Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2007 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 1

This document consists of 12 printed pages. SPA (SJF4355/DR) T26417/7 © UCLES 2007 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. * 8 2 1 3 8 3 8 8 0 9 * ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/01 Paper 1 October/November 2007 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Ruler For Examiner’s Use 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total www.XtremePapers.com

2 0680/01/O/N/07 For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2007 1 Look at the photograph below, which shows elephant grass. It is possible that the grass could be used as an alternative source of energy. (a) (i) State one characteristic of elephant grass which is shown in the photograph. … [1] (ii) What name is given to this source of alternative energy? … [1] (iii) Explain why burning elephant grass would be less damaging to the environment than burning oil or coal. … … … [2] (b) (i) Among the gases released into the atmosphere are sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Name and describe the environmental problems caused by these gases. … … … … [3]

3 0680/01/O/N/07 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2007 (ii) How could the pollution caused by these gases be reduced? … … … … … [3] [Total: 10]

4 0680/01/O/N/07 For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2007 2 Look at the diagram below which shows processes in the formation of soil. A B rain and wind C acids from rain D acids from humus parent material fine parent material freeze thaw (a) (i) Of the four processes (A–D) shown, give the letters of the two processes which are mechanical and the two processes which are chemical? Mechanical ……………………… and ……………………… Chemical ……………………… and ……………………… [2] (ii) Which of the processes A–D involves the action of living things? … [1] (iii) Describe the process of freeze-thaw weathering. … … … [2] (b) These processes give rise to a mixture of soil particles (clay, silt and sand) and minerals. Name two other components of soil needed for plant growth. … … [2] (c) Agricultural practices around the world are leading to soil erosion. How can this be reduced? … … … … [3] [Total: 10]

5 0680/01/O/N/07 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2007 3 The graph below shows the total catch for the anchovy fishery, off the west coast of South America, from 1990 until 2003. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Year tonnes (
1000) (a) Give the year for the (i) smallest catch … (ii) largest catch … [2] (b) (i) Fish catches often depend on ocean currents. The presence of the Peruvian (Humboldt) current ensures a large anchovy catch. Explain how cold currents do this. … … … … [3]

6 0680/01/O/N/07 For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2007 (ii) The lowest catch in the graph was caused by a change in this current due to an El Nino event. Describe how this event caused a low catch. … … … [2] (c) In any year, overfishing can be a problem. Describe what could be done to avoid overfishing. … … … … [3] [Total: 10]

7 0680/01/O/N/07 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2007 4 Look at the two population pyramids shown below: 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80-84 85+ A B male female male female (a) Which one of the two pyramids shows a developed country? Pyramid ……………………… [1] (b) (i) Choose either pyramid A or B. Describe and explain the main features of the pyramid you have chosen. Pyramid chosen ……………………… … … … … … [3] (ii) In changing from developing to developed, as shown above, a country goes through the Demographic Transition. Describe what this means. … … … [2]

8 0680/01/O/N/07 For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2007 (c) Rural to urban migration is common in developing countries. Describe one human PUSH factor and one physical PUSH factor for this migration. … … … … … … [4] [Total: 10]

9 0680/01/O/N/07 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2007 5 Look at the diagram below which shows what happens to solar energy. solar energy Earth’s surf ace A B C (a) (i) The three labels A, B and C are processes; absorption, radiation and reflection. Give the correct process for each of the letters shown in the diagram. A ………………………………… B ………………………………… C ………………………………… [2]

10 0680/01/O/N/07 For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2007 (ii) Look at the diagram below. The amount of solar energy which falls on the surface of the earth (insolation) varies from place to place and from time to time. This accounts for warmer and colder climates and the seasons. Equator N S Sun In which hemisphere, in the diagram above, is it Summer? Explain your answer. … … … [2] (b) (i) Two main differences between Summer and Winter are temperature and daylength. How do these influence the amount of solar power that can be generated? … … … [2] (ii) Solar power is an example of alternative energy. Such sources are mainly alternative to fossil fuels. Suggest two reasons why it is a good idea to develop alternatives to fossil fuels. … … … … … … [4] [Total: 10]

11 0680/01/O/N/07 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use © UCLES 2007 6 The following diagram shows the Rock Cycle and how the three types of rock (igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic) are related. W ea th er in g, e ro si on , t ra ns po rt at io n, d ep os iti on B ur ia l, he at , pr es su re M el ti ng C A B (a) (i) State which letter corresponds to each type of rock. Sedimentary …………………………………… Igneous …………………………………… Metamorphic …………………………………… [2] (ii) Choose two of the rocks: granite, limestone and sandstone and give a use for each rock chosen. … … … [2] (b) (i) Describe problems associated with the exploitation of rocks and minerals. … … … … … [3]

12 0680/01/O/N/07 © UCLES 2007 (ii) Suggest ways in which an area which has been damaged by the extraction of rocks or minerals could be restored. … … … … … [3] [Total: 10] Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1 © http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu Photo by A. Murray. Copyright 2000 Univ. Florida. Question 3 © Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations http://www.fao.org/figis/servlet/species?fid=2917 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. For Examiner’s Use

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2007 question paper 0680 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/01 Paper 1, maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2007 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses. www.XtremePapers.com

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0680 01 © UCLES 2007 1 (a) (i) large/tall/big/long/quoted height bigger than 3m/avp [1] (ii) biomass/biofuel/biodiesel [1] (iii) gives off CO2/as does coal/grass takes it in/coal not/C neutral [2] mark for comparative statement (even if implied) about harmful/polluting gases/fumes; mark for correct specific gas/fume (b) (i) acid rain; gas dissolves in water to form acid; any TWO acid rain effects, or one plus development for max; [3] (ii) alternative energy (or named); public transport increase; catalytic converter; scrubbers/filters in chimneys; walking; cycling; car sharing; avp [3] ® laws/fines/policies unless qualified sensibly 2 (a) (i) A and B C and D accept written if correct [2] (ii) D [1] (iii) water (freezes) expands; pushing rock apart/cracks rock [2] (b) water; air/oxygen; humus/organic material; microbes/bacteria/decomposers ® minerals or named [2] (c) afforestation; contour ploughing; terracing; maintain vegetation cover; reduce/avoid overgrazing/reduce grazing; avoid overcultivation; use organic fertilisers/humus/manure etc. allow development marks up to 2 for any single strategy [3] ® soil degradation points (i.e. things to do with mineral loss etc.) 3 (a)(i)/(ii) 1998; 1994 [2] (b) (i) cold current bring nutrients; upwelling; nutrients feed algae; algae feed fish (food chain idea) OR anchovy prefer/do better/thrive in cold water; so fish migrate/move away [3] (ii) El Nino makes water warm; not suitable for anchovy; current reversal; nutrients not brought/no upwelling/low nutrients; not enough food for anchovy [2] (c) quota; discussed net size; discussed moratoria; discussed fishing season/restriction times; discussed only fish in designated areas; [3]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0680 01 © UCLES 2007 4 (a) B [1] (b) (i) A: large(r) base/many young people (D); high birth rate; lack of contraception; narrow/few old people (D); high death rate/low life expectancy; due to poor medical facilities/food supply/avp; working people (15–60) rel. low (D); (Max 2 for D points) Further points Very young less than older (0–4 < 5 upwards); Birth rate slowing; OR B: Straight(ish) sides (D); low(er)(ed) birth rate; long(er) life expectancy Narrow(er) base (D); low(er) birth rate; use of contraception; emancipation (eq) of women/avp Broad(er) top(D); low(er) death rate; improved medicine/diet/health/avp Large(r) working population (D); lower child mortality; avp More women than men at old age(D); life expectancy of women after 65 longer than men (ii) Shift from high death to low(er) death rate; population explodes; then birth rate falls; population growth slows any 2 [2] (c) ® PULL factors H over use of land leading to degradation/overgrazing; lack of food/money; population rising; lack of resources (named)/jobs/services; persecution/local political factors; removed from land; war; e.g. P Natural disasters; destruction of services/agriculture; Climate change; loss of agricultural land/right conditions for agriculture; Grey areas (allow in either category) Lack of clean water/sanitation; disease (eq) points about soil

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2007 0680 01 © UCLES 2007 5 (a) (i) radiation; absorption; reflection [2] (ii) northern; angle of rays nearer 90/less atmosphere to absorb heat/radiation/longer days [2] (b) (i) daylength longer; more (electrical) energy; accept converse argument IGNORE ref to temperature unless only ref is to temperature temperatures hotter; more solar heat; has no effect on amount of electricity [2] (ii) fossil fuels running out; consequence; alternatives will not fossil fuels pollute; consequence; alternatives do not 2 each [4] 6 (a) (i) C B A sedimentary igneous metamorphic [2] (ii) GRANITE: buildings/sculptures/sports equipment/avp LIMESTONE: making glass/blast furnace/acid neutralising/quicklime/building SANDSTONE: paving/coasters [2] (b) (i) pollution (qualified with e.g. noise/visual/dust); habitat/landscape destruction; deforestation; erosion; dangers (specified) to miners/quarries; loss of property/jobs run out; [3] (ii) reclamation; adding soil; adding fertiliser/manure eq; planting trees/other plants; [3]