Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture 0600 — 2015 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 1

This document consists of 18 printed pages and 2 blank pages. DC (ST/SW) 92562/4 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over * 8 2 8 3 1 4 0 5 9 0 * AGRICULTURE 0600/11 Paper 1 October/November 2015 1 hour 45 minutes Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer all questions. Electronic calculators may be used. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Question Paper. You are advised to spend no longer than 1 hour on Section A. Section B Answer any two questions. Write your answers on the Answer Booklet/Paper provided. Enter the numbers of the Section B questions you have answered in the grid. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Section B Total

2 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 Section A Answer all the questions. 1 Fig. 1.1 shows a farm in a valley. A B Fig. 1.1 (a) The hillside labelled B is uncultivated. Suggest two environmental factors that make cultivation of crops difficult on this hillside. 1 … 2 …[2] (b) The hillside labelled A is covered with trees and bushes. (i) Describe how this hillside could be cleared for cultivation. … … … …[3] (ii) Suggest two ways this slope could be cultivated to reduce erosion of soil and crops. 1 … 2 …[2] (iii) Before planting a crop, the farmer tested the soil and found it was high in potassium. Explain how the process of clearing the hillside might have caused this. … …[2] [Total: 9]

3 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of the digestive system of a pig (non-ruminant). Fig. 2.1 Label on Fig. 2.1, using a line and the letters shown, the following: S, where digestion begins C, the caecum M, the position of a sphincter muscle [3] (b) (i) Name an internal parasite. … Label on Fig. 2.1, with a P, where the parasite you named would be found in the pig. [2] (ii) Suggest a symptom that may indicate the pig was infected with this parasite. … …[1] (iii) Suggest how to prevent the pig from being infected with this parasite. … …[1] [Total: 7]

4 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 3 (a) The pie charts below show the composition of four soils. clay silt fine sand coarse sand Key C A D B Which chart represents a sandy loam soil? Answer A, B, C or D … [1] (b) Different types of soil have different characteristics. Put ticks in the boxes next to two true statements about clay soil. It does not swell or shrink. It feels sticky when wet. It retains nutrients. Its particles do not stick together. It tends to be acidic. It warms up quickly in spring. Water runs through it easily. [2] (c) State one effect of adding lime to a clay soil. …[1]

5 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (d) Table 3.1 shows the recommended amounts of lime needed to grow crops and grass in different soils at varying pH. Table 3.1 soil pH lime applied / tonnes per hectare sandy loam clay loam crops grass crops grass 7.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 3.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 6.0 6.0 2.0 8.0 3.0 5.5 9.0 5.0 12.0 6.0 5.0 12.0 7.0 16.0 7.0 4.5 15.0 7.0 20.0 7.0 (i) State how much lime to add to a clay loam soil for growing grass at pH 6.0. … tonnes per hectare [1] (ii) A farmer needed to apply 5 tonnes per hectare of lime to grow grass on a field of sandy loam. State the pH of the soil in this field. …[1] (iii) A farmer growing grass on a clay loam soil of pH 5.5 needs to apply 6 tonnes of lime per hectare. When else does the farmer need to apply 6 tonnes of lime per hectare? …[1] (iv) With reference to Table 3.1, state a general conclusion that can be made about the requirement for lime by crops and grass. … …[1] (e) Explain why the pH of soil becomes acidic in an intensely grazed pasture that is not limed. … …[2] [Total: 10]

6 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 4 (a) Fig. 4.1 shows a garden plot in a school. Fig. 4.1 The boys are removing plants in each row. This is called thinning. State two reasons for thinning the plants. 1 … 2 …[2]

7 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (b) Chemicals can be used to improve the yield from crops. If these chemicals are not used carefully they can cause harm. Draw three lines to connect each chemical to the harm it can cause. builds up in food chains, so harming predators fertiliser causes excessive plant growth in streams and rivers, reducing light levels herbicide kills some plants needed by animals, so reducing biodiversity pesticide prevents sunlight reaching the leaves, so reducing photosynthesis [2] (c) The school wants to produce crops organically. State how the plot could be managed organically to provide fertiliser, … … to control weeds, … … to control pests. … …[3] [Total: 7]

8 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 5 (a) Which equation correctly represents photosynthesis? A 6CO2 + 6H2O 6C6H12O6 + 6O2 B 6CO2 + 6H2O 6C6H12O6 + 6H2O C 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 D 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6H2O Answer A, B, C or D … [1] (b) Fig. 5.1 shows a cross-section of a leaf. Y X W V Z S U T Fig. 5.1 Give the letter from Fig. 5.1 which represents (i) the cell where most photosynthesis takes place, … [1] (ii) the most likely point of entry for a fungal disease, … [1] (iii) the most likely tissue into which a virus would be introduced by an aphid. … [1]

9 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (c) Fig. 5.2 shows a damaged leaf. Fig. 5.2 (i) Name a pest that could have caused this damage. …[1] (ii) Suggest two reasons why this damage would reduce the growth of the plant. 1 … … 2 … …[2] [Total: 7]

10 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 6 (a) Table 6.1 lists food groups and their use in animals. Table 6.1 food group use in animal carbohydrate energy production protein … … energy storage vitamins health minerals health (i) Complete the missing details in Table 6.1. [2] (ii) For a named mineral, give one reason why it is needed by animals. mineral … why needed …[1] (b) (i) One part of an animal’s diet not listed in Table 6.1 is fibre. State one function of fibre in a non-ruminant animal. …[1] (ii) Explain how fibre is broken down in poultry. … …[2] (c) Fig. 6.1 shows young turkeys in an intensive rearing house. Fig. 6.1

11 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Stocking density affects the growth of turkeys housed indoors. In an experiment, young turkeys were put into houses with different stocking densities. Table 6.2 shows the results after 82 days. Table 6.2 stocking density / number per 10 m2 mean body mass after 82 days / g per turkey mean gain in body mass after 82 days / g per turkey mass of food eaten / g per turkey food conversion ratio mortality (%) 30 3162 3116 5641 1.81 3.6 35 3096 3050 5536 1.82 7.8 40 3046 3000 5549 1.85 7.5 45 2966 2920 5392 1.85 7.5 50 2842 2796 5200 1.86 7.6 The food conversion ratio relates the amount of food eaten to the weight gained by an animal. (i) State the stocking density at which the turkeys had the most efficient food conversion ratio. …[1] (ii) State the mean mass of the turkeys at the start of the experiment for a stocking density of 40. …[1] (iii) Explain the relationship between stocking density and the mean gain in body mass in this experiment. … …[2] (iv) What conclusion can be made from this data about stocking density and mortality rate? … …[1] [Total: 11]

12 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 7 (a) A tomato plant with green, round fruit was crossed with a tomato plant with red, oval fruit. X green, round fruit red, oval fruit All the F1 offspring had red, round fruit. red, round fruit Characteristics such as fruit shape and colour are controlled by genes. Genes exist in different forms called alleles. Alleles can be dominant or recessive. Which two statements below are correct on the evidence of these results? A The allele for green fruit is dominant. B The allele for round fruit is dominant. C The alleles for red and oval fruit are both dominant. D The F1 generation is heterozygous. E The alleles for green and round fruit are both recessive. … and … [2]

13 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (b) A tomato grower wanted to breed plants that only produced green, oval fruit. Describe how this could be achieved. … … … … …[3] (c) Scientists have discovered a bacterium which has a gene that causes it to produce a toxin fatal to caterpillars that eat tomato plants. (i) Use this information to explain how tomato plants could be produced that are protected from caterpillar attack. … … … …[2] (ii) Suggest one possible danger of the process you describe. … …[1] [Total: 8]

14 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 8 (a) Fig. 8.1 shows cattle grazing on natural pasture. Fig. 8.1 (i) Why are grasses valuable pasture plants? A They are resistant to overgrazing. B They are suitable for browsing. C They grow close to the ground. D They improve soil fertility. Answer A, B, C or D … [1] (ii) Name a grass planted in pasture to improve grazing. …[1] (iii) Which of the following would not increase the carrying capacity of pasture? A fertilising the pasture B grazing more animals C improving the fencing D planting a wind break Answer A, B, C or D … [1] (b) (i) A wet pasture can be drained using open ditches or underground pipes. Suggest two disadvantages of using ditches to drain a grazed pasture. 1 … … 2 … …[2]

15 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Fig. 8.2 shows two types of underground clay pipes used for drainage. A B Fig. 8.2 The pipes are laid in rows about 30 cm below the pasture surface. The clay is porous which allows the water to diffuse into the drainage channel. (ii) Pipe A is used in heavy loam soils and pipe B in light sandy soils. Suggest a reason for this. … …[1] [Total: 6]

16 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 9 (a) Fig. 9.1 shows a farmstead near a river. house animal shed X pump Fig. 9.1 Water is pumped to the farmhouse and animal shed through pipes. (i) Explain how the pipes could be joined at X. (A labelled diagram may be used in your answer.) … … … …[2] (ii) Suggest how the water supply to the house and animal shed could be improved. Give a reason for your answer. … … … …[2]

17 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (b) Water in the buildings is controlled by taps. Which diagram shows a tap that would work correctly? A B C D Answer A, B, C or D … [1] [Total: 5]

18 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 Section B Answer any two questions. Write your answers on the separate paper provided. 10 (a) Explain what is meant by translocation in plants. [4] (b) Describe how systemic pesticides may be used to control a named pest. [4] (c) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using chemicals to control pests. [7] 11 For a named farm animal (not poultry): (a) draw a labelled diagram to show the structure of the female reproductive system [9] (b) discuss the advantages of using Artificial Insemination (AI) compared with the natural service of the female animal. [6] 12 (a) Explain what is meant by pollination. [3] (b) Compare the characteristics of wind-pollinated flowers with those of insect-pollinated flowers. [7] (c) Describe the steps involved in propagating plants asexually by stem cuttings in the sweet potato. [5] 13 (a) Explain the function of legumes in maintaining soil fertility. [4] (b) Describe how nitrogen in plant proteins is changed into nitrates in the soil. [7] (c) Describe how nitrates are leached from the soil and outline one method of preventing leaching. [4] 14 (a) What factors should be considered when selecting a site for a new farm building? [6] (b) Describe a suitable building to house a named farm animal. State details of the dimensions of the building and the materials that are used to construct it. [9]

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20 0600/11/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2015 series 0600 AGRICULTURE 0600/11 Paper 1, maximum raw mark 100 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2015 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 Mark schemes may use these abbreviations: ; = separates marking points / = alternative and acceptable answers for the same marking point ( ) = words which are not essential to gain credit __ = underlined words must be present in answer to score a mark e.c.f. = error carried forward o.r.a. = or reverse argument

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 Section A 1 (a) aspect; altitude / height above sea level; sun / shade; temperature / too cold; depth of soil / rocks; water run-off; soil erosion; acidic soil; weeds / named invasive species; [2] (b) (i) cutting described; stumping described; burning; removal of stones / rocks; [3] (ii) contour ploughing; terracing; planting wind breaks / trees; drainage pipes; channels / bunds minimum tillage; [2] (iii) burning; ash high in potassium; [2] [Total: 9] 2 (a) S anywhere in tube from entrance to base of ear; C on the downward pointing tube below join of small and large intestine; M either end of stomach or at end of tube at anus; [3] (b) (i) fluke; P in liver; tape worm; P in small intestine / stomach; round worms; P in the stomach / intestine; etc. [2] (ii) thin / lack of growth (despite being fed) losing weight / loss of appetite / blood / worms / in faeces / faeces runny / different colour; not thriving; [1] (iii) good hygiene / animal husbandry with example stated, e.g. rotate pig grazing area; preventative medicine, e.g. wormers; vaccination; [1] [Total: 7] 3 (a) D; [1] (b) it feels sticky when wet; it retains nutrients; [2]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 (c) flocculates / breaks up clay structure / raises pH / reduces acidity; [1] (d) (i) 3(.0); [1] (ii) (pH) 5.5; [1] (iii) crops at pH 6 on a sandy loam soil; [1] (iv) crops require more lime applied than grass; [1] (e) animal dung deposited; dung is / breaks down to be acidic; OR removal of compounds by grazing of grass; no replacement on death; [2] [Total: 10] 4 (a) less competition; gives the remaining plants more space; so better root growth; for nutrients / minerals; for water; light in soil; bigger plants or fruit / improved growth rate; less chance of disease / pest spread; easier to control pests; [2] (b) lines between: fertiliser = causes excessive… herbicide = kills some plants… pesticide = builds up in food… [2] (c) compost / use dung / kraal manure; use mechanical method, e.g. hoe / hand picking / mulching; use cultural methods, e.g. rotation of crops / biological control / removal of crop residue; [3] [Total: 7]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 5 (a) C; [1] (b) (i) S; [1] (ii) Y; [1] (iii) U; V; W; S; or Z; [1] (c) (i) caterpillar / leaf cutter / locust / leaf miner / valid example; [1] (ii) less leaf for photosynthesis; excess water loss causing wilting; site for disease / infection; [2] [Total: 7] 6 (a) (i) (tissue) growth / repair; carbohydrate / fat; [2] (ii) iron for blood; calcium for teeth / bones; Accept requirement and relevant condition, e.g. calcium for milk fever. [1] (b) (i) aid food movement in gut; reduce / prevent constipation; [1] (ii) grinding; in gizzard / proventriculus / eq.; [2] (c) (i) 30; [1] (ii) 46; [1] (iii) as stocking rate increases gain in body mass decreases; because less food is eaten by individuals; [2] (iv) no relationship / mortality appears random; [1] [Total: 11]

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 7 (a) B; D; [2] (b) cross F1 to produce green oval; select green oval and (back)cross; as they are double recessive / all offspring have green, oval fruit; [3] (c) (i) use genetic engineering / modification; detail, e.g. insert gene / length of chromosome for toxin into tomato; [2] (ii) toxin might get into the food chain; humans who eat tomatoes have side effects; may kill beneficial insects; [1] [Total: 8] 8 (a) (i) C; [1] (ii) rye grass / timothy grass; Accept any appropriate grass. [1] (iii) B; [1] (b) (i) animals might fall in; ditches take up space for grazing; ditches get eroded / moving water causes soil erosion; water might contain diseases / cause water-related disease; cost of maintenance; [2] (ii) loose sand would enter holes and block pipe core in A; larger pipe in sand takes water away more quickly; loam soil takes longer to drain so needs holes; smaller pipe is better for loam soil as it takes longer to drain; [1] [Total: 6]

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 9 (a) (i) description of an insert / connector; description of fixing hose clip / solder; [2] (ii) tank; height increases pressure; storage tank; for use in shortage; more / better pump(s); better pressure / constant supply; cistern in building; with tap / ball valve / trough for control of supply; collect water from roof; free; more water; purification; for clean water; bore-hole; to obtain underground water; bury pipes; to avoid damage; give each building its own pipe; if one breaks, the other works / security of supply; bigger pipe; more water; [2] (b) B; [1] [Total: 5]

Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 Section B 10 (a) movement of food / products of photosynthesis; sugars; in phloem; from where made to where need; to make starch / cellulose / tuber / for respiration / for storage; method: mass flow / active transport; detail: companion cells / energy requirement; [4] (b) named pest: e.g. aphid; method: spray plant with systemic insecticide; absorbed into plant; to all parts of the plant; contact with pest; [4] (c) advantages: effective / reliable; can be specific; do not need to cover the whole plant; quick; can be broad spectrum; disadvantages: kill beneficial animals, e.g. slug bait killing vertebrates; environmental implications, e.g. persist in soil; enter waterways; enter food chain; bioaccumulation; require training to use; protective clothing needed; specialist equipment needed; require safe storage / disposal; either: costs qualified, e.g. chemicals cheap, equipment expensive; [7] [Total: 15]

Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 11 (a) diagram to show: vagina; vulva; cervix; oviduct funnel; uterus / womb; oviduct; ovary; (max. 6) Max. of three marks for structures with correct position, shape and scale. [9] (b) advantages: done at correct part of cycle / more likely to take; no need for male on farm; cost qualified; safer for female; allows use of other breeds / quality males; range of sires possible; farmer knows when birth likely; faster genetic improvement; increased production; many pregnancies possible from a single ejaculate; male can sire after death; reduced disease transfer; [6] [Total: 15] 12 (a) transfer of pollen; from stamens / anthers; to stigma / style; Allow from male to female for one mark only. [3] (b) insect flowers: brightly coloured petals; scent; nectar; nectar guides; sticky pollen; large pollen; (max. 4) wind flowers: large quantities of pollen; light pollen; anthers / stigmas outside flower / hanging anthers; feathery stigmas; small, dull green flowers; tall; flowers at top of canopy; o.r.a. (max. 4) [7]

Page 10 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 (c) plant cutting; at node / bud; use of rooting hormone / powder; half in soil; cut stem (at angle); at least 30 cm apart; ridges of soil / compost; rows 75–100 cm apart; plant during rainy season / irrigate / water; drainage / free-draining / gritty compost; (organic) fertiliser; [5] [Total: 15] 13 (a) legumes have Rhizobium; bacteria; fix nitrogen; from the atmosphere; in root nodules; nitrogen released on decomposition; decay provides humus for structure; can use as green manure; reduce use of artificial fertiliser; crop rotations; [4] (b) plant decays; bacteria; plant used by decomposers; who decay in turn; protein to ammonium compounds; ammonification; to ammonium compounds; during nitrification; to nitrites; by nitrifying bacteria; named; to nitrates; by nitrifying bacteria; named; [7] (c) leached by rain / excess watering; as nitrates are soluble; especially in porous / sandy soils; prevent by mulching; description; planting cover crop; soil testing; not adding excess nitrogen compounds; detail, e.g. field mapping; [4] [Total: 15]

Page 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 14 (a) topography: surroundings, e.g. flooding; aspect; exposure: sheltered from wind; soil: hard for foundations; wet or dry; access: to road / transport / communication; markets; proximity to other buildings: e.g. smell / noise; availability of water; security; proximity to existing farm for ease of management; pollution risk (assessment); likelihood of obtaining planning permission; cost qualified, e.g. amount of ground preparation / need for (additional) foundations; [6] (b) size: height; area; construction: roof, overhanging / gutter; material; walls: material appropriate to animal; windows: style, wire / glass ; ventilation, wire or opening and closing; floor: material; door: appropriate for animal; feeding: trough / hay racks / zero grazing system; water supply: trough with ball valve / drinkers from pipes; Award marks if appropriate for selected animal. Award up to three marks for justification of choices. [9] [Total: 15]