Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2020 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 1

1 (a) (i) In Senegal, 75% of the population are involved in agriculture. Calculate the number of people in Senegal involved in agriculture in 2018. .......................................................... [1] (ii) Describe the shape of the population pyramid for Senegal. You can sketch a population pyramid to help your answer. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) Cotton and peanuts are two important cash crops that account for more than 70% of the agricultural production of Senegal. (i) State the meaning of the term cash crop. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest one benefit and one disadvantage of growing cash crops. benefit ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... disadvantage ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (c) The photograph shows some young mango trees with mango fruits growing on a small farm. mango fruit dead leaves The farmers do not remove the dead leaves under the mango trees. Suggest reasons why the farmers do not remove the dead leaves. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (d) The fact sheet shows some information about mango fruits. Mango fruit fact sheet • Mango fruits are an important part of the diet in Senegal • 230 000 mango trees are grown on 2500 small farms • mango trees can be attacked by fungi and insects • mango fruits are harvested between April and September • the best quality mango fruits are exported from Senegal in July and August • it is only possible to export mango fruits if they are grown 50 km or less from the capital city, Dakar. (i) Calculate the average number of mango trees on a small farm. .......................................................... [1] (ii) Suggest reasons why mango fruits for export are only supplied from farms 50 km or less from the capital city. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (iii) A local farmer said, In September, so many mango fruits reach local markets they cannot all be sold. We leave many mango fruits on the trees and let them rot. The price of mango fruits changes in local markets between August and September. Suggest how the price changes and give one reason for your answer. price change ...................................................................................................................... reason ............................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (e) A student visited one small farm growing mango fruits for export. The student selected a box of these mango fruits. Five mango fruits were selected and weighed. The table shows the results. mass mango fruit / g A 485 B 522 C 546 D 510 E 543 total mass .............................. average mass .............................. Complete the table by calculating the total mass and average mass of the five mango fruits. [2] (f) The student talked to some farmers. One farmer said, I only pick large mango fruits with perfect skins for export. Each fruit is packed in a plastic net and then into a box. If they do not arrive at Dakar in good condition I do not get paid. Another farmer said, Mango trees grow well in the soil here. Unfortunately, I can only sell some of the mango fruits in local markets. Many fruits are wasted each year. The student decided to use a questionnaire to find out more about mango farming. The student sent the questionnaire to ten mango farms. The farms were selected as shown on the diagram. The diagram shows five of the farms selected by the student. N DAKAR 0 10 Key km mango farm (i) Name the type of sampling shown in the diagram. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Complete the diagram to show the location of the other five farms sampled. [2] (iii) The student prepared the questionnaire shown. farm ............................................................. question answer How many mango trees do you have? How many kg of mango fruits do you export? How many kg of mango fruits do you sell in local markets? How many kg of mango fruits are wasted? .................................................................... .................................................................... .................................................................... Complete the questionnaire with one other question the student could have asked about mango farming. [1] (g) The results from the questionnaire are shown in the tables. Results from five farms 50 km or less from Dakar. farm question average A B C D E How many mango trees do you 80 75 90 100 95 88 have? How many kg of mango fruits do 100 120 200 140 80 128 you export? How many kg of mango fruits do 350 390 400 430 340 382 you sell in local markets? How many kg of mango fruits are 110 130 290 150 90 154 wasted? Results from five farms more than 50 km from Dakar. farm question average F G H J K How many mango trees do you 84 79 90 110 92 91 have? How many kg of mango fruits do 0 0 0 0 0 0 you export? How many kg of mango fruits do 450 420 400 440 340 410 you sell in local markets? How many kg of mango fruits are 220 260 3000 310 220 253 wasted? (i) The student was concerned that one of the results from a farm more than 50 km from Dakar might be anomalous. Circle this anomalous result in the table. Give a reason for your choice. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] (ii) What could the student conclude from the results of the questionnaire? ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3] (h) The government of Senegal plans to improve roads up to 150 km from Dakar by 2022. (i) Suggest how this could benefit farmers and the government. benefit to farmers .............................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... benefit to the government ................................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (ii) One farmer said, I can export mango fruits, so I can earn 1500 USD a year. This allows me to support my large family. Suggest two ways the farmer can spend money to support their family. 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 2 ........................................................................................................................................ [2] (iii) One mango farm more than 50 km from Dakar has now planted cashew nut trees and is keeping bees to give a harvest of honey. Suggest why the farm did this. ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (iv) The mango farm also decides to grow a cereal crop and keep chickens. Suggest how this farm is practising a sustainable form of agriculture. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [4] (v) Many people do not have access to a reliable source of food. Explain why this is a problem. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [2] [Total: 37]

Mark scheme: 1(a)(i) 11.9(25) million; 1 1(a)(ii) any three from: widest at the bottom / under 25; equal numbers of males and females; thin at the top; few above 62 years; suitable sketched shape; (suitable labelled sketch can gain three marks) 3 1(b)(i) sold for money / commerce / export / not eaten; 1 1(b)(ii) any one benefit: can sell for high profit; money can be used to buy, seeds / livestock / materials for farming; other named example of use of money gained; any one disadvantage: may not have much, food / food reserve; at risk of, crop failure / famine / malnutrition / poverty; price of cash crop could drop; 2 1(c) any two from: helps keep moisture in the, soil / mulch; (decays to) release nutrients; reduces weed growth; saves labour costs; 2 1(d)(i) 92; 1 Question Answer Marks 1(d)(ii) any two from: poor roads so fruits damaged; alternative methods of transport not available; journey takes too long so fruits overripe / fruits only have a short shelf life / eq; too expensive to transport longer distance / not profitable; too time-consuming for farmers; 2 1(d)(iii) price drops; due to, oversupply / lack of demand; 2 1(e) total: 2606; average: 521(.2); 2 1(f)(i) systematic; 1 1(f)(ii) five farms drawn using X to match key; correct use of scale; 2 1(f)(iii) valid question such as: how much does it cost to produce mangoes / how much profit do you make / how much do the mangoes sell for / how much are your labour costs; 1 1(g)(i) 3000 (circled); about 10x larger than the values of the other farms / (looks like) transcription error / doesn’t match average / data inconsistent for a small farm / doesn’t fit with the number of trees on farm H; 2 1(g)(ii) any three from: similar number of trees in each area; only farms nearer Dakar export mango fruits; similar number of mango fruits sold in local markets; more mango fruits sold in local markets further from Dakar; more waste on farms more than 50km from Dakar; use of data to compare; 3 Question Answer Marks 1(h)(i) benefit to farmers: faster to transport mango fruits; so could export fruits from further away; more income from exporting; less waste / less damage to fruit (when transported); other named advantage of improved roads, e.g. better access to medical care in city; benefit to government: increased exports mean more, revenue / port taxes / eq; so more money to spend on other projects / named example of an investment; other named advantage of improved roads, e.g. revenue from associated service industries; 3 1(h)(ii) any two from: school fees; medical costs; more food / more varied diet; house improvements; entertainment / luxury items; 2 1(h)(iii) any one from: to diversify and reduce risk / effect of a crop failure; to have another crop to sell (locally) / cashew is a cash crop; to have a crop to export (as can’t export mangoes); to be more sustainable / self-sufficient; to have another food source / to eat; to aid pollination (of crops); 1 1(h)(iv) any four from: it is a mixed farm; seeds from crops can be used to grow crops the next year; chicken manure used to grow crops; crops feed, chickens / humans; eggs / chickens feed humans; eggs from chickens can also be sold; soils not damaged / fertility maintained; pollination aided; 4 Question Answer Marks 1(h)(v) any one from: not enough food to eat all year; if crop lost no reserve seed / food (in case of crop failure); (leading to) malnutrition and starvation; named wider problem in society caused by unhealthy population; 2

2 The geology of Senegal is mostly sedimentary rocks. These include large deposits of phosphate rock. (a) Describe the formation of sedimentary rock. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3] (b) The drawing shows phosphate rock being mined in Senegal. Phosphate rock is a valuable export. rocks water mining machinery (i) Name the type of mining shown in the drawing. ..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Describe the environmental damage that can be caused by this type of mining. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................... [3]

Mark scheme: 2(a) any three from: weathered rock particles; deposited; in water / seas / riverbed; in layers; compacted / under pressure, to form rock; 2(b)(i) open-pit / opencast / open-cut / strip / surface mining; 1 2(b)(ii) any three from: destruction of vegetation causes loss of animal habitats; (causing) loss of biodiversity; dust causes air pollution; emissions from machinery / vehicles; leaching of heavy metals into water causes, water pollution / changes to water table / groundwater contamination; mining causes visual pollution; machinery causes noise pollution; 3 2(c)(i) axes labelled with units; correct orientation and linear scale such that plotted points occupy at least 50% of grid; plots correct;; 4 2(c)(ii) overall decrease in price over time / fluctuating values; 1 2(d)(i) P; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(d)(ii) any three from: price per tonne higher than phosphate rock; so increase value of exports / increase GDP; more jobs (in processing rock, transport); increased tax revenue; more exports; so locals learn new skills / upskill; to make fertiliser (to use / sell); 3 2(d)(iii) subsidies / tax breaks / cheap loans / grant more mining licences; 1 2(d)(iv) any five from: leaching / washed into groundwater / rivers; eutrophication; algal blooms; light blocked; plants die; bacterial blooms; respiration increases; oxygen used up / high BOD; fish / aquatic animals die; 5 2(e)(i) any one from: manure only breaks down slowly; only a small amount of rock phosphate added; AVP, e.g. slow release of phosphate; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(e)(ii) any four from: bioremediation; tree planting; land restoration; soil improvement; making lakes and nature reserves; use as landfill; use as a lake for fishing; other use of water body; hole filled in / reshaped; covered by soil; seeds planted; idea of final end use, e.g. farming / wildlife reserve / recreation; 4 2(f)(i) A 100 km (±20 km); B 430 km (±20 km); 2 2(f)(ii) any two from: oversupply of phosphate could lower cost; not enough miners / machinery to operate both at same time; A has lower transport costs / ORA ; roads already exist from A to port / ORA; plenty of workers near A / ORA; 2 2(g)(i) any three from: most money goes to overseas investors / eq; government stops encouraging other investments; not many jobs for local people; does not encourage local small and medium enterprise (SMEs); no chance for local people to develop own skills / oil & gas business; 3 Question Answer Marks 2(g)(ii) any three from: covers birds’ wings, can no longer fly, leading to death; covers beaches, destroying coastal habitats / covering food sources; blocks sunlight, covers / kills corals; other organisms / marine mammals covered in oil, can’t regulate temperature, leading to death; organisms ingest (toxic) oil, leading to death; so food chains / webs, altered / collapse; 3 2(g)(iii) any three from: preparation plan; training of clean-up teams; oil spill control, e.g. booms; detergents; skimmers; clean-up of birds / marine organisms; AVP, e.g. hay bales to absorb oil (on shores); 3 2(g)(iv) any three from: millions of years ago; marine animals and plants die; sink to seabed; covered with sediment; heat and pressure; 3