ,









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12 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 6 The photograph shows a large, ploughed field. (a) Growing crops on this field reduces soil erosion. State two other ways soil erosion can be reduced in this field. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) The field is divided into three sections, A, B and C. The table shows a crop planting strategy used in the field in three years. section crop in year 1 crop in year 2 crop in year 3 A swede peas onion B onion swede peas C peas onion swede (i) Name this crop planting strategy. … [1] * 0000800000012 * ,









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13 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 [Turn over (ii) Explain the benefits of this crop planting strategy. … … … … … … [3] (c) The field is irrigated using a pivot irrigation machine. The irrigation machine automatically moves in a circular path around the whole field. The photograph shows pivot irrigation. Suggest benefits and limitations of this method of irrigation. benefits … … … limitations … … … [3] [Total: 9] * 0000800000013 * ,









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14 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 7 The map shows the Pacific Ocean. Equator Pacific Ocean Oceania Asia North America South America N El Niño and La Niña describe changes in ocean currents in the Pacific Ocean. These changes can affect weather patterns worldwide. (a) Complete the sentences using words or phrases in the box to describe what happens during an El Niño year. Each word or phrase may be used once, more than once or not at all. decreased east increased north nutrients precipitation south temperature the same west In the Pacific Ocean, warm water is pushed … . Along the coast of South America, upwelling is … . Along the coast of South America, at the surface of the ocean there is a decrease in … . Average global evaporation rates are … . [4] * 0000800000014 * ,









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15 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 [Turn over (b) Land used for growing crops is positively and negatively impacted in El Niño and La Niña years in China. The divided bar chart shows the percentage area of land used for growing crops in China which was impacted in El Niño and La Niña years. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 El Niño years La Niña years percentage area of land positive impact no impact negative impact Key Determine whether an El Niño year or a La Niña year has the greatest impact on land used for growing crops. Use the data to explain your choice. … … … … [2] * 0000800000015 * ,









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16 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 (c) Drought is an impact of a change in climate patterns. Describe the impacts of drought. … … … … … … … … … … [5] [Total: 11] * 0000800000016 * ,









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17 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 [Turn over BLANK PAGE * 0000800000017 * ,









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18 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 8 (a) The diagram shows a pitfall trap. flat rock wooden support below ground small hole container (i) Suggest why the ground either side of the pitfall trap should slope away from the container. … … [1] (ii) Suggest why there is a small hole in the base of the container. … … [1] (iii) Suggest why pitfall traps should be regularly checked. … … [1] * 0000800000018 * ,









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19 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 [Turn over (b) A scientist investigated whether the type of cover used over a pitfall trap affects the number of organisms collected. The table shows the results. type of cover wire grid flat rock on wooden supports no cover number of organisms day 1 33 49 46 day 2 48 31 34 mean 41 40 (i) Calculate the mean number of organisms collected with no cover. … [1] (ii) Write a suitable conclusion to the investigation. … … [1] (c) State one other method of collecting small organisms. … [1] [Total: 6] * 0000800000019 * ,









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20 0680/12/ O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 9 (a) The diagram shows existing and planned coal-fired power stations in six countries in 2022. Japan South Korea existing planned 589 90 45 446 India China 2363 1171 58 26 Türkiye 56 79 24 93 South Africa Key (i) State which country has the most existing coal-fired power stations. … [1] (ii) State which country has the most planned coal-fired power stations. … [1] * 0000800000020 * ,










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21 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 [Turn over (b) The number of existing and planned coal-fired power stations in the European Union and the Philippines is shown in the table. number of coal-fired power stations location existing in 2022 planned European Union 468 27 Philippines 19 60 (i) Calculate the percentage increase in coal-fired power stations for the European Union if all the planned power stations are built. … [2] (ii) Suggest two reasons why there is a difference between the number of planned coal-fired power stations in the European Union and the Philippines. 1 … … 2 … … [2] * 0000800000021 * ,









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22 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 (c) To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 12] Generating electricity using fossil fuels should be banned in every country. * 0000800000022 * ,









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24 0680/12/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its authorities, or of the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE * 0000800000024 * ,









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This document consists of 13 printed pages. © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 [Turn over Cambridge IGCSE™ ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/12 Paper 1 Theory October/November 2024 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 80 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2024 series for most Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level components, and some Cambridge O Level components.

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 2 of 13 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptions for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 3 of 13 GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind. Science-Specific Marking Principles 1 Examiners should consider the context and scientific use of any keywords when awarding marks. Although keywords may be present, marks should not be awarded if the keywords are used incorrectly. 2 The examiner should not choose between contradictory statements given in the same question part, and credit should not be awarded for any correct statement that is contradicted within the same question part. Wrong science that is irrelevant to the question should be ignored. 3 Although spellings do not have to be correct, spellings of syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms with which they may be confused (e.g. ethane / ethene, glucagon / glycogen, refraction / reflection). 4 The error carried forward (ecf) principle should be applied, where appropriate. If an incorrect answer is subsequently used in a scientifically correct way, the candidate should be awarded these subsequent marking points. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary and any exceptions to this general principle will be noted. 5 ‘List rule’ guidance For questions that require n responses (e.g. State two reasons …): • The response should be read as continuous prose, even when numbered answer spaces are provided. • Any response marked ignore in the mark scheme should not count towards n. • Incorrect responses should not be awarded credit but will still count towards n. • Read the entire response to check for any responses that contradict those that would otherwise be credited. Credit should not be awarded for any responses that are contradicted within the rest of the response. Where two responses contradict one another, this should be treated as a single incorrect response. • Non-contradictory responses after the first n responses may be ignored even if they include incorrect science.

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 4 of 13 6 Calculation specific guidance Correct answers to calculations should be given full credit even if there is no working or incorrect working, unless the question states ‘show your working’. For questions in which the number of significant figures required is not stated, credit should be awarded for correct answers when rounded by the examiner to the number of significant figures given in the mark scheme. This may not apply to measured values. For answers given in standard form (e.g. a  10n) in which the convention of restricting the value of the coefficient (a) to a value between 1 and 10 is not followed, credit may still be awarded if the answer can be converted to the answer given in the mark scheme. Unless a separate mark is given for a unit, a missing or incorrect unit will normally mean that the final calculation mark is not awarded. Exceptions to this general principle will be noted in the mark scheme. 7 Guidance for chemical equations Multiples / fractions of coefficients used in chemical equations are acceptable unless stated otherwise in the mark scheme. State symbols given in an equation should be ignored unless asked for in the question or stated otherwise in the mark scheme.

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 5 of 13 Question Answer Marks 1(a) A: metamorphic; B: igneous; C: sedimentary; 3 1(b) metamorphic; 1 1(c)(i) surface mining; 1 1(c)(ii) any three from: accessibility; environmental impact assessment; (supply and) demand; public opinion; cost; geology; 3 Question Answer Marks 2(a) conservative circled; 1 2(b) any two from: plates are sliding past each other / plates do not move towards each other / plates do not move away from each other; lithosphere is not, destroyed or weakened; no rock gets pushed down into mantle; so no molten rock / no magma, can come to surface; 2 2(c) earthquakes; 1

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 6 of 13 Question Answer Marks 3(a) between 5 and 20 north or south of equator; over an ocean; 2 3(b) any three from: flooding; contamination of water supply; by human waste; increased risk of transmission / people living closely together (in evacuation camps); standing water; breeding ground for mosquitoes; 3 3(c) any two from: drills; emergency supplies / stockpile food and water; medical supplies; evacuation, routes / centres; rescue teams; communication method; advanced warnings; 2 3(d) allows people to evacuate / allows preparation plan to be implemented; 1

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 7 of 13 Question Answer Marks 4(a) total 4: max 3 day: algae photosynthesise; (more) oxygen produced; concentration increases; (rate of) photosynthesis greater than respiration; max 3 night: algae respire; (more) oxygen used; concentration decreases; 4 4(b)(i) hiding from / easier to be seen by, predators / avoiding predators; 1 4(b)(ii) less time to feed; 1 4(c) effect: more artificial light; any one reason: more people / cars / buildings / street lights; 2 4(d) low-pressure sodium; 1 Question Answer Marks 5(a) Any three from: largest mass in centre / decreasing mass from centre out; largest mass closer to, California / USA / in east; relevant quoted data; e.g. centre contains 100 kg / km2 largest area contains the lowest concentration of plastic; 3

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 8 of 13 Question Answer Marks 5(b)(i) axes labelled with unit: length of plastic waste / cm and percentage of plastic waste; sensible linear scale such that the data occupies at least half the grid; data plotted correctly; bars of equal width; 4 5(b)(ii) 21(.0); 1 5(b)(iii) 0.144 / 0.14; 1 5(c) any one from marine animals: suffocation; mistake plastic for food; poisoning; reduced food sources / starvation; trapped in plastic; any one from fishing industry: reduced catch / cannot fish in the zone; cost of clean-up; 2 5(d) arrows in a clockwise direction; warm currents moving north and cold current moving south; 2 Question Answer Marks 6(a) any two from: plant trees; build wind breaks; bunds; add organic matter; 2 6(b)(i) crop rotation; 1

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 9 of 13 Question Answer Marks 6(b)(ii) any three from: crops all year round / efficient use of labour; reduced risk of complete crop loss; maintains soil fertility / reduces risk of soil exhaustion; plant roots bind soil; maintains soil structure; continuous covering over soil prevents (wind / rain) erosion; reduces need to buy fertilisers; reduces pests / diseases; 3 6(c) max two benefits: large scale / covers the whole field; automatic / does not need a person to operate; max two limitations: cost of machine; requires fuel to operate; evaporation of water (before reaching soil); water doesn’t reach soil / roots; 3 Question Answer Marks 7(a) east; decreased; nutrients; decreased; 4 7(b) any two from: overall: more land is impacted by La Niña; 44% La Niña compared to 31 % El Niño; positive impact: La Niña 43% compared to 20 % El Niño; negative impact: La Niña 13% compared to 11% El Niño; 2

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 10 of 13 Question Answer Marks 7(c) any five from: water sources dry up; increased soil erosion; desertification; increased risk of wildfires; decrease in air quality; decline in crop yields; death of livestock; starvation / dehydration; migration (from rural areas) / lack of jobs / loss of income; loss of habitat / reduced biodiversity; 5 Question Answer Marks 8(a)(i) to limit water running into container; 1 8(a)(ii) to allow water to drain away / so organisms do not drown; 1 8(a)(iii) any one from: so organisms do not eat each other; so organisms do not starve; traps are small so quickly fill up; 1 8(b)(i) 40; 1 8(b)(ii) idea of: the type of cover has no effect on the (mean) number of organisms collected; 1 8(c) pooter; 1

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 11 of 13 Question Answer Marks 9(a)(i) China; 1 9(a)(ii) China; 1 9(b)(i) 27  468; 5.769 / 5.8 / 5.77 / 6; 2 9(b)(ii) any two from: EU already had a lot of coal-fired power stations; economy of Philippines has improved / more money in the Philippines than before; EU uses other types of power stations / renewable energy; increased demand in Philippines; EU countries are MEDCs; population growth in Philippines is greater; 2

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 12 of 13 Question Answer Marks 9(c) Level of response marked question: Level 3 [5–6 marks] A coherent response is given that develops and supports the candidate’s conclusion using relevant details and examples. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are generally used precisely and accurately. Good responses are likely to present a balanced evaluation of the statement. Level 2 [3–4 marks] Development and support of the conclusion is evident, though the response may lack some coherence and / or detail. Irrelevant detail may be present. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are used but may lack some precision and / or accuracy. Responses contain evaluation of the statement, but this may not be balanced. Level 1 [1–2 marks] The response may be limited in development and / or support. Contradictions and / or irrelevant detail may be present. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary may be limited or absent. Responses may lack structure or be in the form of a list. Evaluation may be limited or absent. No response or no creditable response [0 marks] indicative content for: Generating electricity using fossil fuels should be banned in every country reasons for a ban: a ban would encourage investment in alternative technology burning fossil fuels causes air pollution pollution described: increases CO2, global warming, climate change increase SO2 / NOx, acid rain increases particulates, smog, causes respiratory problems air pollution is a global issue 6

0680/12 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 13 of 13 Question Answer Marks 9(c) reasons against a ban: not all countries would agree would be impossible to enforce global population increasing can’t meet existing electricity needs many people would be left without electricity alternatives not available in some countries renewables dependent on conditions strength of wind / intensity of light / terrain nuclear alternative has other risks described nuclear risks economic collapse