Cambridge IGCSE Child Development 0637 — 2002 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 1

This question paper consists of 12 printed pages. SP (NF/JG) S02240/2 © CIE 2002 [Turn over International General Certificate of Secondary Education CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS CHILD DEVELOPMENT 0637/1 PAPER 1 OCTOBER/NOVEMBER SESSION 2002 2 hours Additional materials: Answer paper TIME 2 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name, Centre number and candidate number in the spaces at the top of this page and on all separate answer paper used. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer any two questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section C Answer one question. Write your answer on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, fasten the separate answer paper securely to the question paper. INFORMATION FOR CANDIDATES The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Candidate Centre Number Number Candidate Name FOR EXAMINER’S USE Section A Section B Section B Section C TOTAL www.XtremePapers.com

2 0637/1/O/N/02 Section A Answer all questions. 1 Name two points to consider when buying shoes for a 2 year old child. 1. … 2. …[2] 2 List four items to collect when preparing a bath for a young baby. 1. … 2. … 3. … 4. …[4] 3 (a) Suggest two reasons why it is important that an expectant mother’s blood pressure is checked regularly. 1. … 2. …[2] (b) During pregnancy the midwife or doctor gently examines the uterus. State two reasons why this is carried out. 1. … 2. …[2] 4 (a) Name two methods of pain relief which may be available to the mother during labour. 1. … 2. …[2] (b) State two signs that a woman has started labour. 1. … 2. …[2] For Examiner’s Use

3 0637/1/O/N/02 [Turn over 5 Suggest four advantages of breastfeeding a baby. 1. … 2. … 3. … 4. …[4] 6 What three points would you look for when buying a cot for a new-born baby? 1. … 2. … 3. …[3] 7 State two main factors on which a child’s growth and development depends. 1. … 2. …[2] 8 Creative play is a type of social play. (a) Name three other types of social play. 1. … 2. … 3. …[3] (b) Suggest two activities that would encourage creative play. 1. … 2. …[2] For Examiner’s Use

4 0637/1/O/N/02 9 Look at the picture below. Explain two ways the doll would encourage a young child to dress her/himself. 1. … 2. …[2] For Examiner’s Use

5 0637/1/O/N/02 [Turn over Section B Answer two questions. 10 (a) (i) At what age, approximately, do milk teeth begin to appear? …[1] (ii) How many milk teeth does a young child have? …[1] (iii) List three signs that indicate a baby may be teething. 1. … 2. … 3. …[3] (iv) Give two pieces of advice that would be helpful to a parent whose baby is teething. 1. … 2. …[2] (v) At what age do milk teeth begin to fall out? …[1] (b) (i) Explain how fluoride helps to protect teeth in a young child. … …[2] (ii) Name one other mineral that is necessary in the diet for healthy teeth. …[1] (iii) Suggest three food sources that are rich in this mineral. 1. … 2. … 3. …[3] (c) Vitamins also help to build healthy teeth. Name one suitable vitamin and suggest two food sources for this vitamin. Vitamin …[1] Food source 1. … 2. …[2] For Examiner’s Use

6 0637/1/O/N/02 (d) (i) Explain how tooth decay occurs. … … …[2] (ii) What advice would you give to a mother about how to keep her child’s teeth free from tooth decay? … … … … … …[6] 11 (a) Hormones control the menstrual cycle. (i) What are hormones? … … …[2] (ii) Where in the body are hormones produced? …[1] (iii) Name the two female hormones which help to control the menstrual cycle. 1. … 2. …[2] (b) What is meant by the term ovulation? … …[2] For Examiner’s Use

7 0637/1/O/N/02 [Turn over (c) Study the diagram below. Label, on the diagram, the parts numbered 1–6. [6] (d) Suggest two reasons why menstruation may stop for a time. 1. … 2. …[2] (e) (i) At what age, approximately, do girls begin to menstruate? …[1] (ii) How long does the average menstrual cycle last? …[1] (f) Pre-conceptual care is important when planning a family. (i) State five ways in which a young couple, wanting to start a family can help to ensure that their baby will be as healthy as possible? 1. … 2. … 3. … 4. … 5. …[5] (ii) State three reasons why hereditary factors must be considered when planning a baby. … … … …[3] 1 2 3 4 6 5 For Examiner’s Use 1. … 2. … 3. … 4. … 5. … 6. …

8 0637/1/O/N/02 12 (a) What is meant by the term emotional development? … …[2] (b) Name two factors which will affect a child’s emotional development. 1. … 2. …[2] (c) Suggest three ways a parent can form strong bonds with their baby. 1. … 2. … 3. …[3] (d) Not all children are loved. (i) Give two ways in which a lack of love may affect a child. 1. … 2. …[2] (ii) What is smother love? … …[2] (iii) Suggest three ways smother love may show itself in a parent. 1. … 2. … 3. …[3] (e) Babies and young children often have a form of comforter; (i) Suggest one idea for a comforter. …[1] (ii) Explain why some babies and children have comforters. … … …[2] For Examiner’s Use

9 0637/1/O/N/02 [Turn over (f) (i) Explain the meaning of the term regression. … … …[2] (ii) How should a parent treat a child who has regressed in their behaviour? … … …[2] (g) How may parents help a child to overcome jealousy felt when a new baby comes into the family? … … … … …[4] 13 (a) (i) What is meant by the term contraception? … … …[2] (ii) State two methods of contraception available to men. 1. … 2. …[2] (iii) The combined and the mini pill are available to women. State two differences between these pills. 1. … 2. …[2] For Examiner’s Use

10 0637/1/O/N/02 (iv) State two other types of contraception that can only be obtained from the doctor or clinic. 1. … 2. …[2] (v) Explain why the withdrawal method is unreliable. … … …[2] (vi) Explain what is meant by emergency contraception. … … …[2] Study the diagram below. (vii) What do the initials I.U.D. stand for? …[3] (viii) Explain how this method prevents pregnancy. … … …[3] For Examiner’s Use

11 0637/1/O/N/02 (b) Some couples are unable to have children and are infertile. (i) Suggest three causes of infertility. 1. … 2. … 3. …[3] (ii) Explain two fertility treatments that may be available to couples who are infertile. 1. … 2. …[4] [Turn over

12 0637/1/O/N/02 Section C Answer one question. 14 Some children do not live with their natural parents, but are fostered or adopted. (a) Describe the differences between fostering and adopting a child. (b) Explain the reasons why some people wish to adopt and how adoption takes place. [20] 15 Safety is a major issue in today’s society. (a) Explain circumstances in which accidents are more likely to happen. (b) Describe how to make a child’s environment safer. [20]

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME FOR the November 2002 question papers 0637 CHILD DEVELOPMENT 0637/01 Paper 1, maximum raw mark 100 These mark schemes are published as an aid to teachers and students, to indicate the requirements of the examination. They show the basis on which Examiners were initially instructed to award marks. They do not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began. Any substantial changes to the mark scheme that arose from these discussions will be recorded in the published Report on the Examination. All Examiners are instructed that alternative correct answers and unexpected approaches in candidates’ scripts must be given marks that fairly reflect the relevant knowledge and _ skills demonstrated. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the Report on the Examination. . CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2002 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Subsidiary (AS) and GCE Advanced (A) Level syllabuses. University of CAMBRIDGE Local Examinations Syndicate

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS November 2002 INTERNATIONAL GCSE UNIVERSITY of CAMBRIDGE Local Examinations Syndicate

Page 1 of 11 Mark Scheme [Syllabus IGCSE Examinations - November 2002 [0637 Paper 1 Section A 1. ONE mark for each correct answer. TWO requires e.g. Give support and protection Be smooth inside Wide enough to allow toes to move/ rounded front Room for growth Adjustable fastening Flexible uppers Light and flexible soles/non-slip Firm fitting heel Low heel - Reputable supplier Leather allows foot to breathe. ONE mark for each correct answer FOUR required e.g. Bath mat Clean nappy/liner/pins Clean towel Clothing Soap/babybath/infracare Shampoo Cotton wool Talcum powder Nappy cream Chaning mat Bath toys 3 (a)ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required e.g. High blood pressure [1 mark] can lead to pre-eclampsia/toxemia [1 mark] High blood pressure [1 mark] can be fatal for the baby and the mother [1 mark] 3 (b)ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required eg. Check on the rate of growth/growing ok/height of fundus Baby's size Baby's position Listening to heartbeat/ear trumpet 4 (a)ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required e.g. Relaxation and breathing exercises Gas and oxygen/entenox Acupuncture/reflexology - ONE alternative method only Tens Pethidine Epidural anaesthetic Water birth Aromotherapy 4 (b)ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required e.g. A show/discharge of mucus and blood Waters breaking/amniotic fluid coming away Regular and strong contractions (2) [4] [2] [2] [2] 2]

Paper Page 2 of 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus IGCSE Examinations - November 2002 0637 ONE mark for each correct answer FOUR required e.g. Easy for some Safe/clean Uterus contracts quickly Free Contains antibiotics bonds of affection Never causes indigestion Less likely to become overweight Less likely to develop nappy rash Less likely to develop eczema Less likely to be constipated Convenient/available Correct temperature ONE mark for each correct answer THREE required e.g. Bars should be no more than 6cms apart Mattress should fit/no gaps at the sides Stability Drop side cots should have a secure catch Strong/durable/sturdy New mattress/holes in mattress Lead free paint ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required e.g. Inherited genes State of health Amount of encouragement and interest shown by the parents/carers Environment 8 (a)ONE mark for each correct answer THREE required e.g. Solitary/alone Parallel/side by side Looking-on Joining in Co-operative/group 8 (b)ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required e.g. Drawing a picture Painting/crayons Modelling with plasticine/playdough/clay/modelling clay maing junk toys Making a house from building blocks/bricks/lego/duplo Sand and water 4] (3) [2] B] 2]

Page 3 of 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus | Paper IGCSE Examinations - November 2002 0637 1 9 ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required e.g. Learn how to do the following: - Fasten buttons - Fasten zips - Tie shoelaces - Make bows - Fasten hooks and eyes - Fasten press studs together - Fasten toggles - Velcro - Independence/confidence (2] Section B 40 (a) (i) ONE mark for the correct answer Average age is 6 months 5-6 or 6-7 {1] 10 (a) (ii) ONE mark for the correct answer 20 milk teeth (1] 10 (a) (iii) ONE mark for each correct answer THREE required Sore gums/swollen Increased dribbling Increased fist chewing/chewing objects NOT biting or sucking Red cheek Increased crying [3] 10 (a) (iv) ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required Cuddled/comforted Divert the baby's attention Chewing on something hard/rusks/carrot Extra fluids Teething gel No trade names [2] 10 (a) (v) ONE mark for the correct answer 5 years onward (1) 10 (b) (i) TWO marks for the correct answer Fluoride combines chemically with the enamel of the teeth, making them stronger and more resistant to decay [2] 10 (b) (ii) ONE mark for the correct answer Calcium/phosphorous - NOT fluoride {1] 10 (b) (ili) ONE mark for each correct answer THREE required Milk Cheese Yoghurt White bread Green vegetables

Page 4 of 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus | Paper IGCSE Examinations - November 2002 0637_—| 1 10 (c) ONE mark for the correct answer Vitamin A, C or D Must have correct vitamin to get marks for food sources (1) ONE mark for the correct answer TWO required Vitamin A: Milk Butter Margarine Carrots Green vegetables Vitamin C: Green vegetables Blackcurrants Oranges Lemons Limes Grapefruit Raspberries Vitamin D: Milk/milk products Margarine Butter Fish oils Eggs [2] 10 (d) (i) TWO marks for the correct answer Bacteria in the mouth + sugar in the food = attacks enamel - NOT Rot or go bad = [2] 10 (d) (ii) ONE mark for each correct answer SIX required Encourage child to hold a toothbrush from an early age Teach child to brush teeth from the age of 1 year Teeth should be brushed twice a day and especially before bed/regularly/after meals Buy the child a toothbrush with a cartoon character on it for encouragement Caring for teeth will become a lifetime habit Avoid giving sugary drinks and sweets/reduce sweets For snack foods provide apple, carrot or crusts Take the child to the dentist with you so that they get used to it/take child to the dentist Novelty toothpaste Let them watch you Books/videos Role-play Change every three months/buy a brush regularly [6]

Page 5 of 11 | Mark Scheme Syllabus | Paper | I IGCSE Examinations - November 2002 0637 1 | fi) fii) 11 (a) (i) TWO marks for the correct answer They are substances which act as chemical messengers [2] (ii) ONE mark for the correct answer Endocrine glands (1] (iii) ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required Oestrogen Progesterone 1] (b) TWO marks for the correct answer An egg is released every month from one or other of the ovaries / releases egg Usually takes place around the 14'" day or middle of the menstrual cycle. After being released the egg travels down the Fallopian tube. (2) {c) ONE mark for each correct answer SIX required 1. Fallopian tube(s) Ovary Vagina Cervix Lining of the uterus Wall of the uterus / uterus {6] Panwn (d) ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required Menopause Poor diet Pregnancy Iliness [2] Breast feeding (ey (i) ONE mark for the correct answer 9-17 years (1] (ii) ONE mark for the correct answer 28 days {1} ONE mark for each correct answer FIVE required be in good health be free from infection not be overweight give up smoking give up alcohol not to take drugs or medication have a good nutritious diet folic acid genetic counselling L ONE mark for each correct answer THREE required in case there is a family history of inherited illness in case of a history of abnormalities when mother and father are closely related e.g. cousins when either mother or father may be carriers of an abnormal gene which may be inherited by the child and cause a disease.or illness. one child already [3] 6]

Page 6 of 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper | IGCSE Examinations - November 2002 0637 1 | 12a) TWO marks for the correct answer ; The development of a child’s ability to control her/his feelings [2] b) ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required Child’s inborn temperament Environment / stability / security 2] State of health love shown / praise c) ONE mark for each correct answer THREE required Skin-to-skin contact / touching / holding / cuddling Eye-to-eye contact Familiar smells 3} Familiar sounds /talking breast feeding 9) (i) d (ii) ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required Child feeling: Insecure Unhappy Does not thrive physically Does not learn to deal with their emotions / tantrums / cannot show love Withdrawn Attention seeking /smacking / hitting / biting / aggressive [2] TWO marks for correct answer When the child is over-protected, prevented from becoming independent, given too much love, not allowed to do things for themselves [2]

Page 7 of 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE Examinations - November 2002 0637 4 (ii) (e) (i) (ii) (f) i) (ii) (g) 13 (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) ONE mark for each correct answer THREE required Constantly picking up the child Not letting him/her play Being over-anxious Constantly worrying about how much the child is eating Constantly worrying about the child's sleeping habits 3] No discipline ONE mark for the correct answer Dummy Piece of cloth Cuddly toy — anything suitable Blanket 1] TWO marks for the correct answer Provides comfort and security - (2) TWO marks for the correct answer Reverting to an earlier stage, e.g. child may have been dry at night, but suddenly starts wetting the bed. [2] TWO marks for the correct answer Never smack or scold the child. Give extra love and attention. (2) Be patient / praise / encourage ONE mark for each correct answer FOUR required Prepare the child for the new baby’s arrival Reassure often that he/she is loved and wanted Avoid comparisons with the new baby Encourage him/her to feel more grown up and independent Involve the child when buying equipment for the new baby Encourage the child to help, e.g. when bathing the new baby, to fetch items needed. {4] TWO marks for the correct answer Contraception is the deliberate prevention of pregnancy. [2] ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required Male condom Male sterilisation (vasectomy) Abstention Withdrawal (2] ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required Combined pill: Contains two hormones, oestrogen and progestogen. Stops the ovaries from producing eggs. Usually taken for three weeks at a time and then one week off. Does not have to be taken at exactly the same time every day — within 12 hours. Mini-pill: Contains one hormone, progestogen. Alters the lining of the womb and makes it difficult for an egg to settle there. Needs to be taken at the same time every day. {2] ONE mark for each correct answer TWO required Diaphragm or cap intra-uterine device / US / loop / coil Female sterilisation 2] Injections Implants Patches

Page 8 of 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus | Paper IGCSE Examinations - November 2002 0637 41 (v) TWO marks for the correct answer The penis is withdrawn from the vagina before ejaculation, but some sperm may leak out before the main ejaculation takes place, [2 (vi) TWO marks for the correct answer When intercourse takes place without any contraception being used, or if contraception has failed, then pills can be taken. These are obtained from the doctor/chemist within 48 hours {2] (vii) ONE mark for each correct answer THREE required (viii) (b) (i) (ii) Intra-uterine-device 1)) THREE marks for the correct answer Aplastic and copper device is put into the uterus and prevents a fertilised egg from settling in the uterus. 3) ONE mark for each correct answer THREE required Too few sperm being produced Failure to ovulate Blocked Fallopian tubes Cervical mucus is too thick [3] TWO marks for each correct answer TWO required Fertility drugs: women who cannot ovulate are given hormones to produce eggs. IVF: fertilisation takes place outside the body and the embryo is implanted into the uterus. Surrogacy: another woman carries the baby for the couple. Sperm/egg donation: other people donate their sperm or eggs. [4] Artificial insemination

IGCSE Examinations - November 2002 0637 Page 9 of 171 Mark Scheme Syllabus | Paper ] 1 Section C Answer one question Marks are awarded depending on the quality of the response. 14 A high level response 14-20 A good candidate will be able to describe the differences between fostering and adopting and explain why seme people wish to adopt and how this takes place. Issues may include: Fostering Children may return to their own home Temporary arrangement Foster parents are paid Foster parents have ao legal rights over the child Children stay with foster parents for varying amounts of time Children may become attached to foster parents and it can be difficult for them when they return to their own parents. Adoption A legal process where adults become !egal parents of the child Permanent arrangement Adoptive parents are legally responsible for the child Natural parents relinquish al! parental responsibility No payment- only those benefits entitled to any parent. Reasons for adoption: Unable to have children of their own Grandparents or other relatives of a child whose parents have died Mother marries a new husband and they jointly adopt her child Foster parents who want to adopt a child they have fostered for three years or more. How adoption takes place: People who wish to adopt are interviewed by an adoption agency to see if they are suitable To ensure that they really want to adopt a child To make sure they are ; Happy Healthy Ina stable relationship Can financially afford to adopt When a suitable child becomes available the child lives with prospective parents for a trial period. Social worker makes regular visits Natural parent can change their mind Child needs to be six weeks old before trial period starts If trial period is satisfactory then adoption can go ahead. Amid range response 7-13 Candidates will be able to give some differences between fostering and adopting and briefly mention why people adopt but not how the adoption takes place.

Page 10 of 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus | Paper IGCSE Examinations - November 2002 0637 4 A low level response 0-6 Candidates will provide a confused answer to the differences between fostering and adopting and may say that people wish to adopt because they cannet have their own children. 15. A high level response 14-20 A good candidate will be able to explain in detail when accidents are more likely to happen and wil! describe how to make a child’s environment safer. Issues will include; Accidents are more likely to happen : At times of stress-people become more careless and forgetful When parents are less alert-senses may be dulled by medicines or alcohol To children who are over protected-so aware of danger that it makes them nervous or they may rebel against their parents To children who are under protected- unaware of dangers and fail to take care. To children who are neglected and abused. Tiredness/illness How to make a child’s environment safer: Home Dangerous objects to be kept out of the way e.g. sharp knives, matches, lighters, Peanuts, plastic bags. Dangerous situations-children kept away form the kithen by using safety barrier/gate. Special locks fitted to cupboards. Socket covers put into electric sockets. Fireguards to prevents burns Pan handles at back of the cooker Windows to be securely fastened Keep chairs away from windows to prevent climbing Coil / flex / cooker guards Garden - Cover ponds or fence off Fence the whole garden/child proof catches on any gates Keep all tools locked away Remove animal droppings Keep barbecue equipment out of reach Keep garden toys safe and in good repair Any chemicals must be locked away Road and Travel Teach road safety as soon as possible Never let children out on the road on their own Walking reins should be used for small children Not to talk to anyone in the street unless they know them. In cars children should be fastened in the correct restraint Child seat should be anchored in firmly Booster seats are helpful to allow the seatbelt to fit correctly on an older child

Page 11 of 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus | Paper IGCSE Examinations - November 2002 0637 41 A mid-range response 7-13 The candidate will be able to provide one or two answers to explain why accidents happen but not in any detail. Some good descriptions on how to make the environment safer. A low level response 0-6 The candidate may not know why accidents happen but will be able to suggest ways of making the environment safer although these will lack any detail.