Cambridge IGCSE Child Development 0637 — 2015 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 1

This document consists of 9 printed pages and 3 lined pages. DC (KN) 111884/1 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 7 9 8 5 4 4 8 2 9 6 * CHILD DEVELOPMENT 0637/01 Paper 1 October/November 2015 2 hours Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A and Section B Answer all questions. Section C Answer one question. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Question Paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

2 0637/01/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 Section A Answer all questions. 1 Give one reason why someone might use contraception. …[1] 2 Give two examples of types of barrier contraception. 1 … 2 … [2] 3 Newborn babies communicate through crying. Give four reasons why a newborn baby might cry. 1 … 2 … 3 … 4 … [4] 4 (a) Suggest four ways that parents can help children to learn to dress themselves independently. 1 … 2 … 3 … 4 … [4]

3 0637/01/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (b) Complete the table below stating three ways for each age, that parents can help children to enjoy meal times. Age of child Ways to help children enjoy mealtimes 8 month old 1 2 3 2 year old 1 2 3 4 year old 1 2 3 [9]

4 0637/01/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 5 Label the diagram to name each part of the pregnancy and state its function. [6] Name… Purpose… Name… Purpose… Name… Purpose… 6 Explain two reasons why miscarriage may occur. 1 … … 2 … … [4]

5 0637/01/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Section B Answer all questions. 7 (a) It is parents and carers responsibility to discipline their children. List six ways that parents and carers can help children to learn about good behaviour. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … 4 … … 5 … … 6 … … [6]

6 0637/01/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 (b) Children need to learn how to be sociable with others. Explain three ways that parents or carers can help young children to get along with others. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … 3 … … … … [6] (c) Children behave differently when they feel unwell. Give eight signs or symptoms that a child may show when they are unwell. 1 … 2 … 3 … 4 … 5 … 6 … 7 … 8 … [8]

7 0637/01/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (d) Complete the table below to outline what might have caused the condition. Give one way in which the condition can be treated and one way in which it could be prevented. Condition Possible cause How to treat it How to prevent it Nappy rash Gastro-enteritis Wind/colic [9]

8 0637/01/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 8 (a) In order to grow and develop well, parents and carers need to promote children’s good health. For each factor below, outline the requirements for healthy growth in children from birth to 5 years. Diet Exercise Hygiene Sleep Suitable clothing [15] (b) Pregnant women need to look after their health and well-being. State and explain, three ways that pregnant women can increase their chance of having a healthy baby. 1 … Explanation … … 2 … Explanation … … 3 … Explanation … … [6]

9 0637/01/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Section C Answer one question. Write your answer on the following pages. 9 (a) Parents can sometimes choose where to have their baby. Explain why many choose to have their baby in a hospital. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of having a baby in hospital. Or (b) Children quickly develop physically from helpless, immobile babies to competent, active pre-school children. Describe normal development of gross motor skills from birth to five years. Describe the normal development of fine motor skills from birth to five years. Explain any factors that might impact upon normal physical development. [Total: 20 marks]

10 0637/01/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

11 0637/01/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

12 0637/01/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2015 series 0637 CHILD DEVELOPMENT 0637/01 Paper 1 (Theory Paper), maximum raw mark 100 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2015 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0637 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 1 To prevent pregnancy, prevent sexually transmitted disease (1 in total) No other response will be awarded a mark. [1] 2 Must be a barrier form of contraception. Answers might include: condom (variation of name acceptable) female condom, sponge, cap/diaphragm Maximum 2 for each individual response [2] 3 Responses must be in the correct for a newborn baby. Response might include: hunger, nappy needs changing, cold, hot, tired, unwell, scared, and uncomfortable. Any correct response may receive a mark [4] 4 (a) There might be many possible correct answers. Answers might include: Give the children time to get ready, provide Velcro shoes and fastenings, provide wide neck clothing, clothes without buttons, praise their efforts, give children choice. (1 mark per response) [4] (b) Age of child Ways to help children enjoy mealtimes 8 month old Introduce plain foods, sit baby in a highchair, do not rush baby, use a soft spoon, ensure food is not too hot Other correct answers may receive a mark. [3] 2 year old Present food attractively, cut into small pieces, do not provide too much food, give children choice, sit with children while they eat, let children feed themselves Other correct answers may receive a mark. [3] 4 year old Give children choice about what they will eat, sit together at mealtimes, provide small portions, give children small size cutlery, character crockery, provide interesting foods Other correct answers may receive a mark. [3] [9]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0637 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 5 The answers must be correctly identified to be awarded a mark. One mark for the name and one for the purpose to give a total of 6 marks. Answers which have the same meaning but are worded differently may receive a mark. Umbilical cord- attaches to the baby and mother to exchange food and nutrients and get rid of waste. Placenta- Acts as a filter and supplies the baby with oxygen, blood and nutrients, filters SOME harmful substances. Amniotic sack- protects the baby from bumps or shocks. [6] 6 There might be a range of responses. Explanation needed. Two marks per response. Infection can cause the foetus to die and the body to go into labour to expel it. Injury can cause the placenta or amniotic sack to rupture, incomplete cervix means that the cervix gives way as the baby grows, abortion is deliberate removal of the foetus through drugs or suction/scrapping the uterus, unknown reason, deformity/abnormality of foetus [4]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0637 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 Section B 7 (a) Any correct answers may be awarded a mark. No mark will be awarded for any mention of physical abuse. Marks are awarded one for each reason. Total of 6. This might include: praise, ignoring behaviour, removal of treats, reward chart, clear boundaries, being a good role model [6] (b) Answers to include: taking children to parent and toddler groups, parks, pre-school, activities, such as clubs, dance groups etc. Any activities must be relevant to being with others in a social way. The marks are awarded as (3x2) Any correct response may be awarded a mark. Explanation for each point must be given: e.g. toddler groups where parents and their children get to play and talk to others of the same age. They will learn to share and take turns [6] (c) Eight required for full marks: Sweating, paleness, sunken eyes, sleepy, vomiting, earache, headache, raised temperature, swollen glands, diarrhoea, grizzling, waking at night, quietness. Any other correct response may be awarded a mark. [8] 7 (d) Marks are awarded for each correct mark with a maximum of 3 marks for each condition. Variations of correct responses will be awarded a mark. [9] Condition Cause How to treat How to prevent Nappy rash Being left in soiled nappy Use a barrier cream, regular bathing with no soap, allow time without nappy, use medicated cream. Use liners or disposable nappies, use a barrier cream, have fresh air time without nappy. Gastro- enteritis Non sterilised feeding equipment, not boiling water for feeds, dirty hands when preparing foods. Give plenty of fluids, avoid food until ill health stops. Wash hands when preparing feeds, sterilise equipment, use fresh feeds, boil water. Wind/colic Through sucking on and empty bottle, incorrect positioning on the breast. Rub baby’s back to bring up wind, massage baby’s tummy, warm bath, colic medication. Take away bottle when empty, ensure good position when breast feeding. Sensitive to certain foods.

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0637 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 8 (a) There might be a range of correct answers, which might be awarded a mark. Diet Children need a balanced diet. Food should be in correct portion size to reduce the risk of obesity. Children should have limited sweet and sugary food to help prevent tooth decay. Children need regular meals to give them energy. Breastfeeding is best for babies and recommended for the first 6 months. [3] Exercise Young children need exercise to help them strengthen their muscles in preparation for walking. Children need to exercise to prevent becoming over weight and to help develop their breathing and outdoor activities helps them to gain vitamin d for bone growth. Exercise helps children to feel happy and well. [3] Hygiene Children need their nappy changed frequently to prevent rash occurring. Children need to be taught to wipe their nose to prevent the spread of infection. Children need to have immunisation to protect them from ill health. Babies need a clean environment as they put things into their mouths etc. [3] Sleep Children need more rest than adults. Children need a regular bedtime so that they grow and their body can rest and recover. Children should be able to sleep when they are tired and babies need daytime naps. Children who are overtired might be more prone to accident or injury. [3] Suitable clothing If children are not dressed correctly, this can affect their growth, e.g. shoes that are too small restrict the growth of toes. In summer children need to wear protective hats to stop them from getting too hot or burnt. In winter, children need to be wrapped up against the cold to prevent them from becoming cold. [3] There is a potential for 3 marks in total for each section. In order to gain full marks, candidates need to give the maximum in each area. There might be a range of correct answers which will be awarded a mark. There might be many correct answers. Any accurate and logical responses may receive a mark. [15]

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0637 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 (b) There might be a wide range of correct answers. Any reasonable correct response might be awarded a mark. The maximum marks can only be achieved where there is a way that health is promoted and an explanation. Ways might include: Having a healthy diet – This will make sure that the growing baby gets the right amount of vitamins and nutrients it needs for essential growth. Exercising on a regular basis – This helps to remain a healthy weight, keeps the mother mobile and fit increasing readiness for labour. Not being overweight – Being over-weight can increase the risk of premature birth and poses a risk to the mother and baby in labour, if medical intervention is needed. Not smoking – Nicotine passes through the placenta and can cause low birth weight, increase the risk of miscarriage and sudden infant death syndrome. Not taking drugs – The drugs pass through the placenta and can cause premature birth and birth defects. Avoiding medication unless absolutely necessary – The drugs pass through the placenta and can cause premature birth and birth defects. Reduce or avoiding alcohol – Can cause foetal alcohol syndrome, low birth weight and premature birth. Attending medical check-ups – Can detect early problems which pose a risk to the baby and mother. [6] 9 (a) There will a wide range of responses and any which are correct might be awarded a mark. Learners need to discuss each area to be given maximum marks. 0–6 marks Low response The learner has not answered all areas and there is weakness within the response. The response is incorrect. There is incorrect response- e.g. the response does not relate to hospital births. There is little awareness of question asked or poorly matched response to question. Where there are responses these are listed, not explained and as a result, the response does not give enough information to satisfy the question. 7–13 marks Medium response Each section has been attempted with some lucid and relevant responses. The answers are not fully developed, for example, there is no explanation of how each positive or negative of hospital birth impacts upon the mother/baby . There are generally correct ideas given which relate to hospital births and not birth in general. 14–20 marks High response Each section is explained clearly with a good explanation for each section of the question. The Responses are full, valid and well explained. Each section has been thoroughly addressed.

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0637 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 The reasons why many parents choose to have their baby in hospital: The perception that this is safer. They are encouraged to do this by a medical professional. Their parents had them in hospital, the influence of friends and people they know. They want to feel that this is best for them. Positives – this could include a wide range of responses: There is pain relief readily available if the mother wants more pain relief to cope with labour. The parents can be advised of possible options if the birth takes longer than expected. The doctors can monitor the baby to check for any signs of distress. Intervention can be taken if needed, for example a C-section can be performed to get the baby out quickly if they need to. The mother can have emergency treatment, such as blood transfusion and stitching if needed. The mother will have the support of the medical team following the birth. The mother will be able to ask questions and get support with breastfeeding. The mother will have 24 hour help and medical assistance if she is concerned about her or her babies’ health. The doctors can give any immediate treatment if needed. The mother can have a rest and medical team will organise food and water. Negatives It can be very noisy in the hospital ward and so the mother might not get a lot of sleep. The routines of the hospital might not suit the mother and therefore, she will feel awkward or unsettled. The mother might feel that the medical team are interfering with bonding. The father and family cannot help out at the hospital and get to know the new baby. The hospital is not private and the mother may need to share a bathroom which can make her feel uncomfortable. [20]

Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0637 01 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 OR (b) There will a wide range of responses and any which are correct might be awarded a mark. Learners need to discuss each area to be given maximum marks. 0–6 marks Low response The learner has not answered all areas and there is weakness within the response. The response is incorrect. There is incorrect response- e.g. the development is not related to physical aspects. There is little awareness of question asked or poorly matched response to question. Where there are responses these are listed, not explained and as a result, the response does not give enough information to satisfy the question. 7–13 marks Medium response Each section has been attempted with some lucid and relevant responses. The answers are not fully developed, for example, there is no explanation of how each factor impacts upon physical development. There are generally correct stages of physical development given which satisfy the gross and fine motor skills section of the question. 14–20 marks High response Each section is explained clearly with a good outline for each stage of physical development from birth to five years. The factors which impact upon physical development are accurate and explained. Normal gross motor skills include: The primary reflexes which babies are born with, e.g. rooting, sucking, moro/startle reflex, etc. This then turns into learnt actions such as, turning head when hearing sound, moving arms and legs in unison, reaching for toys just out of reach. The baby will then roll over from back to front and then front to back. Babies develop strength in their back and can start to sit up for short periods. Babies can lean forward to steady themselves. Then sit upright unaided. The babies will start to crawl or pull themselves across the floor. The babies become confident crawlers. Then stand for a few moments and can pull themselves to standing. Then take few steps by themselves. Leading to confident walking, ability to balance one foot and jump. Older children can climb and use equipment, such as bikes. Fine motor skills include: Initially, grasp reflex is primitive reflex. Finger play, watching their own hands and touching the breast as young baby. This increases to purposeful movements and reaching for toys. Babies start to put their arms up to be carried and will hold on to adult. Babies reach and hold object, but cannot let go. Babies pick up object with whole hand. This increases to pincer grasp and ability to pick up small objects between thumb and fore finger. The baby will then start to hold and use tools, such as spoons to feed themselves. This increase with age and skill become more accurate and effective. The children then develop the ability to hold and use pencils and crayons to make marks, draw and create. Factors which impact upon physical development: The premature birth of babies can impact upon their physical development meaning that they take longer to reach milestones. Some condition associated with prematurity can have a lasting effect upon physical development. This leads to children having poor control over their movements and weak muscle tone. They may require support to walk and move. Children who do not have the chance to play on the floor may be delayed in rolling over and crawling. The impact of parenting styles might also impact upon development, such as less support and encouragement. Physical disability, such as a missing limb can cause difficulty in advancing in physical development. There might be a wide range of correct responses. These must be explained, not listed to receive the maximum marks. [20]