Cambridge A Level Thinking Skills 9694 — 2017 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 3

This document consists of 6 printed pages, 2 blank pages and 1 insert. DC (ST/SW) 129879/2 © UCLES 2017 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level * 7 5 5 9 1 0 3 0 5 4 * THINKING SKILLS 9694/23 Paper 2 Critical Thinking October/November 2017 1 hour 45 minutes No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet is provided inside this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. Answer all the questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question.

2 9694/23/O/N/17 © UCLES 2017 1 Study the evidence and answer the questions that follow. Source A News report September 2014 Eastland National University has announced a significant fundraising project. The University owns a priceless collection of ancient artefacts, classical artworks and historical documents, including the original Constitution of Eastland, signed by the nation’s founding fathers. This collection will be sent on a world tour. A small company, under the chairmanship of Professor Barry Eno, has been set up to manage the Heritage Tour. Professor Eno said, “We have been fortunate enough to secure the services of two talented young people to work full-time for this project. My son has experience in managing arts events, while my daughter has recently completed a degree in Business Administration.” Source B University news March 2016 Mr Allan Devi has been appointed as the new Principal of Eastland National University. The news of his appointment has surprised some members of the University, who were expecting the Acting Principal, Professor Barry Eno, to be confirmed as Principal. Mr Devi has never previously held an academic position, but he has extensive business experience and a reputation for rescuing companies which are under-performing. The National University is currently in financial difficulties, and there have been persistent rumours that these difficulties have been caused by mismanagement and corruption. It was recently announced that the Heritage Tour, which was intended to raise funds for the University, lost money instead of raising it, but bonuses for successful performance were still paid to the project’s two full-time employees. Mr Devi said, “Costs must be reduced. Senior staff will be encouraged to take early retirement, but we hope to avoid compulsory redundancies. Allegations of previous financial irregularities will be thoroughly investigated, and if any criminal activity is uncovered, those responsible will be prosecuted.” Source C Letter from lawyers December 2016 Dear Mr Devi It has come to the attention of our client Professor Barry Eno that you have told colleagues at Eastland National University that you suspect him of defrauding the University by paying excessive fees to members of his family for their work on the Heritage Tour. Professor Eno has instructed us to take legal action against you if you repeat this untrue allegation.

3 9694/23/O/N/17 © UCLES 2017 [Turn over Source D News report February 2017 Mr Allan Devi, the Principal of Eastland National University, has been suspended while an allegation of theft is investigated. A spokesman for the University, Professor Barry Eno, said that Mr Devi had stolen confidential accounts and other records of the company set up to run the Heritage Tour, by falsely claiming to a clerical assistant that he was entitled to see them. The alleged theft was reported by Professor Eno, who has been appointed as Acting Principal while Mr Devi is under suspension. (a) Before beginning work for the University Heritage Tour, Professor Eno’s son had never had a paid job since leaving university five years previously, but he had volunteered as a steward at various music concerts arranged by friends. What impact does this additional information have on the understanding of Source A? [3] (b) (i) Suggest one way in which Source C is useful in relation to this case. [2] (ii) Suggest one factor about Source C which reduces its usefulness. [2] (c) Professor Eno’s motive for accusing Mr Devi of theft may be that he did not want Mr Devi to see the financial records of the Heritage Tour. Suggest and briefly explain one other possible motive for Professor Eno’s action. [2] (d) How likely do you think it is that Professor Barry Eno and his family are guilty of defrauding Eastland National University? Write a short, reasoned argument to support your conclusion, with critical reference to the evidence provided and considering a plausible alternative conclusion. [6]

4 9694/23/O/N/17 © UCLES 2017 2 Study the evidence and answer the questions that follow. Source A News report Until the middle of the 20th Century, Americans were taller than Europeans. This was probably because the supply of food in America was more plentiful than in Europe. Even slaves in America, despite being exploited and mistreated, were fed relatively well, in order to derive the most work from them. Since the Second World War, however, many European countries have introduced social policies which have made a huge difference to people’s quality of life. Most of those countries now have universal health care, and there is less disparity in income between rich and poor than in the US. While average height in the US has remained static during that time, Europeans have gradually overtaken them. The tallest population is now to be found in the Netherlands. The average height of men there is now 1.85 metres, while women average 1.7 metres. Source B Health report In recent decades, Americans have ceased to be taller than other nationalities. This is one consequence of the introduction and popularity of ‘junk food’. Americans are eating more. Obesity is a big problem in the US today, and has especially serious consequences during puberty and adolescence. An excess of carbohydrates and fats in a fast-food diet may interfere with the absorption of nutrients which are essential to growth during childhood and adolescence. Source C News Report 1950 14-year-old boys 12-year-old girls 1975 2000 0 50 100 Height (cm) 150 200 In the year 2000, 14-year-old Japanese boys averaged 1.6 metres in height. This was 8 cm taller than boys of the same age 25 years previously and 20 cm taller than in 1950. 12-year-old girls in 2000 averaged 6.3 cm taller than girls of that age 25 years previously and 16 cm taller than in 1950. Experts have not agreed on what caused these increases, but they think the most likely causes are improvements in health and diet. Intake of animal protein by Japanese people has doubled since 1960, to 60 grams a day. Soy protein consumption has also increased. The consumption of dairy products by Japanese people has increased greatly and now amounts to more than 50 kg per year.

5 9694/23/O/N/17 © UCLES 2017 [Turn over Source D Military Records A European country kept records of the average height of all recruits into their army. The figures between 1901 and 1970 were as follows: 164 1901–05 1906–10 1911–15 1916–20 1921–25 1926–30 1931–35 1936–40 1941–45 1946–50 1951–55 1956–60 1961–65 1966–70 165 166 167 168 169 170 Height (cm) 171 172 173 174 175 With the exception of a temporary fall during World War II, these statistics show that the average height of army recruits in that country was steadily increasing. (a) Source A suggests that eating plenty of food made Americans taller than other nationalities, whereas Source B suggests that eating plenty of food has made Americans shorter than other nationalities. Briefly explain two reasons why these explanations do not contradict one another. [4] (b) A student who read Sources A, B and C said, ‘The main determinant of height is genetics. If your parents were tall, then you also will be tall.’ How effective is this objection to the claims in Sources A, B and C? [3] (c) In many cases, the only historical records available for a country’s population height are those for army recruits. Suggest one reason why the average height of army recruits in a particular country may be lower than the average height of the population in that country, and one reason why it might be higher. [2] (d) ‘If the population of a country can afford to eat better, they will grow taller.’ To what extent do you agree with this comment? Write a short, reasoned argument to support your conclusion, using and evaluating the information provided in Sources A–D. [6]

6 9694/23/O/N/17 © UCLES 2017 3 Read the passage and answer the questions below. 1 Allowing dogs to roam free in public places is dangerous. Dogs are descended from wolves, and many traditional stories show that wolves pose a serious threat to humans. All dogs should be kept on a lead and wear a muzzle when out in public. 2 Dogs which are not on a lead may run away. This will cause distress to the owner and suffering to the animal. If the dog becomes frightened or hungry, it may even cause danger to the public. Dog owners should take precautions to avoid these problems. No one wants to be afraid to leave their home for fear of encountering a marauding pack of wild dogs. 3 Young children walking in a park with their parent or carer are often frightened if a dog approaches them. Dogs are more frightening if they are not under control. Keeping dogs on a lead is necessary, for the sake of child welfare. Dog owners who resist these restrictions think that the freedom of dogs is more important than the safety of human beings, which is ridiculous. 4 Allowing dogs to roam freely constitutes a risk to public health, because they may defecate without their owner noticing. The lives of innocent, defenceless children can be ruined if they catch toxoplasmosis from the faeces of infected dogs and cats, which can happen in rare cases. This is why in some countries dog owners are required by law to collect and safely dispose of the faeces produced by their pets in public places, but they cannot do that if they have not seen what the dog is doing. Dogs which wander freely may also catch fleas. Even though dog fleas cannot be passed on to humans, some varieties of flea can constitute a hazard to human health. 5 Any dog which attacks a person or another animal is subsequently required to be muzzled. But that is too late for the original victim, who has been permanently injured or even killed. If the dog had already been muzzled, the incident would not have happened. Everyone will be safer if all dogs are muzzled whenever they are out in public. (a) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible, identify the main conclusion. [2] (b) Using the exact words from the passage as far as possible, identify three intermediate conclusions. [3] (c) Evaluate the strength of the reasoning in the argument. In your answer you should consider any flaws, unstated assumptions and other weaknesses. [5] (d) ‘Animals should not be kept as pets.’ Write your own short argument to support or challenge this claim. The conclusion of your argument must be stated. Credit will not be given for repeating ideas from the passage. [5]

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® IGCSE is a registered trademark. This document consists of 8 printed pages. © UCLES 2017 [Turn over Cambridge Assessment International Education Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary and Advanced Level THINKING SKILLS 9694/23 Paper 2 Critical Thinking October/November 2017 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 45 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2017 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

9694/23 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 2 of 8 Question Answer Marks 1(a) This contradicts Professor Eno’s claim about his son’s experience [1], which means that Professor Eno has exaggerated (accept lied about) his son’s suitability for the job [1]. Together with the daughter’s admitted lack of experience [1], this reduces Professor Eno’s credibility [1] and suggests that his actions have been motivated by vested interest to benefit his own children [1], which adds plausibility to the subsequent allegation that he has defrauded the University in order to pay excessive fees to his children [1]. 3 1(b)(i) 2 marks for a developed answer; 1 mark for undeveloped answer. • If Mr Devi has been making these allegations, they may be evidence of his animosity towards Professor Eno. • If Mr Devi has been making these allegations, they show that he suspects Professor Eno, which raises the possibility that he may be guilty. • If Mr Devi has been making these allegations, they give him a motive for obtaining the accounts, as alleged in Source E. • The allegations may be true, which provides a possible motive for Professor Eno to protect himself by denying Mr Devi access to the accounts. • The allegations may be true, which provides a possible motive for Professor Eno to protect himself by accusing Mr Devi of theft, in order to reduce his credibility. 2 1(b)(ii) 2 marks for a developed answer; 1 mark for undeveloped answer. • The lawyers do not know whether Mr Devi did make these allegations, nor – if he did – whether they are true or not. • The lawyers do whatever their client asks them to, and he may have a vested interest to misinform them. • The lawyers have a vested interest to misinterpret the truth in order to protect their client. 2 1(c) 2 marks for a clear, valid answer; 1 mark for a vague, incomplete or marginal answer. • He may wish to harm Allan Devi out of revenge because Mr Devi secured the appointment he expected to get. • He may hope that Mr Devi will resign or be dismissed and he will be appointed in his place. • He may hope that if Mr Devi resigns or is dismissed, there will be no investigation of past financial irregularities / Mr Devi’s allegations against him will have less credibility. • He may hope to avoid being encouraged to take early retirement. 2

9694/23 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 3 of 8 Question Answer Marks 1(d) Level 3 5–6 marks A strong answer, which provides a reasoned argument including thorough evaluation of the evidence to support an acceptable conclusion in terms of probability and evaluates the plausibility of at least one alternative conclusion. Level 2 3–4 marks A reasonable answer, which evaluates the evidence, draws an acceptable conclusion in terms of probability and may mention the plausibility of at least one alternative conclusion. Level 1 1–2 marks A weak answer, which refers to the evidence, possibly including a simple evaluative comment. The conclusion may be unstated or over-stated. Level 0 0 marks No credit-worthy material. Indicative content There are basically three ways of understanding this case, and candidates may reasonably take any of these approaches: (i) The failure of the Heritage Tour was due to circumstances outside the control of Professor Eno or his children. He is innocent of any wrong-doing, but anxious not to be made a scapegoat. (ii) Mr Eno has been enriching his family at the expense of the university, and he is now trying to prevent Mr Devi from exposing his wrong-doing; on this understanding, he is guilty of defrauding the university. (iii) Both men may be innocent of the allegations made against them, but they may be influenced by suspicion of one another. Perhaps the most likely explanation lies somewhere between (i) and (ii). In other words, the profitability of the Heritage Tour fell short of expectations, partly, but not wholly, to generous (but not “excessive”) fees paid to Professor Eno’s family. Notes for the guidance of markers Simple supported conclusion 1 (if no conclusion cap at Level 2) + simple consideration of alternative +1 AND reasoned rejection of alternative +1 + explicit use of some (3 or fewer) sources of evidence +1 OR explicit use of all or most (4 or more) sources of evidence +2 + critical evaluation of evidence +1 or (more than one case) +2 + good inferential reasoning +1 or (more than one case) +2 Max 6 6

9694/23 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 4 of 8 Question Answer Marks 2(a) It is not just the amount of food which influences growth [1], but the quality/type/nutritional value is relevant [1]. Source B describes the food eaten by Americans in recent decades as “junk food” [1]. There could be an optimal amount of food for growth [1], and Americans are now exceeding it [1]. The nature of work has changed significantly between Sources A and B [1]. Sedentary work does not require the same amount of food and physical labour [1]. The comparisons of Americans’ heights with other nationalities are different [1]: Source A compares them to Europeans, but Source B only mentions ‘other nationalities’ [1]. 4 2(b) Not effective [1]. Genetics being the main factor is compatible with diet and/or health-care having some influence [1]. The objection refers to the height of individuals within a population [1], whereas the claims in Sources A, B and C refer to averages over time/between generations [1]. The influence of genetics on height is not as simple as the student imagines [1]. Credit should be given to the following explanation, if anyone suggests it: It is possible to connect changes in the average height of a population to the stability of genetic traits [1] by reference to the principle of natural selection (theory of evolution) [1], if taller people are more likely to pass on their genes than shorter people [1]. However, this is unlikely to be noticeable over such a short time frame as envisaged in these sources [1]. 3 2(c) 1 mark for each of the following: Recruits may tend to be shorter than the average, if more people from poor/deprived backgrounds join the army than people who have enjoyed better health care and better nutrition during childhood and adolescence or if recruits have not yet reached their full height [1]. Recruits may tend to be taller than average if the army restricts recruitment to people who pass certain standards of fitness and physical development. 2

9694/23 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 5 of 8 Question Answer Marks 2(d) Level 3 5–6 marks A reasoned argument, which uses and evaluates all or most of the evidence provided. Level 2 3–4 marks A simple argument, which uses and/or evaluates evidence. Level 1 1–2 marks A weak answer, which makes some correct reference to evidence but consists of opinion and/or assertion rather than argument or a weak argument which makes no reference to evidence. Level 0 0 marks No credit-worthy material. Indicative content • Source A shows that there is a correlation between prosperity and height; • it is a reasonable hypothesis that diet is at least part of the reason for this correlation. • Source B gives an alternative interpretation of the facts stated in Source A. • If true, that would suggest that eating “better” is not only a matter of what one can “afford”/not just eating more. • Source C records that “experts” think that improvements in diet may well be all or part of the reason for the increase in height among Japanese children, • but they admittedly “have not agreed”, • which suggests that some may identify other causes. • Source D supports the approximate correlation between “living standards” and height, • although the statistics may have been influenced by recruitment policies. It is reasonable to guess that improved diet is at least one factor causing the increase in height. Notes for the guidance of markers Simple supported conclusion 1 OR nuanced conclusion 2 + use of 1 or 2 sources +1 OR use of all or most (3 or more) sources of evidence +2 not just mentioning or summarising or comprehension + critical evaluation of evidence +1 or (more than one case) +2 + good inferential reasoning +1 or (more than one case) +2 not speculation + personal thinking +1 Max 6 6

9694/23 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 6 of 8 Question Answer Marks 3(a) 2 marks: All dogs should be kept on a lead and wear a muzzle when out in public. 1 mark: Paraphrase of the above, or quotation with significant omission or addition. 2 3(b) 1 mark for each of the following, to a maximum of 3 marks: • Allowing dogs to roam free in public places is dangerous. • Dog owners should take precautions to avoid these problems. • Keeping dogs on a lead is necessary, for the sake of child welfare. • Allowing dogs to roam freely constitutes a risk to public health • Everyone will be safer if all dogs are muzzled whenever they are out in public. Allow one additional element or one significant omission in each case. If more than three answers are offered, mark the first four only. 3

9694/23 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 7 of 8 Question Answer Marks 3(c) Marks for each evaluative point as follows, up to a maximum of 5 marks: 2 marks: Valid evaluative point, clearly expressed. 1 mark: Weak attempt at a valid evaluative point. Paragraph 1 • The author conflates dogs and wolves/assumes that the origin of a species is a guide to its current nature. • The appeal to traditional stories as a source of authority is not persuasive. Paragraph 2 • The last sentence is a slippery slope/unrealistic appeal to fear/conflates a frightened or hungry dog being a danger to the public with the “fear of encountering a marauding pack of wild dogs.” Paragraph 3 • This paragraph relies on the assumption that protection from being frightened is an aspect of child welfare. • The last sentence of this paragraph is a straw man. Paragraph 4 • The adjectives applied to children in the second sentence are an appeal to pity. 1 mark only. • Because the risk of toxoplasmosis is described as “rare”, its support for the IC is weak. • The final two sentences do not support the IC, because the author admits that the fleas which may be caught by dogs are not the ones which may be a risk to humans. • Assumption: that dogs which are kept on a lead or wear a muzzle will not catch fleas. Paragraph 5 • The first and second sentences conflate being “attacked” with being “permanently injured or even killed”/rely on the assumption that everyone who is attacked by a dog is “permanently injured or even killed”. 5

9694/23 Cambridge International AS/A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2017 © UCLES 2017 Page 8 of 8 Question Answer Marks 3(d) Level 3 4–5 marks Developed, coherent argument. Reasons strongly support conclusion. Development may include intermediate conclusion or apt examples. Simply structured argument – 4 marks. Effective use of IC etc. – 5 marks. Level 2 2–3 marks A simple argument. One reason + conclusion – 2 marks. Two or more separate reasons + conclusion – 3 marks. Level 1 1 mark Some relevant comment. Level 0 0 marks No relevant comment. Maximum 3 marks for wrong conclusion or if conclusion is implied but not stated. No credit for material merely reproduced from the passage. Specimen level 3 answers Support (106 words) It is discriminatory to treat one species as if it were morally superior to another. We would object strongly if a dog, cat or rabbit were to keep a human as a pet. So it is equally wrong for humans to keep a member of any other species captive. It is contrary to the nature of animals to be dependent on humans for food and shelter. They have a right to hunt for their own food, choose their own companions and to procreate with a partner of their choice, because doing so is in accordance with their natures. Therefore animals should not be kept as pets. Challenge (79 words) Many elderly people live alone, and yet companionship is a natural human need. By meeting that need, a dog or a cat rescues the elderly person from feeling abandoned in their declining years. So pets fulfil an important social function. The pets themselves also benefit from the relationship, because they don’t need to find food and shelter for themselves, as they would in nature. Instead, they are kept safe, warm and well-fed. Therefore animals should be kept as pets. 5