Cambridge A Level Physical Education 9396 — 2018 Oct/Nov Paper 3 · Variant 3

1 (a) The table shows an energy continuum. aerobic anaerobic sporting activity percentage percentage 0 100 100 m sprint 20 80 kayaking 40 60 tennis 60 40 1500 m run 80 20 cross-country running 100 0 marathon running Justify why tennis has been placed in this position on the continuum. [4] (b) After intense exercise the body begins the recovery process and will have an oxygen debt, which is also known as EPOC. (i) Explain the causes of an oxygen debt/EPOC. [2] (ii) Outline the different processes that occur during the recovery process. [5] (c) During a training programme, the principle of overload must be applied if physiological adaptations are to occur. Describe three ways that overload can be achieved. [3] (d) Static strength is needed in many physical activities. (i) Define static strength and give a sporting example of its use. [2] (ii) Describe, using practical examples, a type of training that could be used to develop static strength. [3] (e) Good flexibility provides health benefits as well as enhancing performance. (i) State three factors that affect flexibility. [3] (ii) Describe a recognised method of evaluating flexibility. [4] (f) Discuss the use of human growth hormone (HGH) as an ergogenic aid to performance in sport. [4] [Total: 30]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a) 4 marks for any 4 of: 4 1 tennis has periods of high intensity AND low intensity work; 2 (aerobic), e.g. long duration of match OR match requires high level of stamina; 3 (aerobic), e.g. rest periods between points / games / changeover of ends; 4 (anaerobic), e.g. nature of some strokes, e.g. serve / smash / drive / volley; 5 (anaerobic), e.g. sprinting across court to reach ball OR strength endurance for long rally; 1(b)(i) 2 marks for any 2 of: 2 1 insufficient oxygen was available (during exercise / for aerobic respiration); 2 cardiovascular system needs time to get enough oxygen to muscles; 3 anaerobic systems were being used; 1(b)(ii) 5 marks for 5 of: 5 (sub-max. 3 marks for each component / stage) (alactacid) 1 alactacid stage / debt component; 2 re-synthesis of ATP/PC OR restoration of muscle phosphagen; 3 replenishment of myoglobin stores with oxygen OR restoration of oxy- myoglobin link; 4 takes 2–3 minutes OR uses up to 4 litres of oxygen; (lactacid) 5 lactacid stage / debt component; 6 removal of lactic acid; 7 takes about 1 hour OR uses 5–8 litres of oxygen; 8 replenishment of glycogen stores; 1(c) 3 marks for any 3 of: 3 1 (frequency) increase frequency of training OR increase number of sessions per week; 2 (intensity) increase intensity of training OR work at higher percentage of max. HR / at higher percentage of max 1 RM / run faster / more reps / heavier weights; 3 (time) increase duration of training OR longer training session; 4 (rest) reduce rest periods during training; 1(d)(i) 2 marks for: 2 1 (definition) strength exerted against a resistance with no movement / change of muscle length OR strength exerted isometrically; 2 (examples) rugby scrum / tug-of-war / handstand; 1(d)(ii) 3 marks for any 3 of: 3 1 (type) resistance / weight / isometric / circuit training / interval training; 2 named exercise, e.g. plank / bridge OR weight held in stationary position; 3 (position held for) at least 10 seconds (depending on weight); 4 at least 2 repetitions / sets; 5 resistance at least 70% of 1 RM; 1(e)(i) 3 marks for any 3 of: 3 1 type of joint; 2 length / elasticity of muscle / ligaments / tendons / skin / connective tissue; 3 shape of bones (at joint) / joint structure; 4 temperature; 5 age; 6 gender; 7 injury; 8 training / lifestyle; 9 muscle / fat bulk; 1(e)(ii) 4 marks for: 4 1 (name) sit and reach test; goniometer / goniometry; 2 (description) sit on floor, legs straight, fulcrum / pivot / head of feet against box / bench goniometer is placed at AND reach forward as joint (axis of rotation) far as possible (with AND arms of goniometer arms straight); align with bones / limbs; 3 (score / result of test) hold position (for 2 record angle in degrees seconds) and record shown (on goniometer); score / distance reached; 4 (evaluation) compare score to compare angle to (normative) tables / data; (normative) tables / data; 1(f) 4 marks for 4 of: 4 Sub-max. 3 marks for positives only, or negatives only. (positives – sub-max. 3 marks) 1 increases muscle mass / size / growth OR increases strength / power; 2 rapid repair of injured connective tissue; 3 enhances intensity of training; 4 improves recovery rate (after training); 5 increases metabolism OR reduces body fat; 6 increases bone density / bone growth / bone strength; 7 difficult to detect; (negatives – sub-max. 3 marks) 1 illegal / banned substance; 2 abnormal growth of bone / muscle tissue; 3 enlargement of vital organs, e.g. heart OR can cause heart attacks; 4 growth of hands / feet / face OR acromegaly; 5 risk of cancers / diabetes / liver / kidney damage / stroke / infections from needles; 6 high blood pressure; 7 reduces natural HGH production; 8 reduction in size of pituitary gland and / or reduced secretions;

2 (a) Sports psychologists have recognised links between attitudes and behaviour in sporting situations. (i) Describe how the cognitive and affective components of an attitude can influence a performer’s behaviour. [2] (ii) A coach can change a performer’s attitude by using persuasive communication. Explain how each of the following factors affect this process. • the persuader • the recipient • the message • the situation [4] (b) Goal setting is an important technique for improving performance and maintaining motivation. Explain, using sporting examples, five of the SMARTER factors affecting the setting of goals. [5] (c) Performance may depend on the level of arousal of an individual. (i) Define the term arousal. [1] (ii) Explain how the levels of arousal required for peak performance are linked to a performer’s ability. [2] (d) In sport, the presence of an audience can have both positive and negative effects. (i) Suggest negative effects of an audience on sporting performance. [4] (ii) Explain how a coach could combat the negative effects of an audience. [5] (e) Weiner’s model categorises reasons for success or failure into the two dimensions of causality and stability. For example, task difficulty is categorised as an external and stable attribution. State a sporting example for each of the other three attributions. [3] (f) Explain what is meant by the terms mastery orientation and learned helplessness in sport. [4] [Total: 30] Section C: Olympic Games: a global perspective

Mark scheme: 2(a)(i) 2 marks for: 2 1 (cognitive) thoughts / beliefs / knowledge about an object OR a performer knows that going to the gym will improve fitness; 2 (affective) feelings / emotions about an object OR a performer does not enjoy training; 2(a)(ii) 4 marks for: 4 1 (persuader) if persuader is high status / knowledgeable / role model then more likely to change; 2 (recipient) the resistance of performer to change OR performer must want to change; 3 (message) message must be clear / concise / informative / unambiguous / accurate; 4 (situation) timing / context allows recipient to take in information OR if others around are also supporting the message the performer is more likely to change; 2(b) 5 marks for any 5 of: 5 (sub-max. 3 marks if no example used; sub-max. 4 marks if only one example used) 1 specific to individual / activity, e.g. shot putter improving throwing technique; 2 measurable / assessable, e.g. a 100-m sprinter improving his PB by 0.1 seconds; 3 agreed / accepted (between coach and performer), e.g. sprinter accepts the need to improve sprint start to reduce race time OR seen as achievable; 4 realistic or within the reach of performer or challenging (so motivation is high), e.g. talented netballer aiming to achieve selection for county / national squad; 5 time-phased / timed or have a set time-frame or have a deadline for assessment, e.g. achieve level 13 in the MSFT in 6 weeks time; 6 exciting to motivate performer to achieve them, e.g. amateur runner wanting to complete a marathon and raise funds for charity; 7 recorded to monitor progress, e.g. cyclist writing down goals in training diary; 2(c)(i) 1 mark for: 1 1 (arousal) state of readiness to perform OR degree of alertness / activation / emotional control; 2(c)(ii) 2 marks for: 2 1 low ability / beginners / cognitive / associative performers need low / lower arousal; 2 high ability / elite / experienced / autonomous performers need high / higher arousal; 2(d)(i) 4 marks for any 4 of: 4 1 social inhibition; 2 mistakes / errors / reduction in skill / reduction in performance; 3 increase in anxiety / nervousness / arousal / muscle tension OR lower self- confidence; 4 evaluation apprehension OR negative feelings about being judged; 5 causes distractions OR affects ability to focus / concentrate OR poor decision- making / communication issues; 6 widening of attentional focus OR too many cues to attend to; 7 causes a performer to ‘choke’ OR overthink situations; 2(d)(ii) 5 marks for any 5 of: 5 1 train in front of an audience OR train with distractions; 2 reduce importance of the event; 3 improve selective attention; 4 ensure skills / tactics / individual roles are well learned; 5 use stress / anxiety management techniques OR a given example of these, e.g. mental rehearsal / goal-setting; 6 encourage team mates to support each other OR use verbal encouragement; 7 use attributions correctly; 8 increase self-efficacy of performer; 9 performance accomplishments OR give success; 2(e) 3 marks for: 3 Must link a sporting example to attribution for each mark. 1 external unstable / luck AND e.g. a golfer gets a lucky bounce onto the green; 2 internal stable / ability AND e.g. a county squash player against the world no. 1 ranked player; 3 internal unstable / effort AND e.g. a football team saying they lost because they did not try hard enough; 2(f) 4 marks for 4 of: 4 Sub-max. 2 marks for each. (mastery orientation – sub-max. 2 marks) 1 strong motivation to succeed; 2 shows persistence despite failure / approach behaviour; 3 has high self-confidence / positive mind-set; 4 attributes failure to internal AND unstable or controllable factors; (learned helplessness – sub-max. 2 marks) 5 feeling / belief that failure is inevitable; 6 due to previous past experience OR failure reinforced by others; 7 avoidance behaviour / gives up easily / does not try OR low self-confidence; 8 attributes failure to internal AND stable OR attributes failure to uncontrollable factors; 9 can be global or specific;

3 (a) (i) Outline the bidding process that a venue, such as Rio, went through in order to be selected to host the 2016 Olympic Games. [5] (ii) Suggest how the host nation can ensure the safety of athletes during their time at the Olympic Games. [3] (iii) Discuss the Olympic ideal of a positive legacy for the host nation of the Olympic Games. [5] (b) Describe examples of when political power has been used by countries to prevent their own athletes, or athletes from other countries, from competing in the Olympic Games. [5] (c) Outline the positive effects of commercialism on the Olympic Games. [6] (d) Sir Ludwig Guttmann was a driving force behind the Paralympic movement. Explain the growth of the Paralympic movement over the last seventy years. [6] [Total: 30]

Mark scheme: 3(a)(i) 5 marks for any 5 of: 5 1 cities submit bid to IOC; 2 7–11 years prior to event; 3 (detailed) plan / video to support bid must be included; 4 must have local / national government support OR backed by government financial guarantees; 5 lobbying / personal approaches to IOC members OR attempts to influence IOC officials; 6 members of evaluation commission visit bid cities; 7 National Olympic Committee (NOC) oversees bid; 8 members of evaluation commission vote for one bid; 9 city with majority is selected (more votes than all other cities put together to win outright); 10 if no clear majority, city with lowest number of votes is rejected, and new vote is made; 3(a)(ii) 3 marks for any 3 of: 3 1 high security at all venues; 2 provide funding for high levels of policing; 3 vetting / accreditation system for all athletes / officials / support staff; 4 use of advanced policing technology / CCTV / number plate recognition; 5 awareness that Games have high risk of attack; 6 assistance / support from other countries; 7 allow (some) athletes to make own living / security arrangements (e.g. Usain Bolt); 3(a)(iii) 5 marks for any 5 of: 5 1 increase in participation in sport OR health benefits from participation; 2 top-class facilities available for use (after Games); 3 regeneration of city OR improved infrastructure OR use of village for housing; 4 development of tourism (during and after Games); 5 feel-good factor / national pride / brings country together; 6 educational programmes OR cultural / disability awareness; 7 employment opportunities; 8 skills acquired (in hosting OG) used for further development / innovation; 9 sustainability / environmental issues addressed; (Accept negative impacts on environment etc.) 10 funding not spent on other areas that may need it; 11 spiral of extravagance / pressure to borrow to spend big; 12 only host city (not rest of country) benefits; 13 relocation of businesses / people; 14 facilities often unused after event / white elephants; 15 problems occurring may impact on future bids; 16 evidence of lower participation in some sports; 3(b) 5 marks for any 5 of: 5 1 host nation sets agenda on who is invited; 2 Berlin (1936) Germany refused to select Jewish athletes; 3 countries lobby IOC / bring pressure to bear to refuse entry; 4 London (1948) Germany / Japan refused entry; 5 South Africa refused entry due to apartheid system; 6 Montreal (1976) African nations boycott; 7 Montreal (1976) Taiwan refused entry; 8 countries boycott Games in response to host countries actions; 9 Moscow (1980) USA (and others) boycott; 10 Los Angeles (1984) Soviet Union boycott; 11 Seoul (1988) North Korea refuse to send athletes / boycott; 12 countries choosing not to select women competitors for cultural / religious reasons; 3(c) 6 marks for any 6 of: 6 1 saved the Games from collapse OR ensures financial stability of Games; 2 cities showed reluctance to host due to huge costs involved; 3 funding from media rights; 4 funding from sponsorship / merchandising / private companies; 5 host city / NOC now get financial support from IOC / The Olympic Programme (TOP); 6 money available to pay for facilities / security / media coverage of minority sports; 7 allows OG to attract best / world-class athletes; 8 IOC can fund fight against doping; 9 companies must abide by Olympic ideals OR no advertising in venues during Games; 10 IOC can fund other cultural / educational / anti-discriminatory projects; 11 IOC / NOC can employ professionals from business / marketing / etc.; 3(d) 6 marks for any 6 of: 6 1 pre-WW2 belief that the disabled could not take part in sport; 2 post-WW2 changing attitudes to participation; 3 treatment / rehabilitation of injured soldiers OR morale boosting effects; 4 importance of Stoke Mandeville Hospital / Stoke Mandeville Games; 5 development of new technology; 6 creation of new / adapted sports; 7 legislation / equal opportunities / anti-discrimination; 8 classification system developed; 9 creation of elite competitions for disabled athletes OR Rome (1960) first Paralympic Games; 10 importance of Seoul (1988) – first use of same venue as OG; 11 games now held at same venue as Olympics / same format as Olympics; 12 increasing media coverage / funding / marketing / sponsorship; 13 increasing awareness / popularity of role models / Games act as showcase; 14 general acceptance (in society) as athletes in their own right; 15 disabled athletes competing alongside able-bodied athletes (in OG); 16 role of NGBs;