Cambridge IGCSE Sciences - Co-ordinated (Double) 0654 — 2007 May/June Paper 2 · Variant 1

This document consists of 23 printed pages and 1 blank page. IB07 06_0654_02/2RP © UCLES 2007 [Turn over *7763852044* For Examiner's Use 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/02 Paper 2 (Core) May/June 2007 2 hours Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs, tables or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. A copy of the Periodic Table is printed on page 24. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. www.XtremePapers.com

2 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 For Examiner's Use 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the arrangement of molecules of water when it is a solid (ice), a liquid (water) and a gas (steam). melting boiling ice water steam Fig. 1.1 Complete the table by putting ticks into the appropriate boxes. state molecules have least energy molecules have most energy molecules are least strongly attracted to each other molecules occupy fixed positions ice water steam [4] (b) A beaker contains warm water. Some of the water evaporates. Describe and explain what is happening to the molecules as the water evaporates. [2]

3 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (c) Fig. 1.2 shows an ice cube with sides of 2 cm. The ice cube has a mass of 7.36 g. 2 cm 2 cm 2 cm Fig. 1.2 Calculate the density of ice. Show your working. g / cm3 [2]

4 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 For Examiner's Use 2 Fig. 2.1 shows the contents of the thorax and details of one alveolus. rib blood flows in blood flows out diagram A diagram B Fig. 2.1 (a) On diagram A, write the letter X in a place where the alveolus in diagram B could be found. [1] (b) As air is drawn into the lungs, it flows through tubes lined with a tissue containing goblet cells and ciliated cells. (i) Explain the meaning of the term tissue. [2] (ii) On diagram A, write the letter Y where this tissue could be found. [1] (iii) Explain how this tissue helps to prevent infections in the lungs. [2]

5 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (c) (i) On diagram B, carefully draw an arrow to show where oxygen moves during gas exchange. [1] (ii) Name the process by which the oxygen moves. [1] (iii) Explain one way in which the structures shown in diagram B help gas exchange to occur efficiently. [2]

6 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 For Examiner's Use 3 The following list shows some properties of the element copper. electrical conductor shiny high density sonorous malleable unreactive (a) Choose one property from the list which explains each of the following statements. (i) Copper metal sometimes occurs uncombined (native) in the Earth’s crust. [1] (ii) Copper can be rolled into thin sheets. [1] (iii) Copper is widely used in the form of wire. [1] (b) A student carried out an experiment involving the black solid, copper(II) oxide. Fig. 3.1 shows details of her experiment. strong heat mixture of copper(II) oxide and carbon drop of limewater on a glass rod Fig. 3.1

7 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 [Turn over For Examiner's Use During the reaction the student recorded the following observations. observations 1. After much heating, the mixture suddenly glowed even when the bunsen burner was removed. 2. The drop of limewater went cloudy. 3. When the mixture stopped glowing it contained traces of a brown solid. (i) State which observation, 1, 2 or 3, showed that an exothermic reaction had occurred. [1] (ii) Name the gas which is produced in this reaction. [1] (iii) Write a word equation for the reaction which occurred in the experiment in Fig. 3.1. + → + [2] (c) Copper is a transition metal. State two properties of transition metals which are different from those of alkali metals. 1. 2. [2]

8 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 For Examiner's Use 4 (a) A car of mass 1200 kg is travelling forward at a constant speed of 20 m / s. Fig. 4.1 shows the driving force and the frictional force acting on the car. driving force 800 N frictional force 800 N Fig. 4.1 (i) Explain why the car does not accelerate. [1] (ii) Calculate the distance travelled by the car in 30 seconds. State the formula that you use and show your working. formula used working m [2] (iii) Calculate the work done by the driving force in 30 seconds. State the formula that you use and show your working. formula used working J [2]

9 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) A pedestrian steps into the path of the moving car. Fig. 4.2 shows a graph of how the speed of the car changes from the moment when the driver sees the pedestrian until the car stops. 1 0 2 3 time / s 4 5 6 30 20 10 0 speed m / s Fig. 4.2 How long does it take between the driver seeing the pedestrian and the brakes being applied? Explain your answer. time taken seconds explanation [2]

10 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 For Examiner's Use (c) A police car uses a siren and a blue light to alert people. (i) Explain why sound needs a medium, such as air, to travel through. [2] (ii) How will the sound of the siren change if the amplitude of the sound waves emitted is increased? [1] (d) The police communicate using radio waves. Both blue light and radio waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum. (i) State one property which all electromagnetic waves have in common. [1] (ii) State one difference between blue light waves and radio waves. [1]

11 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 [Turn over For Examiner's Use 5 Fig. 5.1 shows three bones from the arm and shoulder. P Q R S bone A bone B bone C Fig. 5.1 (a) (i) Which bone, A, B or C, is the humerus? [1] (ii) Give the letter of the place on the bones with which P forms a joint. [1] (b) Describe how synovial fluid helps bones to move easily at a synovial joint. [1] (c) Describe one difference between the properties of bone and cartilage, and explain how this helps them to carry out their functions. difference how this relates to their functions [3]

12 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 For Examiner's Use 6 (a) Glucose and starch are carbohydrates. (i) The chemical formula of glucose is C6H12O6. State the total number of atoms which are combined in one molecule of glucose. [1] (ii) Starch is a polymer which has been formed from glucose. Explain the meaning of this statement. [2] (b) Proteins are polymers which have been formed from amino acids. Fig. 6.1 shows an amino acid called cysteine. N C C H O S H C H H O H H H Fig. 6.1 (i) Give one reason why the molecule in Fig. 6.1 is not a carbohydrate. [1] (ii) Cysteine was present in the bodies of sea creatures that long ago were changed into petroleum (crude oil). This means that petroleum contains sulphur. Explain why sulphur should be removed from fuels made from petroleum. [3]

13 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (c) Salicin is an analgesic which was first extracted from the bark and leaves of the willow tree. Chemists converted salicin into the more effective drug, aspirin. (i) Why would a person take an analgesic? [1] (ii) Suggest one reason why drugs like aspirin must be highly purified. [1]

14 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 For Examiner's Use 7 In many power stations very hot steam under pressure is used to transfer energy to turn the turbines. The turbines then turn the generators. The heat energy to change water into steam may come from nuclear fuel or a fossil fuel. When fossil fuels are burned to release their energy, waste products including carbon dioxide are produced. (a) (i) Name the gas in the atmosphere which reacts with the elements in fossil fuels when they are burned. [1] (ii) Waste gases from power stations contribute to higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. What effect are these rising levels of carbon dioxide thought to have on the environment? [1] (b) (i) Fossil fuels are non-renewable. Explain the meaning of the term non-renewable. [1] (ii) Name one renewable energy resource. [1] (c) Gas fired power stations are said to be 60% energy-efficient. Explain what this means. [1]

15 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (d) After electricity has been generated, the voltage is increased before the electricity is transmitted through power lines. (i) Name the device which increases the voltage of the electricity. [1] (ii) Explain why it is advantageous to increase the voltage before the electricity is transmitted through power lines. [1] (e) A turbine in a gas-fired power station is made of a nickel alloy. (i) Explain the meaning of the term alloy. [1] (ii) Suggest a reason for using a nickel alloy rather than pure nickel. [1]

16 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 For Examiner's Use 8 (a) (i) Name a part of the cell in which chromosomes are found. [1] (ii) What is the chemical from which chromosomes are made? [1] If fruit flies are exposed to X-rays, mutations may take place in the cells of their testes and ovaries. An experiment was carried out into the effect of different doses of X-rays on the sperm cells produced by male fruit flies. Fig. 8.1 shows the results. 400 0 800 1200 1600 X-ray dosage / rads 2000 2400 2800 3200 percentage of sperms with mutations 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 × × × × × × × × Fig. 8.1 (b) (i) State what is meant by a mutation. [1] (ii) Describe the effect of increasing the X-ray dose on the percentage of mutated sperms. [2]

17 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (iii) If 200 sperms were exposed to an X-ray dosage of 1000 rads, use the graph to estimate the number that would have mutations. [1] (iv) Explain how X-rays cause mutations. [2] (c) Fruit flies have four pairs of chromosomes in their cells. Some of the mutations in the experiment above involved the loss of one chromosome. (i) How many chromosomes are there in a normal sperm of a fruit fly? [1] (ii) A fruit fly sperm that had lost one chromosome fertilised a normal egg. How many chromosomes would there be in the zygote? [1]

18 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 For Examiner's Use 9 In many countries supplies of clean water for drinking are obtained from river water. (a) State two processes that are used to convert river water into water which is safe for humans to drink. 1. 2. [2] (b) Safe drinking water may still contain dissolved compounds which make the water hard. (i) Name a metallic element whose compounds cause hardness in water. [1] (ii) Suggest a reason why some natural water supplies are hard and others are not. [1] (iii) Describe how a soap solution can be used to find out whether a sample of water is hard. [2] (iv) Some types of water are said to contain temporary hardness. Describe one way in which temporary hardness may be removed from water. [1]

19 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (c) Some types of salt used to flavour food are mixtures of sodium chloride and potassium chloride. Sodium chloride and potassium chloride are both ionic compounds. (i) Describe and explain the difference between a sodium atom and a sodium ion. [2] Sodium chloride and potassium chloride are both very soluble in water. Fig. 9.1 shows how the solubilities of these salts change with temperature. temperature / °C maximum mass which dissolves in 100 cm3 of water / g potassium chloride sodium chloride 10 0 20 30 40 50 60 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Fig. 9.1 (ii) What conclusions can be drawn from Fig. 9.1 about the effect of temperature on the solubilities of the two salts? [2] (iii) At what temperature do the salts have the same solubility? oC [1]

20 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 For Examiner's Use 10 Fig. 10.1 shows a circuit containing four ammeters, A1, A2, A3 and A4. A2 A1 V A4 A3 R1 40 Ω Fig. 10.1 Table 10.1 shows the readings on each ammeter. Table 10.1 ammeter reading on ammeter / amps A1 0.5 A2 0.2 A3 0.3 A4 0.5 (a) Electric current is a flow of electrical charge. (i) State the name of the particle that carries charge around an electrical circuit. [1] (ii) State the unit of electrical charge. [1]

21 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) (i) Which one of the following statements about the resistor R1 in Fig. 10.1 is correct? Tick the correct box. The resistance of R1 is less than 40 Ω. The resistance of R1 is equal to 40 Ω. The resistance of R1 is greater than 40 Ω. [1] (ii) Explain your answer. [1] (c) (i) Write down the equation connecting resistance R, potential difference V and current I. [1] (ii) Calculate the reading on the voltmeter. Show your working. V [1] (iii) State the potential difference across the power supply. V [1]

22 © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 For Examiner's Use 11 The diagram shows a food chain. oak tree caterpillar small bird hawk (a) Name the primary consumer in this food chain. [1] (b) Explain one way in which hawks are adapted to be predators. [2] (c) The arrows in the food chain show the direction of energy flow. (i) Name the process by which the oak tree transfers energy from sunlight into energy in glucose. [1] (ii) Name the green pigment that absorbs energy from sunlight. [1] (d) An oak tree can be many metres tall. Describe and explain how water from the soil is transported up to the leaves at the top of the tree. [3]

24 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. © UCLES 2007 0654/02/M/J/07 Group 140 Ce Cerium 58 141 Pr Praseodymium 59 144 Nd Neodymium 60 Pm Promethium 61 150 Sm Samarium 62 152 Eu Europium 63 157 Gd Gadolinium 64 159 Tb Terbium 65 162 Dy Dysprosium 66 165 Ho Holmium 67 167 Er Erbium 68 169 Tm Thulium 69 173 Yb Ytterbium 70 175 Lu Lutetium 71 232 Th Thorium 90 Pa Protactinium 91 238 U Uranium 92 Np Neptunium 93 Pu Plutonium 94 Am Americium 95 Cm Curium 96 Bk Berkelium 97 Cf Californium 98 Es Einsteinium 99 Fm Fermium 100 Md Mendelevium 101 No Nobelium 102 Lr Lawrencium 103 1 H Hydrogen 1 7 Li Lithium 3 23 Na Sodium 11 24 Mg Magnesium 12 40 Ca Calcium 20 45 Sc Scandium 21 48 Ti Titanium 22 51 V Vanadium 23 52 Cr Chromium 24 55 Mn Manganese 25 56 Fe Iron 26 59 Co Cobalt 27 59 Ni Nickel 28 64 Cu Copper 29 65 Zn Zinc 30 70 Ga Gallium 31 27 Al Aluminium 13 11 B Boron 5 12 C Carbon 6 14 N Nitrogen 7 16 O Oxygen 8 19 F Fluorine 9 28 Si Silicon 14 31 P Phosphorus 15 32 S Sulphur 16 35.5 Cl Chlorine 17 40 Ar Argon 18 20 Ne Neon 10 4 He Helium 2 73 Ge Germanium 32 75 As Arsenic 33 79 Se Selenium 34 80 Br Bromine 35 84 Kr Krypton 36 39 K Potassium 19 88 Sr Strontium 38 89 Y Yttrium 39 91 Zr Zirconium 40 93 Nb Niobium 41 96 Mo Molybdenum 42 Tc Technetium 43 101 Ru Ruthenium 44 103 Rh Rhodium 45 106 Pd Palladium 46 108 Ag Silver 47 112 Cd Cadmium 48 115 In Indium 49 119 Sn Tin 50 122 Sb Antimony 51 128 Te Tellurium 52 127 I Iodine 53 131 Xe Xenon 54 137 Ba Barium 56 139 La Lanthanum 57 * 178 Hf Hafnium 72 181 Ta Tantalum 73 184 W Tungsten 74 186 Re Rhenium 75 190 Os Osmium 76 192 Ir Iridium 77 195 Pt Platinum 78 197 Au Gold 79 201 Hg Mercury 80 204 Tl Thallium 81 207 Pb Lead 82 209 Bi Bismuth 83 Po Polonium 84 At Astatine 85 Rn Radon 86 Fr Francium 87 227 Ac Actinium 89 9 Be Beryllium 4 I II III IV V VI VII 0 85 Rb Rubidium 37 133 Cs Caesium 55 226 Ra Radium 88 The volume of one mole of any gas is 24 dm3 at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.). a X b a = relative atomic mass X = atomic symbol b = proton (atomic) number Key *58-71 Lanthanoid series 90-103 Actinoid series DATA SHEET The Periodic Table of the Elements

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2007 question paper 0654 CO-ORDINATED SCIENCES 0654/02 Paper 2 (Core Theory), maximum raw mark 100 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2007 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2007 0654 02 © UCLES 2007 1 (a) state molecules have least energy molecules have most energy molecules are least strongly attracted to each other molecules occupy fixed positions ice

water steam

one mark for each vertical column correct; [4] (b) molecules leave surface; faster molecules; [2] (c) density = mass / volume = 7.36/8; = 0.92 g / cm3; [2] 2 (a) X anywhere within a lung; [1] (b) (i) group of cells; similar structure / carrying out the same function; [2] (ii) Y in trachea or bronchus; [1] (iii) goblet cells make mucus; mucus traps, bacteria / viruses / particles; cilia sweep them (upwards); [max. 2] (c) (i) arrow from space in alveolus and into capillary / a red blood cell; [1] (ii) diffusion; [1] (iii) thin walls; so diffusion happens quickly; large surface area; so more gas exchange at the same time; blood takes oxygen away / brings carbon dioxide; so a diffusion gradient is maintained; [max. 2]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2007 0654 02 © UCLES 2007 3 (a) unreactive; malleable; electrical conductor; [3] (b) (i) 1; [1] (ii) carbon dioxide; [1] (iii) copper oxide + carbon → copper + carbon dioxide;; [2] (c) (relatively) unreactive; higher density; forms coloured compounds (other than white); transition metals and their compounds can be catalysts; higher mpts / bpts; [max. 2] 4 (a) (i) forces are balanced / equal and opposite; [1] (ii) distance travelled = speed × time; 20 × 30 = 600 m; [2] (iii) work = force × distance; = 800 × 600 J = 480 000 J; [2] (b) 1.2 seconds; reaction time / explain from graph; [2] (c) (i) vibrations / compressions and rarefactions; of air molecules / particles; [2] (ii) louder; [1] (d) (i) speed / transverse waves; [1] (ii) wavelength / frequency; [1]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2007 0654 02 © UCLES 2007 5 (a) (i) A; [1] (ii) Q; [1] (b) lubricating / reducing friction; [1] (c) bone is harder than cartilage / bone does not bend as easily; idea that bone is supportive; idea that cartilage cushions joints or function related to bending; protects named vital organ; [max. 3] 6 (a) (i) 24; [1] (ii) many glucose molecules / monomers have linked together; to form a long chain / a polymer is a long chain molecule; [2] (b) (i) it contains elements other than C H and O / contains S and or N; [1] (ii) would form sulphur dioxide when fuel burns; sulphur dioxide harmful to humans / example; sulphur dioxide corrosive / example; [3] (c) (i) to relieve pain / if they had a headache / owtte; [1] (ii) any sensible answer e.g. so that people are not harmed by impurities / action of drug known but not impurities; [1]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2007 0654 02 © UCLES 2007 7 (a) (i) oxygen; [1] (ii) causes global warming / greenhouse effect / or description; [1] (b) (i) cannot be replaced / can only be used once; [1] (ii) wind / sun / hydro / tidal / geothermal / waves / biomass etc.; [1] (c) 60% of the energy in gas is transferred to heat the water etc.; [1] (d) (i) transformer; [1] (ii) reduce energy losses; [1] (e) (i) a mixture of two or more metals; [1] (ii) stronger / less likely to corrode / less reactive etc.; [1] 8 (a) (i) nucleus; [1] (ii) DNA; [1] (b) (i) change in, genes / chromosomes / DNA; [1] (ii) it increases; more steeply at higher X-ray doses; [2] (iii) 6; [1] (iv) ionising radiation; removes electrons / damages DNA; [2] (c) (i) 4; [1] (ii) 7; (allow ecf) [1]

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2007 0654 02 © UCLES 2007 9 (a) filtration; sedimentation / treatment with aluminium sulphate; sterilisation / boiling / treatment with chlorine / ozone; distillation; [max. 2] (b) (i) calcium / magnesium; [1] (ii) water (during water cycle) flows over different types of rock / different salts dissolve from different types of rock; [1] (iii) water and soap mixed / shaken; if hard scum forms / little (or no) lather / excessive soap needed for lather; [2] (iv) boil the water; distillation; use of ion exchange resin; other correct; [max. 1] (c) (i) sodium ion has a positive charge a sodium atom is uncharged; because sodium ion has one less electron than sodium atom; [2] (ii) (for both) the higher the temperature the higher the solubility; solubility of KCl more sensitive to temperature / owtte; [2] (iii) 33 ± 1 °C; [1] 10 (a) (i) electron; [1] (ii) coulomb; [1] (b) (i) greater than 40 Ω; [1] (ii) less current flows; [1] (c) (i) V = I × R; [1] (ii) 12 V; [1] (iii) 12 V; [1]

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – May/June 2007 0654 02 © UCLES 2007 11 (a) caterpillars; [1] (b) sharp beak / sharp claws; to, hold / kill, prey; (accept other correct answers) [2] (c) (i) photosynthesis; [1] (ii) chlorophyll; [1] (d) water enters roots by osmosis; transpiration (from leaves); reduces pressure; water moves up xylem; down pressure gradient; [max. 3]