Cambridge A Level Classical Studies 9274 — 2018 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 3

1 Read the passage below and answer the questions which follow: There was also talk about his numerous consulships – which equalled the combined totals of Marcus Valerius Corvus and Gaius Marius – of his tribune’s power continuous for thirty-seven years, of the twenty-one times he was hailed as victor, and of his other honours, traditional or novel, single or repeated. Intelligent people praised or criticized him in varying terms. One opinion was as follows. Filial duty and a national 5 emergency, in which there was no place for law-abiding conduct, had driven him to civil war – and this can be neither initiated nor maintained by decent methods. He had made many concessions to Antony and to Lepidus for the sake of vengeance on his father’s murderers. When Lepidus grew old and lazy, and Antony’s self-indulgence got the better of him, the only possible cure for the distracted country had been government 10 by one man. However, Augustus had put the State in order not by making himself king or dictator but by creating the Principate. The empire’s frontiers were on the ocean, or distant rivers. Armies, provinces, fleets, the whole system was interrelated. Roman citizens were protected by the law. Provincials were decently treated. Rome itself had been lavishly beautified. Force had been sparingly used – merely to preserve peace 15 for the majority. (Tacitus, Annals 1) (i) ‘numerous consulships’ (line 1). How many times did Augustus hold the post of consul? [1] (ii) ‘other honours’ (line 4). Give three honours Augustus received during his lifetime. (Do not include Octavian’s renaming as Augustus.) [3] (iii) Briefly explain why ‘filial duty’ (line 5) had driven Augustus to ‘civil war’ (line 7). [4] (iv) In which year did Augustus form the Second Triumvirate with Antony and Lepidus? [1] (v) In which battle did Augustus defeat Antony? [1] (vi) Using this passage as a starting point, explain how far you agree that Augustus saved the Roman State from destruction. [15] [Total: 25] OR

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(i) ‘numerous consulships’ (line 1). How many times did Augustus hold 1 the post of consul? • 13 1(ii) ‘other honours’ (line 4). Give three honours Augustus received during 3 his lifetime. (Do not include Octavian’s renaming as Augustus.) Civic Crown, Pater Patriae, Laurel on door, Golden Shield, Month of August, Birthday. (any 3). 1(iii) Briefly explain why ‘filial duty’ (line 5) had driven Augustus to ‘civil war’ 4 (line 7). Julius Caesar was assassinated by Cassius and Brutus (1). Julius Caesar was Augustus’ adoptive father (1). Augustus had to avenge his father (1). They had fled to Greece and raised an army (1). The only way to kill them was by fighting a war (1). (Any 4) 1(iv) In which year did Augustus form the Second Triumvirate with Antony 1 and Lepidus? • 43 BC 1(v) In which battle did Augustus defeat Antony? 1 • Actium 1(vi) Using this passage as a starting point, explain how far you agree that 15 Augustus saved the Roman State from destruction? The passage excuses Augustus’ acts as necessary to restore peace, and seems to put the blame for the wars on his opponents and stresses the benefits that Augustus’ rule gave to the Roman Empire. However, it does also mention that he became sole ruler of the empire, although it states that one-man rule was inevitable under the circumstances. It does not mention the changes in the political system which were the result of his personal rule, nor the horrors which accompanied Augustus’ rise to power and the passing on of his power to Tiberius to keep power in the family. Following the assassination of Julius Caesar the actions of Augustus maintained the stability and fabric of the state.

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2 ‘Of all Augustus’ policies, social legislation was the only failure during his reign.’ Explain how far you agree with this statement. [25] OR

Mark scheme: 2 ‘Of all Augustus’ policies, social legislation was the only failure during 25 his reign.’ Explain how far you agree with this statement. Social Legislation • Adultery was made a criminal offence. • Unmarried men had restrictions on their political careers. • Married women who had borne three or more children were given special privileges. • Senators were not allowed to marry freedwomen. Failure • Adultery continued to be a problem. • Augustus was forced to exile both his daughter and his granddaughter for immoral behaviour. • Marriage legislation had little effect. • The rewards for mothers of three children were devalued by being given to Livia, who only had two sons. Other Areas for Consideration • Other policies were generally successful. • Peace was established throughout the empire. • Provinces were governed more fairly. • Building programmes improved not just Rome, but other cities. Other Failures • Augustus lost all of his preferred heirs before they could succeed him, but he was succeeded by Tiberius, a family member. Candidates may also mention that military expansion was halted by the Varian disaster.

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SECTION TWO: VIRGIL Answer ONE of the following three questions. EITHER

Mark scheme: 3 Why do you think that Augustus was such a popular ruler of Rome and 25 its empire? • Augustus restored peace to the empire after a century of civil wars. • This brought prosperity to Rome and the provinces through increased trade. • He improved Rome through his building programme. • He ensured Rome’s grain supply through the annexation of Egypt. • He provided the citizens of Rome with entertainment in the form of Games, and regularly gave money to the citizens. • He avoided looking like an autocrat by refusing to be called ‘king’ and preserving the form of Republican government. • He ensured that only a good image of him was seen through the use of propaganda, and through literature and sculpture. There is no doubt that Augustus was a popular ruler. There were occasional plots against his life, but overall, the common people liked him very much. Even the Senate accepted him, and had no option but to transfer his powers to Tiberius after his death. Augustus’ popularity is shown by his deification after his death.

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4 Read the passage below and answer the questions which follow: ‘If only that golden bough would now show itself to us in this great grove, since everything the priestess said about Misenus has proved only too true.’ No sooner had he spoken than two doves chanced to come flying out of the sky and settle there on the grass in front of him. Then the great Aeneas knew they were his mother’s birds and he was glad. ‘Be my guides,’ he prayed, ‘if there is a way, and direct your swift 5 flight through the air into the grove where the rich branch shades the fertile soil. And you, goddess, my mother, do not fail me in my time of uncertainty.’ So he spoke and waited to see what signs they would give and in what direction they would move. They flew and fed and flew again, always keeping in sight of those who followed. Then, when they came to the evil-smelling throat of Avernus, first they soared and then they 10 swooped down through the clear air and settled where Aeneas had prayed they would settle, on the top of the tree that was two trees, from whose green there gleamed the breath of gold along the branch. Just as the mistletoe, not sown by the tree on which it grows, puts out fresh foliage in the woods in the cold of winter and twines its yellow fruit round slender tree trunks, so shone the golden foliage on the dark ilex, so rustled 15 the golden foil in the gentle breeze. (Virgil, Aeneid 6) (i) ‘golden bough’ (line 1). Why is Aeneas searching for this object? [1] (ii) What is the name of the ‘priestess’ (line 2)? [1] (iii) What has the ‘priestess’ already told Aeneas about Misenus (line 2)? [2] (iv) ‘his mother’s birds’ (line 4). What is the name of Aeneas’ mother? [1] (v) Give another occasion when Aeneas has been helped by his mother. [1] (vi) Look at the simile ‘Just as the mistletoe ... in the gentle breeze’ (lines 13–16). Explain two points of similarity between the simile and the scene it is intended to illustrate. [4] (vii) ‘Aeneas is a good leader of his men.’ How far do you think this opinion is true of the books of the Aeneid you have studied? [15] [Total: 25] OR

Mark scheme: 4(i) ‘golden bough’ (line 1). Why is Aeneas searching for this object? 1 To gain entry into the Underworld/give as an offering to Proserpina. 4(ii) What is the name of ‘the priestess’ (line 2)? 1 The Sibyl 4(iii) What has ‘the priestess’ already told Aeneas about Misenus (line 2)? 2 He is dead and unburied. 4(iv) ‘his mother’s birds’ (line 4). What is the name of Aeneas’ mother? 1 Venus 4(v) Give another occasion when Aeneas has been helped by his mother. 1 • Making Dido fall in love with Aeneas. • Venus’ revelation of the actions of the gods at Troy. • Stopping her son from killing Helen. • Gives information about Carthage. • Provides a protective mist. • Protects his family during the fall of Troy. 4(vi) Look at the simile ‘Just as the mistletoe ... in the gentle breeze’ (lines 4 13–16). Explain two points of similarity between the simile and the scene it is intended to illustrate. Any two of the following: [1 per point + 1 per explanation] • mistletoe represents the golden bough; • both are to be found on a tree which is not theirs; it is parasitic; • the cold of the winter reflects the backdrop of the Underworld; • the contrast between the colours. 4(vii) ‘Aeneas is a good leader of his men.’ How far do you think this opinion 15 is true of the books of the Aeneid you have studied? Aeneas is often seen to be a good leader of his men. He: • hides his own emotions when addressing his men after the storm; • provides his men with a feast of venison and wine; • goes out to bring back a true account of the land to his men; • is followed by his men when fighting at Troy; • leads the survivors out of Troy; • buries Misenus. At times, however, Aeneas’ leadership credentials are somewhat dubious. He: • gives into his furor at Troy; • takes a band of men to their deaths; • jeopardizes his mission by looking for Creusa; • dallies with Dido and his men are happy to be leaving; • is heavily reliant upon the help of others, especially the gods.

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5 To what extent do you think that the gods and goddesses of the Aeneid behave irresponsibly? [25] OR

Mark scheme: 5 To what extent do you think that the gods and goddesses of the Aeneid 25 behave irresponsibly? In the Aeneid the gods and goddesses demonstrate a mixture of responsible and irresponsible behaviour. Jupiter is responsible for the sending of omens in Book 2 and ordering Mercury to visit Aeneas in Book 4. He is also the holder of the Fates from where he reveals Aeneas’ destiny to Venus. His vigilance, however, might be in doubt in allowing his wife and daughter so much room to meddle with destiny and he does not seem too observant to Aeneas languishing at Carthage. Juno’s hatred of the Trojans might seem to be caused by some trivial reasons and her manipulation of Aeolus, which leads to the storm, might be viewed as the behaviour of an irresponsible goddess. So too is her readiness to use Dido regardless of the suffering she will cause the queen. She does, however, show a level of compassion in allowing Dido to die at the end of Book 4. Venus’ use of Cupid to engineer Dido’s love for the hero to ensure he has a favourable reception at Carthage is a mixture of responsible and irresponsible behaviour. At times, however, she is responsible. She appears to Aeneas during the fall of Troy and reveals to him the intervention of the gods. She also keeps his family safe, helps him find his way to Carthage and the Golden Bough. She provides her son with the vision of the gods destroying Troy. She is, however, deceptive – she claims not to know whether Jupiter would approve of the merging of the two nations but has had a sneak preview of the scrolls of fate in Book 1. There is also room to include discussion of Mercury, Iris, Neptune and other lesser deities.

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SECTION THREE: JUVENAL Answer ONE of the following three questions. EITHER

Mark scheme: 6 Explain what makes Book 2 of the Aeneid so dramatic. 25 Book 2 is dramatic in a variety of ways. It contains: • an exciting plot line – Sinon’s deception, appearance of the twin serpents, the Wooden Horse, the dream of Hector, description of desperate fighting and a falling, burning city. • pathos laden scenes including the descriptions of Laocoon, Hector, Priam and Creusa. • strong characterisation in the way in which Aeneas wavers between the values of a Homeric hero and his tentative first steps along the path to become the first Roman hero. • the miraculous change in Anchises’ character after the three omens; • the intervention of the gods which helps to raise the level of the narrative; • vivid writing enhanced through the use of similes, metaphor, imagery, pejorative choice of vocabulary etc.

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7 Read the passage below and answer the questions which follow: ‘Come on, then, quickly, down to the river – boot Caesar’s foe in the ribs while his corpse is still on show.’ ‘But make sure our slaves watch us – eyewitnesses can’t deny it, can’t drag their quaking masters into court at a rope’s end.’ That’s how they talked of Sejanus, such was their private gossip. 5 Would you really choose to be courted as Sejanus was? To possess all he did? To hand out top magistracies, appoint the Chief of the General Staff, be known as the ‘protector’ of a Princeps hunkered down on the narrow crag of Cápri with his herd of astrologers? You’d love the salutes, the cohorts, 10 a private barracks, crack cavalry – and indeed, why shouldn’t you covet them? Even those who lack the murderer’s instinct would like to be licensed to kill. Yet what fame or prosperity are worth having if they bring you as much trouble as pleasure? Would you rather assume the mantle of the wretched creature 15 being dragged along there, or control some sleepy rural hamlet, inspecting weights, giving orders for the destruction of short-measure pint-pots, an out-at-elbows aedile? So you have to admit, the knowledge of what was desirable eluded Sejanus. His itch for excessive honours, 20 his pursuit of excessive wealth, built up a towering edifice, storey by storey, so that its final downfall was that degree greater, the crash more catastrophic. (Juvenal, Satire 10) (i) What is Juvenal arguing that people should not pray for in this passage? [1] (ii) Why was Sejanus removed from power? [1] (iii) What was the name of the emperor who ordered his removal from power? [1] (iv) From this passage, find three examples of Juvenal’s satiric technique. Write out the example, identify the technique and explain its effect. [6] (v) What does Juvenal argue people should pray for at the end of Satire 10? [1] (vi) Using this passage as a starting point, discuss how the content and structure of Satire 10 is used to show that people do not know what to pray for. [15] [Total: 25] OR

Mark scheme: 7(i) What is Juvenal arguing that people should not pray for in this 1 passage? Power 7(ii) Why was Sejanus removed from power? 1 Tried to replace the emperor. 7(iii) What was the name of the Emperor who ordered his removal from 1 power? Tiberius 7(iv) From this passage, find three examples of Juvenal’s satiric technique. 6 Write out the example, identify the technique and explain its effect. Any three of the following: • emphatic contrast in the powers and attention Sejanus enjoyed and the aedile ordering the destruction of short-measure pots; • use of direct speech; • direct address to the audience; • derogatory comment – ‘herd of astrologers’; • use of rhetorical question – ‘would you really choose to be courted as Sejanus was?’; • repetition of rhetorical questions; • metaphor – ‘towering edifice ...’; • accumulation of examples – ‘salutes, the cohorts ...’; • repetition of ‘excessive’ to highlight Sejanus’ stature. 7(v) What does Juvenal argue people should pray for at the end of 1 Satire 10? Healthy mind in a healthy body 7(vi) Using this passage as a starting point, discuss how the content and 15 structure of Satire 10 is used to show that people do not know what to pray for. From the passage, candidates might comment upon: • the choice of example. The fate of Sejanus is not as distant an example as some of the others chosen by Juvenal to illustrate his case. It also highlights brilliantly the destructive nature of the pursuit of power; • the different techniques deployed by Juvenal to make his case that much more persuasive. Elsewhere, the structure is careful, ordered and consistent and is one of the satire’s greatest strengths. It is framed by a clear introduction and conclusion with five similarly patterned sections in between. These sections are prefaced by a general question, followed by the choice of extended example or a range of examples. The main point is then restated. There is room for candidates to consider the breadth of themes which Juvenal examines: • political power; • eloquence; • military glory; • long life; • beauty; and to assess the skills with which Juvenal writes and the range of satiric devices he uses.

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8 Why do you think Juvenal wrote satire? [25] OR

Mark scheme: 8 Why do you think Juvenal wrote satire? 25 In Satire 1 Juvenal shows himself to be disgusted with the state of Roman society and provides a detailed list of the reasons why he wrote satire. Answers might make reference to some of the following: • his boredom with what writers are traditionally writing about; • the fact that the paper is going to be wasted anyway so he might as well have a go at writing; • his respect for Lucilius; • with vice so prominent in society, it is impossible not to write satire. Other reasons include: • the provincial governor guilty of fraud; • eunuchs who marry; • aristocratic girls who go hunting; • ex-slaves who flaunt their wealth; • informers who identify patrons and friends; • legacy-hunters who go to bed with old women in order to gain an inheritance. Other aspects of Roman society which Juvenal chooses to satirise include the: • drawbacks of living in Rome; • advantages of life in the country; • corrupting influence of wealth; • effect of foreigners upon Roman society; • inequalities and injustices inherent within the patron/client system; • ineptitude of certain Roman emperors; • follies of what people pray for. Look for detailed reference to a range of Satires.

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SECTION FOUR: ROMAN ARCHITECTURE Answer ONE of the following three questions. EITHER

Mark scheme: 9 How useful a commentary on Roman life and society is provided by 25 Juvenal’s Satires? Juvenal’s Satires make comment on the following areas: • wealth; • emperors; • living conditions; • dinner parties; • foreigners; • women; • slaves; • freedmen; • patron-client system; • nobility; • attitudes to the gods; • what people pray for. As for how effective the Satires are as a source, they should be treated with care as the picture Juvenal draws is certainly distorted for the sake of his satiric and didactic purposes. They are undoubtedly prone to exaggeration for the sake of humour, entertainment and, most importantly, for making a point. That is not to say, however, that Juvenal’s picture is so distorted that a Roman audience would fail to see their own society in it, and as such, it could be used carefully in helping to reconstruct an understanding of Roman life and society. Look for detailed reference to a range of Satires and coverage of some of the areas outlined above.

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10 Study the image below and answer the questions which follow: (i) What type of building is this? [1] (ii) In which city is this particular building located? [1] (iii) Who commissioned this building? [1] (iv) When was this building erected? [1] (v) By what name do we know this building? Explain how it got its name. [3] (vi) Name three materials used in the construction of this building, and their location on the building. [3] (vii) To what extent is this building both typical and not typical of buildings of this type? [15] [Total: 25] OR

Mark scheme: 10(i) What type of building is this? 1 • temple 10(ii) In which city is this particular building located? 1 • Rome 10(iii) Who commissioned this building? 1 • Hadrian 10(iv) When was this building erected? 1 • AD 118–125 10(v) By what name do we know this building? Explain how it got its name. 3 • Pantheon • dedicated to • all the gods. 10(vi) Name three materials used in the construction of this building, and 3 their location on the building. • marble – façade • granite – columns • brick – dome • concrete – dome • gold/bronze – rotunda 10(vii) To what extent is this building both typical and not typical of buildings 15 of this type? The ways in which the Pantheon is a typical Roman temple include: • front porch • Corinthian columns • use of stone • pediment • pedimental sculpture • at the end of enclosed precinct. The ways in which the Pantheon is an atypical Roman temple include: • circular cella • no podium • domed roof • lit from oculus • brick and concrete.

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11 ‘The Colosseum illustrates the most important features of Roman architecture.’ How far do you agree with this statement? In your answer, you should include discussion of other specific Roman buildings you have studied. [25] OR

Mark scheme: 11 The Colosseum illustrates the most important features of Roman 25 architecture.’ How far do you agree with this statement? In your answer, you should include discussion of other specific Roman buildings you have studied. Candidates may refer to the following areas in their responses: Materials used which are typical of Roman architecture • concrete • marble • brick Design features which are typical of Roman architecture • standard Roman amphitheatre • oval • arena • rising tiers of seats • vomitoria • columns and order • pilasters • steps • porch – with 3 vaulted corridors Innovative features which made use of some of the elements of Roman architecture • arches • size Candidates may make reference to other buildings to explain their answers fully.

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12 ‘Roman architects were far more interested in the practical aspects of a building than in its beauty.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? In your answer, you should include discussion of specific Roman buildings you have studied. [25]

Mark scheme: 12 ‘Roman architects were far more interested in the practical aspects of a 25 building than in its beauty.’ To what extent do you agree with this statement? In your answer, you should include discussion of specific Roman buildings you have studied. Candidates may well agree with this statement, especially if they have seen images of surviving Roman buildings which have been robbed of their former glory in successive periods of history. It does not matter whether they agree or disagree with the statement. The key is a strong line of argument which is supported by reference to examples of specific buildings. Candidates may refer to the following types of buildings: • theatres • amphitheatres • public baths • basilicae • temples. Some of the buildings cited are incredibly practical, from the layout of the baths to the arrangements for getting spectators to and from their seats in an amphitheatre. Architects had to take the site, the cost and the materials into consideration when designing a building. They were particularly adept at using cost effective materials, such as brick and concrete, and then facing the building with more expensive materials such as marble – which shows at least some interest in the beauty of the exterior of a building. Some may well argue that the design of some buildings, such as Hadrian’s Baths with its symmetrical design, is not only practical, but also quite beautiful.

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