Cambridge IGCSE Child Development 0637 — 2018 May/June Paper 1 · Variant 1

This document consists of 11 printed pages, 3 lined pages and 2 blank pages. DC (SCD (ES)) 144817/1 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 5 2 9 5 0 0 1 1 6 9 * CHILD DEVELOPMENT 0637/11 Paper 1 May/June 2018 2 hours Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A and Section B Answer all questions. Section C Answer one question. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Question Paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

2 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 Section A Answer all questions. 1 Give two factors parents and carers might consider when buying toys for young children. 1 … … 2 … … [2] 2 Give two forms of care provision for children, including sick children and those with special educational needs. 1 … … 2 … … [2]

3 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over 3 (a) State three reasons why parents and carers might encourage babies and young children to use a favourite comfort item. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (b) Give three possible effects upon children if they lose their favourite comfort item. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3]

4 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 4 Complete the table below to identify the common childhood illness from the description given. State possible treatments or care for the child for each illness. Description Illness Treatment or care for child Painful, swollen jaw Red, itchy blisters that turn to scabs Bouts of coughing with a ‘whoop’ [9]

5 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over 5 Blood group is determined by genes. Give the four main blood groups. 1 … 2 … 3 … 4 … [4] 6 Give four possible signs or symptoms of sexually transmitted disease. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … 4 … … [4] 7 Babies need to be healthy to grow well physically. Give three requirements for a healthy lifestyle for young children. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] [Total: 30]

6 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 Section B Answer all questions. 8 (a) Explain how immunisation helps to reduce the likelihood of ill health. … … … … … … … … … … [5] (b) Explain two reasons why parents might choose not to immunise their children. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4]

7 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over 9 (a) Good health and well-being during pregnancy is important. Explain four ways women can increase their chances of having a healthy baby. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … 3 … … … … 4 … … … … [8] (b) Explain the function of the placenta. … … … … … … [3]

8 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 (c) Sometimes, pregnancy can go wrong. Complete the table below to explain each term given. Term Explanation Miscarriage Ectopic pregnancy Premature birth [9]

9 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over (d) Outline the three stages of labour. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (e) Some women choose to have pain relief in labour. Complete the table below to state the positives and negatives of each type of pain relief. Pain relief Positive Negative Epidural anaesthetic Water birth [8]

10 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 (f) Newborn babies need care to help them to grow and develop in a healthy way. Give two requirements of newborn babies for each need given in the table below. Need Requirement Diet 1 2 Hygiene 1 2 Protection 1 2 Sleep 1 2 Suitable clothing 1 2 [10] [Total: 50]

11 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over Section C Answer one question. Write your answer on the following pages. 10 (a) Play is essential for children’s learning and development. Discuss how children might use natural and synthetic materials in their play. Give possible reasons for parents’ choices of toys for their children. [20] Or (b) Biological and social factors contribute towards children’s all-round development. Discuss the influence of biological and social factors on children. Suggest ways that parents or carers might try to enhance their child’s development. [20] [Total: 20]

12 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

13 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 [Turn over … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

14 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

15 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 BLANK PAGE

16 0637/11/M/J/18 © UCLES 2018 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

IGCSE™ is a registered trademark. This document consists of 11 printed pages. © UCLES 2018 [Turn over Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education CHILD DEVELOPMENT 0637/11 Paper 1 Theory May/June 2018 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 100 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2018 series for most Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level and Cambridge Pre-U components, and some Cambridge O Level components.

0637/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 2 of 11 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

0637/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 3 of 11 Question Answer Marks 1 Answers may include: Price, age, range, small pieces, quality, play value. Other correct responses might be awarded a mark. (2) 2 2 Answers may include: Nursery, pre-school, respite care, day centre, foster care. Other correct responses might be awarded a mark. (2) 2 3 Answers may vary from that stated; any reasonable correct response might be awarded a mark. Expansion required for mark to be awarded. 3 (a): Reasons: To comfort the child and help them to settle for sleep. To prevent sucking on a bottle or sucking thumb for comfort. To help comfort the child when they are unwell. To provide comfort when the parent is absent. (3) 3 (b): Effects: Crying, searching for the object, sucking thumb, hair twiddling, rocking. (3) Total of 6 marks as outlined above to achieve full marks. Any other correct response might be awarded a mark. 6 4 Description Illness Treatment or care for child Painful, swollen jaw Mumps (1) Provide warm clothing and comfort. Check temperature and give paracetamol as required. Give plenty of fluids. (2) Red, itchy blisters that turn to scabs. Chicken pox Dress child in loose clothing and discourage scratching. Apply cream to reduce soreness. Put cotton mittens on when child in bed to prevent scratching. Bouts of coughing with a ‘whoop’ Whopping cough Monitor the child’s breathing. Offer reassurance and keep child cool. Steam might help. Take child to doctor is breathing becomes shallow. Answers may vary from that stated, any reasonable correct response might be awarded a mark. Total of 9 marks with division of marks as outlined above. 9

0637/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 4 of 11 Question Answer Marks 5 No deviation from the answers below. Only these responses will achieve maximum marks. A, B, AB, O Total of 4 marks 4 6 There might be pain and burning of the genital area. Burning sensation upon urination. Sores on the genital or anal area. Rash, spots and cold sores may be present. Pelvic inflammation in women. Discharge from genitals. Infertility. Death. (1) 1 mark for each correct response. Total of 4 marks awarded. 4 7 There might be variation of wording but answers convey the same meaning. Marks will be awarded where there is a correct and logical response. A balanced diet Regular exercise Good hygiene Protection from dangers Enough rest and sleep Suitable clothing for weathers and protection. 1 mark each and total of 3 marks given. 3

0637/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 5 of 11 Question Answer Marks SECTION B 8(a) A small amount of the disease is introduced to the body, such as through injection or orally. The body recognises this and produces antibodies to attack the germs. Therefore, when the body encounters the same germs again, it will attack it to prevent the disease from developing. 5 marks in total. Marks given where there is correlation between italics and other similar responses. Any other correct response might be awarded a mark. 5 8(b) Some parents might not want the child to have chemicals introduced to their bodies. Some parents prefer natural methods such as breastfeeding. Parents might be unable to afford the immunisation. Parents might mistrust the immunisations and fear side effects. 2 marks per correct, explained response with 4 in total. Any other correct response might be awarded a mark. 4 9(a) Answers might include: Maintain a healthy weight as obesity poses a risk to mother and baby during delivery. Stopping the use of recreational drugs and medication as these can have harmful side effects for the baby. Eating a healthy diet can provide the body with nutrients that help the body to be ready for conception and pregnancy. Exercise helps the body to adapt to the changes in muscle and energy levels during pregnancy. Any other logical correct response might be awarded a mark. Total of 8 marks with 2 marks for each correct and explained answer. 8 9(b) The placenta feeds the baby. It passes oxygen to the baby to help it to breathe. The placenta takes away waste matter. The placenta can filter some substances. The placenta enables blood flow but the mother and baby’s blood is kept separate. (3) 3

0637/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 6 of 11 Question Answer Marks 9(c) There might be a range of responses and the wording might be different from that stated above. Responses must be explained and not listed. Marks will be awarded for each point raised. Term Explanation Miscarriage Miscarriage occurs when the baby is born before 24 weeks gestation. The baby is too early to survive. Miscarriage is most common in the first three months of pregnancy. The miscarriage might occur because there is a problem with the foetus’s development. (3) Ectopic pregnancy The fertilised egg implants in the fallopian tube instead of the uterus. This can be fatal for the mother as the fallopian tube can rupture as the foetus grows. The pregnancy cannot continue and the foetus will not grow to full term. (3) Premature birth This is where babies are born earlier than 34 weeks gestation. Babies may need medical support to survive. The baby might be small in size and need to spend time in an incubator. (3) Marks will be awarded where there is a spread of marks as outlined above. The maximum of 9 marks will be awarded where each term is explained fully. Variations of the correct responses will be awarded a mark. 9 9(d) There are three distinct stages of labour therefore, the responses must reflect this. 3 marks if all three stages are covered. 1 The neck of the uterus opens. (1) 2 The baby passes through the birth canal. (1) The baby is born and becomes a separate person. (1) 3

0637/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 7 of 11 Question Answer Marks 9(e) Pain relief Positive Negative Epidural anaesthetic Completely stops pain. If caesarean section is needed mum can stay awake. Can help if mum has high blood pressure. (2) Mum is no longer mobile and cannot move around. The mum will need a catheter as she will not be aware of when she needs to use the toilet. Some might find the needle uncomfortable. (2) Water birth This is gentle and natural for baby and mother. There are no likely side effects. The water can help to calm mother and make her feel more relaxed. (2) It is most effective in the early stages of labour. The water needs to be kept warm to prevent mum becoming cold. It does not take pain away completely. (2) Responses might vary. The marks are as stated above and maximum of 9 marks awarded where there is a spread of responses. 9

0637/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 8 of 11 Question Answer Marks 9(f) Responses only awarded a mark where they are relevant to a newborn baby. Answers might vary. Marks as explained below with a maximum of 10 marks. Need Requirement Diet Babies need to be breast or bottle fed on demand or every 4 hours. (2) Hygiene Babies need to be bathed or washed on a daily basis. Nappies must be changed when wet or soiled. Babies need to have their bottles and dummies sterilised. (2) Protection Support is needed for babies heads when lifting them up. Babies need to sleep somewhere safe, such as a cot. The babies need to have no items in their cots that might suffocate them. (2) Sleep Babies sleep when they are tired and should not be woken up. The baby should be checked while they sleep. Babies should not get too hot when they are asleep. (2) Suitable clothing Babies cannot regulate their temperature so need to be dressed suitably. Babies need to be kept warm in the cold. In summer, babies need protection from the heat and the risk of burning in the sun. Clothing should not have ties that could strangle the baby. (2) 10

0637/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 9 of 11 Question Answer Marks SECTION 3 10(a) There will be a range of correct responses. The responses must be written in logical constructed sentences not lists. Each response should be relevant to the question asked. 0–7 Low level response The response is in bullet points, brief and does not relate well to the question asked. There is no recognition of the difference between synthetic and natural material. Reasons for choices are brief or not complete. The candidate has not attempted both parts of the question. 8–11 Medium level response The candidate has answered both parts of the question although without the same depth. The candidate has given examples or both materials and explanations of how children might use them. Choices for toys are reasonable. 12–20 High level response Both question parts have been responded to well and in depth. Several good responses have been given for how children might use both natural and synthetic resources. There are several reasons given why the parent and carer might choice the toys. Indicative content Children will enjoy playing with natural resources and these might encourage more imaginative play. Children can use cardboard boxes and tubes to make boats and telescopes. Children enjoy playing outdoors. They can create swords from sticks and use them to play races in the water. Children might climb trees and make rope swings. Children will also find natural materials such as sand and water interesting. They can learn about quantities and mathematics by measuring sand and water. Children enjoy exploring natural weather such as wind and will fly kites or play with windmills. Synthetic material or manmade toys are created for playing. Often these have only one purpose. The children will use them in their play, such as dolls and teddy bears. They can also become items of comfort and reassurance. Children might enjoy playing with electronic games where they can programme them. Parents will chose toys based around what they want children to play with. Some parents will encourage role play and encourage children to be like them, such as dressing up as doctors or fire fighters. Parents might chose for their children to play with educational toys because they want them to learn while they play. The parents might not have a great deal of money so will want to but quality toys that are long lasting. Some parents might want children to play with gender specific toys and not want them to explore differing genders in their play, so boys only being given cars and trains and girls being given dolls and cooking toys. Some parents might want to have toys that are safe and will buy them only from places that they feels confident can be trusted. 20

0637/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 10 of 11 Question Answer Marks 10(b) 0–7 Low level response There are no logical links between responses and the question. The candidate has attempted only part of the question. Responses are bullet points or not clearly explained or relevant. 8–11 Medium level response The candidate has answered both parts of the question although without the same depth. The candidate has made some logical responses and discussed both biological and social factors. Parents influence have been discussed briefly. 12–20 High level response Both question parts have been responded to well and in depth. Several good responses have been given the biological and social factors. The candidate has clearly outlined how parents can enhance children’s development. Indicative content Biological Factors There are a range of possible biological influences upon development. Being born prematurely can cause children’s development not be delayed. This might be relevant to their birth age. If the baby is born six weeks delayed, their development might be delayed by around 6 weeks. Other contributing factors of early birth are the risk of disability. Children with disabilities are more likely to have delays in their development. This could be for a range of reasons – prolonged time spent in hospital, slow development, lack of hearing can affect speech and lack of sight can affect the child’s all-round development. Children will have some inherited tendency towards development. Children’s tooth eruption is thought to be hereditary. Early walking can also be hereditary. If a father walks early, then his children might be more likely to walk early. 20

0637/11 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2018 © UCLES 2018 Page 11 of 11 Question Answer Marks 10(b) Social factors The opportunities that children have also contribute towards their development. Children who born to parents who are highly educated themselves, might know what to expect in terms of development and so actively encourage children’s development. The environment where children grow up affects their development. If they have lots of toys and equipment they might develop more quickly. Children who have lots of parent’s time and attention might be more likely to talk more quickly. Attending a playgroup or toddler group can help children to develop socially because they can interact with others and learn about social rules. The children might be better able to share and take turns. Parents might enhance children’s development by sending them to nursery or groups where they believe they will have support to learn and development. Parents might read to their children as reading helps to enhance children’s learning. Parents might encourage their children to play with other children and take them to places where they can meet with others. Parents might take their children swimming to help them to develop their physical skills. Parents might use flash cards and other educational toys to help children to learn. Parent may believe that children learn best by spending time with adults. They might encourage the children to join in with activities at home, such as cooking and cleaning. (20) 20