Cambridge A Level Information Technology (from 2017) 9626 — 2022 May/June Paper 3 · Variant 2

1 Mobile electronic wallets can be used to make small payments. (a) Describe what is meant by a mobile electronic wallet. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (b) A mobile electronic wallet has to be set up on a device before making the first payment using it. Describe how a mobile electronic wallet is set up on a mobile (cell) phone. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4]

Mark scheme: 1(a) Two from: An app running on (a mobile device/smartphone) Stores debit/credit card information/digital currency/electronic money Allows payment for goods/services (digitally) Enables/allows contactless payments/uses NFC technology. 2 1(b) Four from: User downloads/installs app (from (finance) provider) User registers with (finance) provider on/via app User inputs phone number Provider sends user a verification code via SMS/text message User authenticates number when receiving verification code User inputs debit/credit card information/data/payment details/adds account details Allows linking to bank account User validates/authenticates payment details. 4

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2 Digital images can be compressed. (a) Explain why it is sometimes necessary to compress digital images. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (b) Explain how lossy compression can affect computer images. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6]

Mark scheme: 2(a) Two from: Reduction in file size/to reduce the file size… to make it fit in available/take up less space on storage device (Reduction in file size) to allow transmission in email (Reduction in file size) to allow faster download to webpage/loading of webpages Reduction in image resolution for display on small screen/mobile devices Glitch art can make use of compression artefacts to alter images/JPEGs for artistic displays/picture style. Question Answer Marks 2(b) Six from: Loss of image data has a visible effect on quality of image/image quality is reduced Compression artefacts are produced during process of compression/by compression algorithm Compression artefacts can be visible/noticeable and detract from/reduce image quality Sudden changes in colour/brightness/contrast in an image can cause rings/bands/ghosts can appear near the edges Conversion of a gradation in tone by loss of data into fewer tones causes blocking/posterisation/checker-boarding to occur False edges may be created/(false) contouring due to reduction of grey levels/reduction to less than 16 grey levels in image so more edges appear to viewer Loss of data in curves/combining curve data/pixels during compression can lead to the curve appearing stepped/stair- cased and not as a smooth curve (Degradation in quality due to) changes/reduction colour depth/saturation/hue Reduction in resolution Compression algorithms can mistake text in images and change the meaning e.g. 6 mistaken for 8. 6

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3 A technician is carrying out corrective maintenance on a computer system. (a) Explain what is meant by corrective maintenance. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (b) Describe the steps that the technician should take when carrying out the maintenance. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3]

Mark scheme: 3(a) Two from: Correcting a problem/issue in the system After the system has already broken down/failed/not working properly Restoring the functioning/operability of the system by replacing components/adjusting code. 2 Question Answer Marks 3(b) Three from: Diagnosing the problem (by testing the systems modules/components) Ask users for/gather information about the error/problem Identifying the problem/error/fault in the system Removing the faulty component/isolating the faulty code/module Replacing the faulty component with a new one (and testing it) Updating/amending the faulty/problematic software code/module Check for and removing viruses/malware/uninstalling harmful programs Reformatting storage devices and perform a system restore Refer to technical documentation. Take notes/make a report for reference Retest the system at end of process. 3

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4 The confirm() method is used in JavaScript to create and provide dialog boxes for users to interact with web pages. (a) Describe the purpose of two elements of the dialog box that appears when confirm() is used. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [2] (b) Explain why the use of confirm() may cause problems on web pages. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3] (c) Explain how the result of the user interaction from confirm() is reported back to the JavaScript code for use in the remaining code. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3]

Mark scheme: 4(a) Two from: (Provides OK (button)) to indicate acceptance/verified by the user of choice (Provides Cancel (button)) to indicate rejection by the user of choice Provides a message specified by programmer to explain the choices available/question asked by programmer Provides (in some browsers) a Close (X) (button) on the top right of the box which may act as a cancel button. 4(b) Three from: User is forced to look at/interpret/read the message/attention drawn away from main web page display causing user to lose concentration on page content Input focus is taken away from the web site/pages until box is closed so no other user interaction is possible/creates a modal window Other codes may stop running/functioning until the dialogue box is closed causing errors/interruptions to web page/code/ user interactions Position of dialog box cannot be controlled by programmer so may block information on page Some browsers may not (properly) support all of the elements of the dialogue box so some actions may not be possible. 3 Question Answer Marks 4(c) Three from: Return value will be stored in a declared variable Return value is Boolean/either-or/one of two values If user clicks/chooses OK then TRUE is returned to the variable If user clicks cancel/close then FALSE is returned to the variable Result in variable can be used to display appropriate message depending on choice by user. 3

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5 Frame Relay is used in networks. (a) Explain why Frame Relay is used. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [6] (b) Explain the drawbacks of using Frame Relay. ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [3]

Mark scheme: 5(a) Six from: Supports the transport of data at high speeds through networks Is a connectionless service so each data packet passing through the network contains address information Allows use of virtual circuits which can appear permanent to users Allows multiplexing of virtual circuits to share network load/bandwidth Can only detect errors at the data link layer so there is no flow control/error control Faulty/damaged frames are dropped and there is no request for retransmission Supports variable frame sizes/data packets to accommodate different data requirements Operates at physical and data link layers so can be used for internet/broadband/ISDN connections There is no error control so it requires a reliable medium for transmission. 5(b) Three from: Frames are delivered unreliably so have to be retransmitted if sender is aware of need/sender responsibility to resend Frames/data may go missing as there is no acknowledgement of received packets Packets may not be delivered in the same sequence as when sent No flow control so cannot stop data transmission when network is congested so data can be lost Frames are discarded when the network is congested Frame/data is lost if retransmission of this frame does not occur. 3

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6 A manufacturing company uses outdated hardware and software which need to be replaced with new hardware and software. Discuss the benefits and drawbacks of using parallel running to change over from the old hardware and software to the new hardware and software. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... [6]

Mark scheme: 6 Discuss: write about issue(s) or topic(s) in depth in a structured way. Max 1 for good description of parallel running method of implementation Six from: Benefits: Can compare results from existing hardware/software/system …to ensure that there are no errors Can refer to/use existing hardware/software/system for reference if errors occur …so that the errors can be rectified Existing hardware/software/system can be used while errors/problems in new are rectified …so that production is not stopped/can continue Staff can be trained on new hardware/software/system while referring to existing hardware/software/system …so that staff confidence can be maintained/improved Drawbacks: Costs of parallel running can be high as two sets of hardware/software/system have to be run at the same time …requiring more power use/staff to run both sets of hardware/software/system Staff may need to do twice normal workload to run two sets of hardware/software/system …so production may slow down Maintenance time/effort is increased as there is two sets of hardware/software/system …this may slow production/increase costs Requirement to input data/instructions twice which increases data entry costs/production costs/slows production time Need to ensure accurate input of same data to ensure comparable results from both sets of hardware/software/system. Must have at least one of each for full marks. Must be a proper discussion for full marks. Max 4 marks if bullets/list of points.

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7 Computer-based training can be used to deliver technology enhanced learning to students. Discuss the impact of the use of computer-based training on student motivation and achievement. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... [8]

Mark scheme: 7 Eight from: Discuss: write about issues(s) or topic(s) in depth in a structured way. Positive Impacts: Training is more accessible to students/learners as can be used when and where convenient to student/available at anytime Delivery of small amounts of information in a step-by-step manner prompts students/learners to respond to a lesson at intervals/take brief tests regularly Provides students/learners with regular/instant/quicker feedback on their responses/overall progress increasing engagement and achievement/retention of knowledge/skills Allows students/learners to take courses at their own pace without need for/pressure to keep up with/wait for peers Sets learning prerequisites for moving on to/in readiness for the next lesson/section/topic Can track progress more accurately/can set individual targets Course information is easily/readily available/retrievable for later reference Negative impacts: Reduced human interaction with teachers/instructors so discussion is more difficult Reduced human interaction with fellow students/learners so reduced groupwork/discussions/assistance Teachers/instructors may not always be available when students require assistance Students/learners with low motivation will fall behind in their studies Without per/class discussions some students will be confused/not understand fully Slow /poor internet connections/older computing devices/power fluctuations may not allow easy access to course materials Must be at least two of each for full marks. Must be a proper discussion for full marks. Max 6 marks if bullets/list of points.

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8 Email uses a system based on the client-server model. Explain how emails are sent and received using this system. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... [4]

Mark scheme: 8 Four from: Mail server provides email services to email client Email client sends request to server Server sends a response to email client Email client/app/reader/mail user agent/mail transfer agent/web mail logs into mail server Rules and language for requests/responses are determined by protocols/SMTP/IMAP/POP3 Messages are transferred between client and server/emails stored on server.

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9 Analyse the use of the critical path method in project management. .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................................................... [8]

Mark scheme: 9 Analyse: examine in detail to show meaning, identify elements and the relationship between them. Max two from: Method of scheduling tasks in a project Used to determine longest path/route through a project/how quickly a project can be completed Eight from: Reduces the risk of delays by involving all managers in details of planning so all are aware of the overall project details Allows resources required for each activity to be made available at the appropriate time which reduces costs Task/activities can be scheduled in parallel/simultaneously to reduce overall duration of project Determines/shows the dependencies of the activities/tasks… …so focus can be on the critical ones to improve chances of project success/activities that are required before others can start can be prioritised Use of ‘floats’ in timings can accommodate/allow for unexpected delays/minimise effect of unexpected external factors Complex activities/tasks are difficult to represent on a network diagram/diagram becomes very large and difficult to comprehend easily Charts/diagrams for large projects may be difficult to access easily away from office computers/on mobile devices External factors may change so the critical path analysis has to be redone/amended/may no longer apply Relies on estimates of task/activity duration so whole process can be invalid if estimates are wrong/inaccurate Resource details are limited so other methods of charting resources need to be used.

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10 The data mining process consists of several phases. Describe the tasks that occur in each of the phases shown below. (a) Data understanding ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4] (b) Deployment ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................................................. [4]

Mark scheme: 10(a) Four from: Gathering the data required for the phase Documenting/describing the data e.g. location of source/how acquired Listing the source of the data that has been gathered Populate the analysis tool/software with the data Reviewing/exploring the data to check for e.g. completeness/anomalies/outliers (Visually) checking the data for patterns/trends/groupings within the data set(s) Verifying the quality of the data that has been gathered. 10(b) Three from: Planning how the data mining results will be used/reported Creating a plan to monitor/maintain the model to ensure it remains valid/useful Applying the data model/process to new data to generate predictions/trends/analysis as required by business Reporting the final results of the data mining process Reviewing the final results of the data mining process to check for errors and how to correct them. 4

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