Cambridge IGCSE Agriculture 0600 — 2012 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 1

This document consists of 22 printed pages and 2 blank pages. DC (CW/CGW) 55575/1 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 5 9 5 2 5 0 4 3 7 7 * AGRICULTURE 0600/11 Paper 1 October/November 2012 1 hour 45 minutes Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use a soft pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the Question Paper. You are advised to spend no longer than 1 hour on Section A. Section B Answer any two questions. Write your answers on the Answer Booklet/Paper provided. Enter the numbers of the Section B questions you have answered in the grid below. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. For Examiner’s Use Section A Section B Total

2 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 For Examiner’s Use Section A Answer all the questions. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows the result of shaking a sample of soil with water and then allowing it to settle. cm3 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 water B A C D Fig. 1.1 Choose words from the list below to identify layers A, B, C and D. clay gravel humus sand silt A … B … C … D … [3]

3 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (b) Use lines to join each soil constituent to its role in the soil. The first one has been done for you. soil constituent role in soil air dissolving nutrients humus breaking down organic material microorganisms plant root respiration water improving soil structure and adding nutrients [2] (c) Many crops grow better if the pH of an acid soil is increased by spreading lime. Suggest one reason for this. … … [1] [Total: 6]

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5 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows three hand tools used in preparing a seed bed in a garden plot. A B C Fig. 2.1 State the order in which the tools should be used to produce a fine tilth. 1st tool used … 2nd tool used … 3rd tool used … [1] (b) Complete the table below for a crop that is grown locally. name of crop type of fertiliser applied timing of applying this fertiliser signs that the crop is ready for harvest [3] (c) Maize is a cereal crop grown in many parts of the world. Outline the process of sexual reproduction in maize. … … … … [3] [Total: 7]

6 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 For Examiner’s Use 3 (a) Fig. 3.1 shows part of the nitrogen cycle. nitrogen in the air dead organic matter bean plant with root nodules ammonium compounds nitrates Fig. 3.1 On Fig. 3.1, write the letter: • D to show where denitrification occurs; • P to show where decomposition occurs; • N to show where nitrifying bacteria are working. [3]

7 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (b) Fig. 3.2 shows part of a three-year crop rotation plan. year 1 year 2 year 3 field A legumes cereals field B cereals root crops field C root crops legumes Fig. 3.2 (i) On Fig. 3.2, complete the rotation pattern for year 3. [1] (ii) Explain why legumes are important in a crop rotation. … … … [2] (iii) State one benefit of crop rotation. … … [1] [Total: 7]

8 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 For Examiner’s Use 4 (a) Here is the definition of a biological process: The diffusion of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of low water potential through a partially permeable membrane. Which process does this define? Put a ring around the correct answer from the following list: active transport osmosis photosynthesis translocation [1] (b) Fig. 4.1 shows a section through the leaf of a plant. X Fig. 4.1 (i) On Fig. 4.1, label • the palisade layer, • the phloem. [2] (ii) Give the name of cell X. … [1]

9 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (c) Outline the process of transpiration in a plant. … … … … [3] (d) Some plants survive in very windy areas. Suggest one way in which leaves may be adapted to help the plant survive these conditions. … … [1] [Total: 8]

10 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 For Examiner’s Use 5 (a) Flies can be vectors (carriers) of disease-causing organisms. In animal housing, what will help to prevent the spread of diseases by flies? A covering all stores of food B an open water supply C good ventilation D separation of old and young stock answer = … [1] (b) Which type of disease is spread by an infected animal touching a healthy one? A air-borne B contagious C deficiency D water-borne answer = … [1] (c) (i) State two signs that should be looked for when checking animals for disease. 1 … 2 … [2] (ii) State two actions that should be taken when disease is suspected. 1 … 2 … [2]

11 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (d) (i) Fig. 5.1 shows: • chicks being brooded (taken care of) naturally with a mother hen; • chicks in an artificial brooder. hen brooding chicks chicks brooded artificially lamp Fig. 5.1 Suggest and explain why the chicks in the artificial brooder are under a lamp. … … … [2] (ii) Fig. 5.2 shows a chick being vaccinated. Fig. 5.2 Explain why young animals may be vaccinated. … … … [2] [Total: 10]

12 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 For Examiner’s Use 6 Fig. 6.1 shows the digestive systems of a ruminant and of a non-ruminant (pig). oesophagus rumen reticulum omasum abomasum small intestine caecum colon rectum oesophagus stomach small intestine caecum colon UHFWXP RUMINANT NON-RUMINANT (pig) Fig. 6.1 (a) In the ruminant digestive system: (i) name the part where most bacterial fermentation occurs; … [1] (ii) state the purpose of bacterial fermentation; … … [1] (iii) name the part in which protein digestion begins. … [1]

13 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (b) (i) State two similarities in the structure of the ruminant and non-ruminant digestive systems. 1 … 2 … [2] (ii) State one difference in the structure of the ruminant and non-ruminant digestive systems. … [1] (c) Farming practices release gases that contribute to ‘global warming’. Fig. 6.2 shows a pie chart comparing the amounts of these gases released by different farming practices. other manure deforestation land use methane from livestock Fig. 6.2 Which farming practice produces 20% of the total gases released? … [1]

14 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 For Examiner’s Use (d) Methane is a gas released by livestock, as a result of digestive processes. Fig. 6.3 is a bar chart that compares the amount of methane released by different types of livestock. cow 0 500 1000 1500 2000 methane released (arbitrary units) 2500 3000 3500 4000 ox goat sheep type of livestock pig Fig. 6.3 (i) Approximately how much more methane is released by a cow than by a goat? A about four times more B about seven times more C about nine times more D about twelve times more answer = … [1] (ii) Sheep and goats release more methane than pigs, although pigs are larger than either sheep or goats. Suggest a reason for this. … … [1] [Total: 9]

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16 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 For Examiner’s Use 7 (a) What increases demand for a product? A increase in population B increase in price C increase in similar products D increase in supply answer = … [1] (b) Table 7.1 shows some of the financial records for a mixed farm. Table 7.1 enterprise expenditure ($) receipts ($) gross margin ($) cattle replacing animals 210.00 meat 175.00 feed 15.00 milk 350.00 medicine 90.00 315.00 525.00 210.00 poultry replacing animals 87.00 eggs 171.00 feed 60.00 medicine 6.00 153.00 171.00 18.00 arable seeds 50.00 cabbages 112.00 fertiliser 25.00 beans 100.00 75.00 212.00 137.00 (i) Which enterprise shows the gross margin as the greatest percentage (%) of expenditure? … [1] Forecasts predict: • the cost of animal feeds will rise; • the demand for vegetables and eggs will rise. (ii) Suggest which enterprise the farmer should increase and give a reason for your choice. enterprise … reason … [1]

17 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (iii) Suggest which enterprise the farmer should reduce and give a reason for your choice. enterprise … reason … [1] (iv) Give one other cost which has not been shown in the records but which should be taken into account when comparing the enterprises. … [1] [Total: 5]

18 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 For Examiner’s Use 8 (a) Draw a line from each of the terms below to its correct definition. The first one has been done for you. term definition allele the observable characteristics of an individual chromosome reproductive cell that fuses with another in fertilisation gamete an alternative form of a gene phenotype structure in the nucleus of a cell carrying genetic information [2] (b) Fig. 8.1 shows the result of crossing two homozygous (pure-breeding) varieties of rabbit. black rabbit offspring – all black brown rabbit X Fig. 8.1 (i) State why all the offspring are black. … [1]

19 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (ii) The offspring were allowed to mate with each other. Some of the resulting rabbits were brown and some were black. What percentage (%) of these rabbits would be expected to be brown? Draw a diagram to show how you reached your answer. brown rabbits …% [3]

20 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 For Examiner’s Use (c) A study was carried out to investigate the food intake and growth of rabbits from birth to eight weeks old. The results are shown in Table 8.1. Table 8.1 weekly food intake body weight age (weeks) doe (mother) and all young in litter (kg) young rabbit (g) total mass of all young rabbits in litter (kg) average mass of an individual young rabbit (g) 1 1.91 0.45 56.7 2 2.29 1.09 136.2 3 2.31 1.91 239.0 4 3.10 313 4.40 550.0 5 5.24 417 7.08 885.0 6 7.00 378 9.80 1226.0 7 8.02 428 12.35 1544.0 8 9.31 467 15.61 1952.2 Use the information from Table 8.1 to answer the following questions. (i) How many rabbits were in the litter? Show your working. number of rabbits in litter … [2] (ii) There are no figures for food intake by young rabbits in weeks 1–3. Explain the reason for this. … … [1]

21 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (d) Fig. 8.2 shows how the weekly food intake of each young rabbit compares with the weight gain of each rabbit. 500 450 400 350 300 250 1 weekly food intake/g 200 150 100 50 0 2500 2000 1500 mass of young rabbit/g 1000 500 0 2 3 4 week 5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 week 5 6 7 8 Fig. 8.2 Compare the changes in body mass with the amount of food taken in. … … … … [2] [Total: 11]

22 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 For Examiner’s Use 9 Fig. 9.1 shows a house used for small livestock. thatched roof wire mesh door mud walls Fig. 9.1 (a) (i) What will be improved by replacing the thatched roof with corrugated iron? A control of pests B insulation C light penetration D ventilation answer = … [1] (ii) What is the advantage of wire mesh, rather than glass, for the window? A improved light B improved security C improved ventilation D improved warmth answer = … [1] (iii) The house in Fig. 9.1 is suitable for small livestock. A house used for large animals is built with concrete blocks rather than mud walls. Suggest a reason for this. … … [1] (iv) State one advantage of a concrete floor, rather than an earth floor, in an animal house. … … [1]

23 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 [Turn over For Examiner’s Use (b) State three factors that should be taken into account when choosing the site for a livestock house. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] [Total: 7]

24 0600/11/O/N/12 © UCLES 2012 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. Section B Answer any two questions. Write your answers on the separate answer paper provided. 10 (a) What is meant by the term soil capping and what causes it? [3] (b) Explain how physical weathering contributes to soil production. [6] (c) Describe the properties of a sandy soil. [6] 11 (a) What is meant by the term mixed farming? [2] (b) Describe how organic crops are grown. [5] (c) State the arguments for and against GM (genetically modified) crop production. [8] 12 (a) What is meant by the term zero grazing? [2] (b) Describe how a local pasture, suitable for grazing, can be established. Include the names of plants and grasses used. [7] (c) State the disadvantages of extensive grazing. [6] 13 (a) Describe the life cycle, effect and spread of a named piercing and sucking crop pest. [8] (b) What is meant by cultural pest control? [3] (c) Explain the advantages of cultural control over chemical control. [4] 14 (a) What is meant by the term weaning? [2] (b) Describe the process of mating and fertilisation in a named mammalian farm animal. [7] (c) Explain how selective breeding can improve livestock. [6]

CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2012 series 0600 AGRICULTURE 0600/11 Paper 1, maximum raw mark 90 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2012 series for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level components and some Ordinary Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2012 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Mark schemes may use these abbreviations: • ; separates marking points • / alternatives • ® reject • A accept (for answers correctly cued by the question) • (I) ignore • AW alternative wording (where responses vary more than usual) • AVP additional valid point (where there are a variety of possible additional valid answers) • underline actual word given must be used by candidate (grammatical variants excepted) • D, L, T, Q quality of drawing / labelling / table / writing as indicated by mark scheme • max indicates the maximum number of marks that can be given • eq equivalent • ORA or reverse argument • IDEA OF where candidates are expected to make an argument which expresses a particular idea, but the ways in which they will do this will be many and varied • ref. explained reference to • italics introductory statements or additional comment on the marking points

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2012 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2012 1 (a) A – humus, B – silt, C – sand, D – gravel all four correct = 3, three correct = 2 , 1 or 2 correct =1 [3] (b) all correct = 2, one or two correct =1 mark [2] (c) increases availability of (some) minerals; [1] A reference to promoting soil microorganisms (bacteria) [Total: 6] 2 (a) C, A, B; in that order [1] (b) named crop e.g. maize appropriate fertiliser; e.g. FYM appropriate timing; e.g. in seedbed, shortly after sowing correct signs; e.g. ‘milk stage’, drying/browning of silks [3] (c) pollen from anther to stigma; agent e.g. wind; fertilisation detail e.g. pollen tube / fusion of gametes or nuclei / development of seed / fruit; [3] [Total: 7] 3 (a) D between ammonium compounds and nitrogen in air; P between dead organic matter and ammonium compounds; N between ammonium compounds and nitrates; [3] (b) (i) root crops, legumes, cereals; in that order [1] (ii) nitrogen fixing bacteria in root nodules; can improve nitrogen levels in soil; [2] (iii) reduces pest / disease build up in soil / reduces need for pesticides / better utilisation of minerals / AVP; [1] [Total: 7] air humus microorganisms water dissolving nutrients breaking down organic matter plant root respiration improving soil structure and adding nutrients;;

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2012 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2012 4 (a) osmosis; [1] (b) (i) correct label; tall cells with chloroplasts near top of section correct label; cells in the lower part of the vascular bundle [2] (ii) guard cell; [1] R stoma (c) loss of water vapour / evaporation (mostly) through stomata; concentration gradient across leaf air spaces / mesophyll; draws water up through xylem; affected by temperature / humidity / air movement; [max 3] (d) thick cuticle / reduced surface area / narrow leaves / surface hairs / AVP; [1] R wilting [Total: 8] 5 (a) A; covering all stores of food [1] (b) B; contagious [1] (c) (i) fever / temperature; loss of appetite; abnormal behaviour; skin lesions; discharge from eyes / nose / mouth; abnormal urine / faeces; AVP; [max 2] (ii) isolate animal; seek veterinary advice; [2] R vaccination (d) (i) chicks need warmth; lamp provides warmth in place of hen; [2] (ii) provides immunity/protects from disease; before immune system is fully developed; [2] A reference to named disease for second mark [Total: 10] 6 (a) (i) rumen; [1] (ii) digest cellulose; [1] (iii) abomasum; [1]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2012 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2012 (b) (i) both have: oesophagus; small intestine; caecum; colon; rectum; [max 2] (ii) simple / single chamber stomach in non-ruminant / 4 parts in ruminant stomach / longer small intestine in non-ruminant; [1] answer must make clear to which system it refers (c) deforestation; [1] (d) (i) C; about nine times more [1] (ii) bacterial action in rumen produces methane / AW; [1] [Total: 9] 7 (a) A; increase in population [1] (b) (i) arable; [1] (ii) arable because no increase in costs but likely increase in sales receipts / gross margin / profits; A if plausible case made for other enterprise [1] (iii) poultry / egg production because profit is very small so feed costs may neutralise increased price for eggs / AW; [1] (iv) labour / water / other utility / transport / machinery; [1] [Total: 5] 8 (a) all correct = 2, one or two correct = 1 mark [2] (b) (i) all contain black allele which is dominant; [1] allele chromosome gamete phenotype observable characteristics of an individual reproductive cell that fuses with another in fertilisation an alternative form of a gene structure in the nucleus of a cell carrying genetic information;;

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2012 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2012 (ii) correct cross with suitable alleles, e.g. A correct Punnet squares correct links and value brown rabbits 25%; [3] (c) (i) 8;; [2] A 1 mark for correct method if answer wrong (ii) rabbits are being suckled / feeding on milk from mother; [1] (d) body mass increase steady but food intake blip at week 5 or 6; change in body mass larger than amount of food intake ; use of figures to illustrate; [2] ignore both increase [Total: 11] 9 (a) (i) A; control of pests [1] (ii) C; improved ventilation [1] (iii) stronger / will withstand, larger / heavier, animals; [1] (iv) easier to clean / AVP; [1] (b) direction of prevailing wind; orientation to sun; distance from farm house; nearness to water supply; ground conditions; accessibility to road / pasture; AVP; [max 3] [Total: 7] Bb × Bb; correct cross gametes B b B b; labelled or indicated by circle b offspring BB Bb Bb bb black black black brown

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2012 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2012 Section B 10 (a) hard crust; on soil surface; caused by heavy rain / compression by heavy machinery; [max 3] (b) wind carries particles; which abrade rocks; temperature changes / heating and cooling; cause expansion and contraction; results in cracking/breakdown of rock; water freezing in rock/cracks; expansion causes breakdown; moving water carries particles; which wear away rocks; carries particles to other areas (forming soil there); [max 6] (c) large particles; above 0.05mm; A 2.0 – 0.02 large air-spaces / well aerated; good drainage / poor water holding; easily leached / eroded; lacks nutrients / low in organic matter / inert; light / easy to work; quick to warm / cool; [max 6] [Total: 15] 11 (a) arable and livestock farming; on one/the same farm; [2] (b) use of natural fertilisers / plant and animal manures; ORA not artificial fertilisers no use of growth promoters / hormone sprays; R chemicals unqualified use of crop rotation / rotation of livestock and crops; to maintain soil fertility; to control pests / diseases; pest control using / biological control; ORA not pesticides cultural methods; ref. to standards laid down by national / international organisations; requirement to preserve soil quality / structure; [max 5]

Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2012 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2012 (c) against cost qualified e.g. seed / plant sterile / can’t save seed / availability; environmental concern e.g. pollen crosses with wild plants / affects biodiversity / more herbicide used on weeds as plants resistant / no control / affects other farmers crops; [max 2] market resistance to produce; ethical considerations; disease organisms / pests evolve greater effectiveness ; unknown effects / allergies on consumption; [max 2] for solve world food problem, qualified e.g. higher yield; alter to grow in wider climate; resistance prevents waste; [max 2] improve market quality e.g. taste; shelf life; improved nutritional value; environmental advantage e.g. less pollution potential cost of inputs reduced - less need for chemical control [max 2] [max 8] [Total: 15] 12 (a) animals housed / kept in feedlots; forage cut / harvested / example; carted / fed to livestock in fresh state; [max 2] (b) removal of bushes / unwanted trees; fence; soil preparation – plough; harrow; roll; fertilise; [max 2] sowing - seed rate; season of establishment (e.g. rainy season); seed / plant mixture – suitable plants named; [max 2] inclusion of legumes; irrigate; weed control; [max 7] (c) difficult to control animals - harder to control mating; to check on animals for disease/control parasites; to ensure all receive correct ration; may stray into crops; [max 2] animals more likely to be attacked by predators / stolen; difficult to maintain pasture quality; grazing inefficient / under grazed; no selective grazing; practice may result in soil erosion; difficult to conserve forage; [max 6] [Total: 15]

Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2012 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2012 13 (a) named correct pest; e.g. aphid life cycle appropriate to named pest e.g. egg
nymph
adult;; [2] egg detail; e.g. incomplete metamorphosis; ref. to moulting; [max 4] effect; stage causing damage; part of plant attacked; damage caused e.g. loss of sap / AW, wounds provide entry for pathogens; [max 3] spread: depends on pest selected – could be flight; already infected material; lack of field hygiene; poor cultural practice; [max 2] [max 8] (b) methods / practices when cultivating crops that break the life cycle of pests; weeding / early planting / clean planting material /use of resistant varieties / ploughing to expose eggs or larvae / crop rotation / burning;; (any 2) [max 3] (c) non-toxic; does not harm crop plant safe harvest interval not needed; no pollution of environment; no damage to beneficial organisms; reduction of input costs; premium for organic / environment friendly production [max 4] [Total: 15] 14 (a) remove young animal from mother; milk / other food provided by farmer; [2] (b) should be in context of a named animal (but no mark available for naming animal) age of female at mating; heat period detail; signs of readiness for mating bulling / moist vulva; mating details – male to female ratio; mechanics – erection / action of penis / duration;; [max 2] semen deposited in vagina; sperm swim to egg; fertilisation is fusion of egg with one sperm; occurs in oviduct; [max 7]

Page 10 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2012 0600 11 © Cambridge International Examinations 2012 (c) select best animals; for specific characteristic(s); example of suitable character; select again for suitable animals; continue over a number of generations; use of inbreeding; explanation of line breeding; use of cross-breeding; explanation – hybrid vigour; use of AI; to gain rapid change / influence in herd; [max 6] [Total: 15]