Cambridge IGCSE Bangladesh Studies 0449 — 2015 May/June Paper 1 · Variant 1

This document consists of 8 printed pages and 1 insert. DC (CW/CGW) 107694 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 0 5 9 7 0 3 0 7 4 6 * BANGLADESH STUDIES 0449/01 Paper 1 History and Culture of Bangladesh May/June 2015 1 hour 30 minutes No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. Answer three questions. Answer Question 1 and two other questions. You are advised to spend about 30 minutes on each question. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

2 0449/01/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 You MUST answer this question. Answer ALL parts. Question 1: The Culture and Heritage of Bangladesh You are advised to spend about 30 minutes on this question. Part (a): This question tests your knowledge. (i) What does Mir Mosharraf Hossain’s masterpiece Bishad Shindhu tell the story of? A The Battle of Plassey (Palashi) B The Battle of Karbala C The Battle of Panipat D The Battle of Sandvip [1] (ii) What is the title of Jasimuddin’s first book of poems published in 1927? A The Grave (Kabar) B Shepherd (Rakhali) C The Poet of the Countryside (Palli Kabi) D Creation of Women (Nari-Sristi) [1] (iii) Kazi Nazrul Islam was arrested in 1922 and imprisoned for a year. How did he protest about this? A By writing a play B By burning his clothes C By a hunger strike D By joining the Communist Party [1] (iv) Begum Rokeya’s first story was written in 1905 and published in 1908. What was it called? A Sultana’s Dream B The Secluded Women C The Fruit of Knowledge D Bengali Nights [1] (v) What is the subject of Zainul Abedin’s painted scroll Manpura? A The countryside of Bengal B Famine victims C The War of Liberation D The devastation of the cyclone of 1970 [1] Part (b): This question tests your knowledge and understanding. (i) Describe the life and work of Lalon Shah. [5] (ii) Explain why he is so important in the culture of Bangladesh. [3] Part (c): This question tests your understanding and judgement. (i) Explain the importance of the following in the cultural life of Bangladesh. • The development of literature • Folk culture [8] (ii) Which of these do you think has made the more important contribution to the cultural life of Bangladesh? Explain why. [4] [Total: 25]

3 0449/01/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Choose TWO of questions 2 to 4. Answer ALL parts of the two questions you choose. Question 2: The Mughal Period The Emperors Humayan and Akbar The tomb of Sher Shah in Sasaram, Bihar Humayan succeeded his father and faced severe resistance from Sher Shah (also known as Sher Khan), an Afghan, who had taken Bengal and Bihar. Sher Shah had captured Gaur. When the Sultan of Bengal refused to pay tribute, Sher Shah overthrew him. The Mughal Emperor Humayan then invaded Bengal with a large force, but was defeated in 1539. Another defeat forced the Emperor to flee in 1540, and for five years Sher Shah ruled the Empire, making significant changes and reforms. After Sher Shah’s death, Humayan returned, and both he and his son Akbar restored Mughal power. Part (a): This question tests your knowledge. (i) Who was Humayan’s father? (line 1) [1] (ii) When did Sher Shah capture Gaur? (line 2) [1] (iii) What was the name of the Sultan overthrown by Sher Shah? (line 3) [1] (iv) Where was Humayan defeated in 1539? (line 4) [1] (v) Where did Humayan flee to? (line 5) [1] 5

4 0449/01/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 Part (b): This question tests your knowledge and understanding. (i) Describe how Akbar restored the authority of the Mughal Emperor 1556–1605. [5] (ii) Explain how Sher Shah was able to defeat the Emperor Humayan. [5] Part (c): This question tests your understanding and judgement. (i) Explain the importance of the following elements of Sher Shah’s rule 1540–45. • His measures to improve trade, communications and finance • His religious and charitable work [8] (ii) Which of these was more important for his people? Explain your answer. [2] [Total: 25]

5 0449/01/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Question 3: The British Period Events Leading to Independence The Founders of the Muslim League British rulers brought about problems when they tried to make changes. These often increased hostility between Muslims and Hindus in Bengal. The Partition of 1905 led to the formation of the Simla Demands of 1906 and to the All-India Muslim League. However, there was co-operation between Muslims and Hindus for political reform during the First World War, and a pact was signed in 1916. Muslims and Hindus were both disappointed by the reforms of 1919. The Khilafat movement was supported by people from both religions. The Nehru Report resulted from an all- party conference. From 1937 the Muslim League re-organised itself, and its leader put forward a ‘Two Nation’ theory that was to lead to the creation of an independent Muslim state after the Second World War. Part (a): This question tests your knowledge. (i) Which British viceroy partitioned Bengal? (line 2) [1] (ii) Name the pact between Muslims and Hindus in 1916. (line 4) [1] (iii) What were the reforms of 1919 known as? (line 5) [1] (iv) Name the leader of the Muslim League. (line 7) [1] (v) In what year was an independent Muslim state created? (line 8) [1] Part (b): This question tests your knowledge and understanding. (i) What were the demands of the Nehru Report? [5] (ii) Explain the importance of the Partition of Bengal in 1905 for Muslims in Bengal. [5] 5

6 0449/01/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 Part (c): This question tests your understanding and judgement. (i) Explain the political importance of the following after 1937. • AK Fazlul Huq and the KPP [8] • The Muslim League (ii) Which of these affected the people of Bengal more? Explain your answer. [2] [Total: 25]

7 0449/01/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Question 4: From Pakistan to Bangladesh Problems facing the new nation of Pakistan Refugees during the period of the Partition of India and Pakistan After the second partition of Bengal, despite the efforts of the Chief Minister of Bengal, Hindu- majority West Bengal was separated from the Muslim East Bengal. East Bengal was separated from the rest of the new state of Pakistan by a considerable distance. There was a large amount of communal violence, and many refugees fled into the new states. It was more difficult for Pakistan to become a new country than for India. There were geographic and economic problems and disputes with India. Also, there were problems about social issues, particularly concerning language. In 1948 there was an announcement by the Governor General that there would be a single language, which led to unrest in East Pakistan. Part (a): This question tests your knowledge. (i) Who was the Chief Minister of Bengal? (line 1) [1] (ii) Approximately what distance separated East Bengal and West Pakistan? (lines 2–3) [1] (iii) Which territory caused the most important dispute with India? (line 6) [1] (iv) What was the name of the Governor General who announced the single language in 1948? (line 7) [1] (v) Name the common language. (line 8) [1] Part (b): This question tests your knowledge and understanding. (i) Describe the migration of refugees into Pakistan after independence. [5] (ii) Why was the language issue so important for East Bengal between 1948 and 1952? [5] 5

8 0449/01/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. Part (c): This question tests your understanding and judgement. (i) Explain the importance of the following to the new state of Pakistan. • Economic problems • The division of financial and military assets between India and Pakistan [8] (ii) Which of these do you think had the greater importance for the people of Pakistan? Explain your answer. [2] [Total: 25]

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2015 series 0449 BANGLADESH STUDIES 0449/01 Paper 1 (History and Culture of Bangladesh), maximum raw mark 75 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2015 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0449 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 1 (a) One mark is awarded for each correct answer The correct answers are (i) B (ii) B (iii) C (iv) A (v) D (b) This question tests your knowledge and understanding (i) Describe the life and work of Lalon Shah. [5] An eighteenth-century baul who composed devotional and folk songs. Born in Harishpur around 1772, possibly into a Hindu family. Abandoned when he caught smallpox, he was nursed by a Muslim fakir and became a Muslim. He established an ashram in Cheuriya where he composed and performed songs. He founded the institute known as Lalon Akhdah in Cheuriya He died in 1890. He wrote about 2000 religious songs which were of a general rather than a communal spiritual nature, as he had knowledge of both Hindu and Muslim traditions and beliefs. His work was not written down but transmitted orally by his disciples. It became popular not only in rural areas but in urban centres and influenced later creative artists. Level One: Answers which give a generalised account about the life and work 1–2 marks Reserve one mark for very simplistic statements. (e.g. He was a famous songwriter) Level Two: Answers which offer accurate factual statements about his life and describe the nature of his work. (Just life or just work max. 4) 3–5 marks Mark within the level should be based upon the amount of supporting detail provided. (ii) Explain why he is so important in the culture of Bangladesh. [3] • Transcended community and composed and sang about universal spiritual values • Founded an important institute • Influenced later cultural figures • Important part of baul guru culture and tradition and helped spread it. Level 1: Generalised comment on importance only 1 mark Level 2: Supported explanation (see points above) 2–3 marks There will be no marks for description even if there is factual material not in (b)(i)

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0449 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 This question tests your understanding and judgement. (c) (i) Explain the importance of each of the following in the cultural life of Bangladesh • The development of literature • Folk Culture [8] Ancient period 650-1200 AD best known for spiritual hymns composed by Buddhist monks. Mediaeval period 1200-1800: rural sayings and rhymes; Vaishnava poetic narratives; Bengali lyrics and translations from Sanskrit; narrative and romantic poetry adapted from Arabic or Persian. Modern period. Christian and Sanskrit influences and first novel in Bengali; influence of European thought and literature. Novels and plays. Emergence of major figures like Tagore; political influences. Traditional arts, crafts, festivals and games: needlework and tapestry often encompassing aspects of rural life; hand-made ornaments, utensils, clothes incorporating traditional designs and ornamentation. Use of various materials – bamboo, cane, shells, fibres, grass, leather etc. Pottery important. Level One: Answers which do no more than describe the two elements given in the question without considering their importance. 1–6 marks (maximum 4 if just one element is considered) Level Two: Answers which explain the importance 7–8 marks (maximum 7 if just one element is explained) (ii) Which of these do you think has made the more important contribution to the cultural life of Bangladesh? Explain why. [4] There are 2 marks for explaining the choice made. There is no credit for merely saying ‘The most important is…’ without explanation. If a sound reason is given, award 2 marks. (e.g. Crafts are more important – 0; Folk Culture is more important as Bangladesh was a largely rural country and the great creative craftsmanship was more important for the mass of the people than literature which was often very influenced not by elements in Bengal but by foreign culture - 2) Level 1 Undeveloped explanations 1–2 marks Level 2 Developed explanations 3–4 marks

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0449 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 2 (a) This question tests your knowledge (i) Who was Humayan’s father? (line 1) [1] Babur (ii) When did Sher Shah capture Gaur? (line 2) [1] 1538 (iii) What was the name of the Sultan overthrown by Sher Shah? (line 3) [1] Mahmud Shah (iv) Where was Humayan defeated? (line4) [1] Chausa, near Boxer (v) Where did Humayan flee to? (line 5) [1] Persia (b) This question tests your knowledge and understanding. (i) Describe how Akbar restored the authority of the Mogul Emperor 1556–1605. [5] One mark is awarded for each explained fact e.g. Fought a number of battles to consolidate power in north and south of India; personally marched against Daud Khan in 1574; left an army of 20,000 to continue confronting the Afghans; defeated and killed Daud Khan at Rajmahal 1576; sent Raja Mansingh to be governor of Bengal against resistance. Defeated Kedar Rai. (ii) Explain how Sher Shah was able to defeat the Emperor Humayan. [5] The following levels are used: Level One: Answers which offer very simple generalizations. (e.g. He was a good leader) 1–2 marks Level Two: Answers which explain ONE element (e.g He did not confront the Emperor in 1538 because of the huge army that Humayan had, but withdrew into Bihar This allowed him to occupy the territory between Bihar and Delhi, cutting the Emperor’s communication. He took advantage of the Emperor’s mistake in celebrating in Gaur and delaying too long in Bengal Sher Khan blocked the emperor’s march on Agra at Chausa) 3 marks Level Three: Answers which explain TWO OR MORE elements 4–5 marks

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0449 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 (c) This question tests your understanding and judgement. (i) Explain the importance of the following elements of Sher Shah’s rule 1540–45 • His measures to improve trade, communications and finance • His religious and charitable work [8] Trade: reformed the currency; abolished some taxes on trade; roads to help internal trade; shelters for traders (reform of government and law and order could be relevant if linked to trade) Communications: network of roads connecting Agra with outlying parts of empire (3000 mile road from Sonargon to Multan) Relays of riders to communicate official orders and messages; Roadside stations for relays of horses and shelters Finance: Fixed tax system of a quarter of the gross produce of land with proper measurement of land; reform of currency Religion: founded mosques and madrasas; villages authorities enforced moral behaviour’ mosques and temples at regular intervals along new roads. Charity: free public kitchens; gardens. hospitals Level One: Answers which do no more than describe `1–4 marks (Up to 2 marks for each policy described) Level Two: Answers which explain the importance of the elements given. 5–8 marks Up to two marks for each element assessed. Therefore: One explained = 5–6 marks. Two explained = 7–8 marks (ii) Which of these measures were the most important for his people? Explain your answer. [2] No marks merely for merely saying which is the more important. No marks for additional description. 2 marks for explaining the decision. ( e.g. Communications are more important =0; communications are most important because the roads made government better and helped trade and prosperity, allowing other reforms like building to take place)

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0449 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 3 (a) 1 mark for each correct answer (i) Which British viceroy partitioned Bengal. (line 1) [1] Lord Curzon (ii) Name the Pact between Muslims and Hindus in 1916? [1] Lucknow (iii) What were the reforms of 1919 known as? (line5) [1] Montagu-Chelmsford (iv) Name the leader of the Muslim League. (line 6) [1] Jinnah (v) In what year was an independent Muslim state created. (line 7) [1] 1947 This question tests your knowledge and understanding. One mark is awarded for each fact (b) (i) What were the demands of the Nehru Report? [5] • Immediate dominion status • This meant self-government within the Empire • India to be a federation • with a two-chamber parliament • Minorities to be protected • by reserving seats in the Chamber, • but not by separate electorates • Vote for all adult men and women

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0449 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 (ii) Explain the importance of the Partition of Bengal in 1905 for Muslims in Bengal. [5] The British put administrative efficiency before the feelings and concerns of their subjects in Bengal There was a considerable agitation among the Hindu middle classes which spread to boycotts and demands for ‘democracy’ and ‘freedom’ The move divided Hindus and Muslims and the organised protests influenced the political developments like the Simla Deputation and the Muslim League. The following levels are used: Level One: Answers which offer very simple generalizations. (e.g. It caused unrest among Hindus 1–2 marks Level Two: Answers which explain ONE element 3 marks Level Three: Answers which explain TWO OR MORE elements 4–5 marks This question tests your understanding and judgement. (c) (i) Explain the political importance of the following after 1937. • AK Fazlul Huk and the KPP • The Muslim League after 1937 [8] The Krishak Praja Party founded in 1936 appealed to the rural masses and its policies included ending the Permanent Settlement; reducing rents; helping peasants with debts; providing interest-free loans; promoting irrigation and free primary education. Their appeal was to both Hindus and Muslims. The party won 36/250 seats in the elections but declined after joining a coalition with the Muslim League. Its significance was as a party which was based on the peasants of East Bengal whose leader became Chief Minister, but who could not sustain its influence in the face of the rising support for the Muslim League. The Muslim League after November 1937 reorganised itself and gained support of the masses, often suffering economically, by an appeal to religion. By campaigning more specifically for Muslim interests it dominated its rival KPP and moved towards establishing a nation within a nation, especially in the face of Congress Policies which were seen as discriminatory. Level One: Answers which do no more than describe 1–4 marks (Up to 2 marks for each policy described) Level Two: Answers which explain the importance of the elements given. 5–8 marks Up to two marks for each element assessed. Therefore: One explained = 5–6 marks. Two explained = 7–8 marks (ii) Which of these affected the people of Bengal more? Explain your answer. [2] No marks merely for merely saying which affected the people of Bengal more. No marks for additional description. 2 marks for explaining the decision. ( e.g. The Muslim League affected the people of Bengal more = 0; The Muslim League had a larger long-term influence as the KPP declined and by developing the ‘two nation theory’ moved towards the establishment of an independent Muslim state, while the KPP concentrated more narrowly on peasant grievances.=2)

Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0449 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 4 (a) This question tests your knowledge. (i) Who was the Chief Minister of Bengal? (line1) [1] H S Suhrawardy (ii) Approximately what distance separated East Bengal and West Pakistan? (lines 2 and 3) [1] 1000 miles (iii) Which territory caused the most important dispute with India? (line 7) [1] Kashmir (iv) What was the name of the Governor General who announced the single language in 1948? (line 9) [1] Jinnah (v) Name the common language. (Line 10) [1] Urdu This question tests your knowledge and understanding. (b) (i) Describe the migration of refugees into Pakistan after independence. [5] One mark is awarded for each fact • Millions of people found themselves living in the ‘wrong’ country after partition and moved. • The scale was very large - 8.6 m Hindus and 7.2 million Muslims. • Many fled quickly and took very few possessions. • There was a great deal of communal violence and a million deaths resulted. • Refugees posed a big problem for the new countries, particularly in Pakistan which was poorer. In the end India and Pakistan cooperated to control the violence. (ii) Why was the language issue so important for East Bengal between 1948 and 1952? [5] There was the belief that the new nation was favouring Urdu at the expense of Bangla. There were calls for Bangla to put on an equal basis. These developed into an organised movement in autumn 1947 (Tammudin Majlish) December 1947 an Educational Conference in Karachi led to Urdu being the official language. There were protests in February 1948 and an all-party organisation the Rashtrabhasha Sangram Parishad was formed and met with strong opposition. Demands were especially strong among students, but Jinnah was adamant. There were protests on 21 February 1953 (State Language Day) • Fundamental issue about the nature of the new state and how it was to treat different elements shown by language • Seemed to be part of monopolisation of influence by West Pakistan

Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0449 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 • Language organisations the forerunner of organisations for independence • Repression of language demonstrations a major cause of ill-well between east and west. The following levels are used: Level One: Answers which offer very simple generalizations. (e.g. People got upset about language as they wanted to speak their own) 1–2 marks Level Two: Answers which explain ONE element 3 marks Level Three: Answers which explain TWO OR MORE elements 4–5 marks

Page 10 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2015 0449 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 This question tests your understanding and judgement. (c) (i) Explain the importance of the following to the new state of Pakistan • Economic problems • The division of financial and military assets between India and Pakistan [8] Economic problems • Mostly underdeveloped states with little industry • 90% lived in countryside; limited urban centres and markets • Limited export crops – only Jute • Jute mills were in India so Pakistan could not process its major cash crop • Most resources were in India with only 10% of factories; 6.5% of industrial workers,5% of electricity and 10% of mineral deposits being in Pakistan Financial and Military assets • Pakistan did not receive agreed shares in Reserve Bank because of the fighting in Kashmir • Ratio agreed was 17:5 • In armed forces, lack of trained officers • Most very senior officers were not Muslims • All ordnance factories were in India • India provided outdated/damaged equipment and armed forces were under- resourced. Level One: Answers which do no more than describe 1–4 marks (Up to 2 marks for each element described) Level Two: Answers which explain the importance of the elements given. 5–8 marks Up to two marks for each element assessed. Therefore: One explained = 5–6 marks. Two explained = 7–8 marks (ii) Which of these do you think had the greater importance for the people of Pakistan? Explain your answer? [2] No marks merely for merely saying which had the greater importance. No marks for additional description. 2 marks for explaining the decision. (e.g. economic problems were more important=0; economic problems were more important as without greater prosperity it would be hard to deal with influx of refugees or pay for defences and public developments=2)