Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2011 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 1

This document consists of 14 printed pages and 2 blank pages. DC (NH/DJ) 33748/4 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 3 0 7 5 8 0 7 5 2 7 * ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/11 Paper 1 October/November 2011 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Ruler READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. For Examiner’s Use 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total www.XtremePapers.com

2 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 For Examiner’s Use 1 Study the diagram below showing the processes (A, B, C, D and E) of rock formation. igneous rock metamorphic rock sedimentary rock magma A B D C C E D C B sediment (a) Match the letters in the diagram to the processes below. cooling …………………………………….. melting …………………………………….. heat and pressure …………………………………….. weathering and erosion …………………………………….. compaction and cementation …………………………………….. [3]

3 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (b) (i) Rocks can be used as building stone. Explain why buildings are usually made out of stone found locally. … … … …[2] (ii) Name a sedimentary rock and give an industrial use, other than for building, of this rock. … …[2] (iii) Open-cast mining leaves a large hole in the ground. When the mining stops the hole is filled in with overburden. Describe what would be done next to restore the environment. … … …[3]

4 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 For Examiner’s Use 2 The graph below shows the total global carbon emissions from non-living sources between 1800 and 2004. 1800 1850 1900 year 1950 2004 1000 2000 3000 4000 carbon emissions (million metric tonnes / year) 5000 6000 7000 8000 total oil coal natural gas cement production (a) (i) Cement is produced from rocks made of calcium carbonate. What was the total carbon emission in 2004 from cement production? …[1] (ii) When did carbon emissions from natural gas begin? …[1] (iii) Why did pollution from natural gas begin after that from coal and oil? … … … …[2] (iv) Which of the sources of carbon emissions is not a fossil fuel? …[1]

5 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (b) Carbon, in the form of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, is a pollutant. For this reason alternatives to fossil fuels are sometimes used. The graph below shows the cost of various alternatives to fossil fuels. 0 solar biomass nuclear HEP wave wind geothermal fossil fuels 10 cost (cents per unit) 20 30 40 Cost of energy from various sources 5 15 25 35 (i) Geothermal energy costs 5 cents per unit. Complete the graph for geothermal energy. [1] (ii) Which of the alternatives to fossil fuels on the graph produces carbon dioxide? …[1] (iii) Using the graph and your own knowledge state and explain the advantages and disadvantages of solar and geothermal energy as alternatives to fossil fuels in the future. … … … … …[3]

6 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 For Examiner’s Use 3 As well as being the source of important gases for humans, the atmosphere is also a dispersal medium for waste gases, smoke particles and exhaust fumes. (a) (i) Name one atmospheric gas used by humans and a different one used by plants. humans … plants … [1] (ii) Some gases are greenhouse gases. Describe how they cause the greenhouse effect. … … … …[2] (iii) The following table shows the percentage of greenhouse gases emitted by the various sectors of human activity. Complete the table for transport and add the figure to the bar chart. sector greenhouse gas emissions (% total) waste disposal 3.5 biomass 100. domestic 10.4 fossil fuel processing 11.6 agriculture 12.5 transport industry 170. power stations 210. [2]

7 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over domestic fossil fuel processing sector agriculture transport industry power stations 0 waste disposal biomass 10 greenhouse gases as a percentage of total 20 5 15 25 greenhouse gas emissions (b) (i) Many people believe that greenhouse gas emissions from human activity need to be reduced. Look at the photograph below. The photograph shows one way of reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Explain why this method reduces emissions. … … … … …[3] For Examiner’s Use

8 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 For Examiner’s Use (ii) Suggest other ways in which greenhouse gas emissions caused by humans could be reduced. … … …[2]

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10 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 For Examiner’s Use 4 (a) In some parts of the world water is in very short supply. In other parts of the world floods occur. (i) State two ways in which plants growing in naturally hot deserts are adapted to the desert climate. … … … …[2] (ii) If people want to grow crops in hot deserts they must irrigate them. Describe one method of irrigation. … … … …[2] (b) Floods can be caused by natural factors and by human action. Look at the two diagrams below showing the causes of flooding in Bangladesh and in a small town in the UK. A monsoon climate Flooding in Bangladesh spring snow-melt results in soil erosion B deforestation in headwater areas, less evapotranspiration, more runoff and faster soil erosion C cyclones frequently hit Bangladesh G F E much of the Ganges has been diverted for irrigation purposes 80% of Bangladesh lies on a huge floodplain which is only 1m above sea level rivers silt-up due to increased soil erosion D Bay of Bengal Bangladesh India Nepal Tibet River Ganges River Brahmaputra

11 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use H the original river had been narrowed Flooding in the UK J flood triggered by torrential rain small drainage basin with steep sides encouraging rapid runoff L K large amount of water at meeting point of two rivers source of river impermeable rock, resulting in large amounts of runoff I (i) Using all the letters A to L from the diagrams once only, complete the table below. caused by natural factors caused by human action [4] (ii) After a flood has occurred, how can its effects be reduced? … … … …[2]

12 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 For Examiner’s Use 5 Water is vital for all life but even where it is plentiful it may be the source of diseases such as bilharzia, typhoid, malaria and cholera. There are three types of water-related disease. (a) (i) Complete the table writing bilharzia, typhoid, malaria and cholera in the correct places. water related disease type disease(s) water-bred water-borne water-based [2] (ii) The disease which affects most people is malaria. The map of Africa shows the areas where malaria is a problem. Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn key: no malaria malaria

13 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use Describe the distribution of malaria in Africa. … … … …[2] (iii) Five ways of dealing with water related diseases are: drugs vector eradication improved sanitation clean water supply chlorination State which two of these would be best for controlling malaria. … …[1] (iv) Choose one of these ways and explain how it helps to control malaria. … … … …[2] (b) In the Southern USA many wetlands have been drained for disease control. Describe how wildlife is affected by the drainage of wetlands. … … … …[3]

14 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 For Examiner’s Use 6 As well as the carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere, plants need water and minerals from the soil. Fertile soil is important for good crop growth. (a) (i) Which two of the substances named above are needed for photosynthesis? … …[2] (ii) Soils poor in water and minerals are unsuitable for good crop growth. State one other way in which a soil might be unsuitable for good growth. …[1] (b) A food web which includes living organisms in the soil is shown below. birds animals such as moles and shrews The Soil Food Web nematodes arthropods arthropods fungi bacteria dead plants protozoa nematodes nematodes plants SUN (i) From the diagram name: a producer … a herbivore … a carnivore … a predator … [2]

15 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 For Examiner’s Use (ii) Use the food web opposite to draw a food chain with five links shown by arrows. [2] (c) In agriculture and forestry, soils are sometimes badly damaged. Some ways of conserving soil are terracing, contour ploughing and wind breaks. Choose one of these and describe what it is and how it helps to conserve the soil. method … description … … … … … …[3]

16 0680/11/O/N/11 © UCLES 2011 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2011 question paper for the guidance of teachers 0680 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/11 Paper 1, maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • Cambridge will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2011 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2011 0680 11 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 The following abbreviations have been used: / or ; end of marking point ® reject OWTTE or words to that effect AVP alternative valid point ecf error carried forward qual qualified, further explanation given ORA or reverse argument eq equivalent 1 (a) cooling A; melting B; heat and pressure D; weathering and erosion C; compaction and cementation E; (5:3 3/4:2 1/2:1) [3] (b) (i) low value; heavy / bulky; expensive to transport; cheaper (unqualified) for one mark; takes less time (unqualified); (any two) [2] (ii) limestone / chalk / shale / sandstone / clay / AVP; ® sand appropriate use; [2] (iii) addition of top soil; fertilisers / eq; plantings; [3] [Total: 10] 2 (a) (i) 300 (+ 10); (with or without units) [1] (ii) 1900–1940; [1] (iii) because burning it (owtte) started later; found later; harder to acquire / technology more advanced idea; more expensive to use owtte; (any two) [2] (iv) cement; [1]

Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2011 0680 11 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 (b) (i) correct plotting; [1] (ii) biomass; [1] (iii) Disadvantages: (max 2) SOLAR expensive; qualified (e.g. 33 cents more OR 17.5 x more); not always available; GEOTHERMAL not widely available; Advantages: (any 3) non-polluting / contaminating; (once for either / both); correctly qualified (once for either / both); renewable (once for either / both) SOLAR widely available; GEOTHERMAL non-polluting; qualified (once only); (relatively) cheap; [3] [Total: 10] 3 (a) (i) oxygen AND carbon dioxide; [1] (ii) traps heat / IR / long wave / eq (® UV); trying to leave the Earth / or implied; ® from sun; (any two) [2] (iii) 14%; bar chart plot (ecf); [2] (b) (i) transport / eq is big creator of emissions; individual vehicles mean much more emission / ORA; than using public transport / buses; ref burn less fossil fuels; ref daily trips to school / work; (any three) [3] (ii) bicycle; walk; alt fuels (only one no matter how much detail); hybrid cars; switch off lights / appliances / standby idea. etc.; insulate; taxing / subsiding idea; (any 2) [2] ® stop deforestation UNLESS ref to burning trees ® just use less fossil fuel unqualified [Total: 10]

Page 4 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2011 0680 11 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 4 (a) (i) long roots; deep roots; widespread roots; waxy leaves; small / reduced leaves ® no leaves unless linked with green stem (owtte); spiny / eq leaves; store water / eq; (any two) [2] (ii) named method (e.g (trickle) drip / sprinkler / underground / animal powered / drip sheet idea); details (e.g straight to roots / crop / plant / method explained); [2] (b) (i) caused by natural factors caused by human action A, B, E, G, I, J, K, L C, D, F, H (10–12:4 / 7–9:3 / 4–6:2 / 1–3:1) [4] (ii) evacuation; good medical help; food stock piles; pumping water away; provide shelter (qual.) provide clean water; AVP; (any two) [2] [Total: 10] 5 (a) (i) water related disease type diseases(s) water-bred malaria ONLY water-borne cholera, typhoid ONLY water-based bilharzia ONLY (3:2 2/1:1) [2] (ii) none in deserts; none in far South / North / not above / below tropics; none / little outside tropics / ORA / equatorial / central Africa / named relevant countries (min. 2); more at coasts; AVP; (any two) [2]

Page 5 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2011 0680 11 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 (iii) drugs AND vector eradication; [1] (iv) EITHER drugs: kill parasites in blood; which cause disease / symptoms; reduces reservoir of parasite; (any two) OR vector eradication: kills organism / insect; which transmits disease / owtte; (any two) [2] (b) loss of habitat / home for water creatures; with e.g, fish, water birds, insects; collapse of food web; loss of biodiversity; AVP; (any three) [3] [Total: 10] 6 (a) (i) water; CO2; [2] (ii) too salty / too acidic / alkaline / pH wrong (idea) / too compacted / too thin / low oxygen / waterlogged / polluted (qualified) / low organic matter / low humus; [1] (b) (i) a producer plants; a herbivore nematodes / fungi; a carnivore arthropods / birds / moles / shrews / nematodes; a predator arthropods / birds / moles / shrews / nematodes; (4/3:2, 1/2:1 [2] (ii) dead plants
bacteria
protozoa
nematodes
arthropods
birds OR dead plants
bacteria
protozoa
nematodes
arthropods
moles / shrews OR plants
fungi
protozoa
nematodes
arthropods
birds OR dead plants
fungi
nematodes
nematodes
arthropods
birds OR dead plants
fungi
nematodes
nematodes
arthropods
moles / shrews all five links correct; arrows in correct direction, regardless of number of links; [2]

Page 6 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2011 0680 11 © University of Cambridge International Examinations 2011 (c) prevents soil erosion (for all); terracing flat platforms made on hillside; slows runoff of water; thus slowing soil erosion downhill; OR contour ploughing plough perpendicular to slope / along contours (to form ruts); which slow water runoff ; thus slowing soil erosion downhill; OR wind breaks trees / shrubs planted in rows / wall / fence / eq; to protect from; soil erosion by wind; (any three) [3] [Total: 10]