Cambridge A Level History 9489 — 2021 May/June Paper 1 · Variant 1

This document has 8 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. Cambridge International AS & A Level HISTORY 9489/11 Paper 1 Document Question May/June 2021 1 hour 15 minutes You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed) INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer one question from one section only. Section A: European option Section B: American option Section C: International option ● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 40. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. * 8 9 4 5 1 2 0 3 0 8 * DC (CJ/SW) 204310/2 © UCLES 2021 [Turn over

2 9489/11/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 Answer one question from one section only. Section A: European option Liberalism and nationalism in Germany, 1815–71 1 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A To my dear Berliners, A band of villains, mostly strangers, have caused this bloodshed. My troops, your brothers and compatriots, only fired when they were forced to do so by many shots. It rests with you now, citizens of my beloved capital, to prevent even greater chaos. Your king and most loyal friend pleads with you to recognise your unhappy error. Return to the path of peace and clear the barricades still standing. I give you my royal oath that every street will be cleared of troops. Military occupation will be restricted to the castle and armoury where it is necessary, and even this will be limited and only for a short time. Citizens, forget what has happened, just as in my heart I too will forget it for the sake of the great future which will dawn for Prussia, and through Prussia for all Germany. From a proclamation issued by Frederick William IV, 19 March 1848. Source B Liberalism is a disease and works on the soul. Appearances become deceptive and the consequences of clearly present causes are dismissed as superstition. God forbid that you, my friend, should be seriously ill. But you seem to me to be sick, because disbelief in conspiracy is the first unmistakable symptom of the liberalism that destroys the soul. Stones for the stoning of my loyal soldiers were collected in all the houses of Berlin and Cologne. People had observed them being brought in from long distances, like the earth that was used to fortify the barricades. Nobody would explain this unusual requirement for stone and earth. In the main thoroughfares all buildings were put into communication and connected by passageways so that it would be possible to torment the troops by hurling stones and firing shots at them from the top-floor windows. It has been proved that more than ten thousand of the most disreputable scoundrels had flooded into the city over the course of weeks. This included convicts from the French prison, Poles and South Germans, Italian merchants and others. From a letter by Frederick William IV to his ambassador in London, April 1848. The ambassador had tried to convince him that the unrest in Berlin in March 1848 had not been the result of a conspiracy.

3 9489/11/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 [Turn over Source C A German cartoon published in March 1848. Frederick William IV calls to the revolutionaries, ‘You up ahead! Run to me because I want to spearhead [lead] the movement.’ Source D Our eyes turned anxiously to developments in Berlin. Prussia was by far the strongest of the purely German states. It was generally felt that the attitude of Prussia would be decisive in determining the fate of the revolution. For a while the Prussian king, Frederick William IV, seemed to be pleased with the role of leader of the national movement, which the revolution had made him assume. His unpredictable nature seemed to be warmed by a new enthusiasm. He took walks on the streets and talked freely with the people. He spoke of constitutional principles of government to be introduced as a matter of course. But when the Prussian constituent assembly had met in Berlin and began to pass laws, and to design constitutional provisions, and to interfere with the conduct of the government in the spirit of the revolution, the king started listening to more conservative voices. From ‘The Reminiscences of Carl Schurz’, published in 1913. In 1848 Schurz was a student in Prussia and editor of a newspaper which promoted democratic reform. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources. (a) Read Sources A and B. How far do these sources agree about events in Berlin in March 1848? [15] (b) Read all of the sources. ‘Frederick William IV supported the ideas of the revolutionaries.’ How far do the sources support this view? [25]

4 9489/11/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 Section B: American option The origins of the Civil War, 1820–61 2 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A Our readers will find in another column a full account of the arrest and reclamation of a negro named James Hamlet, a fugitive slave from Maryland. Under the Fugitive Slave Law, he was taken into custody and an order issued directing him to be given up to his owner. The provisions of the bill recently passed by Congress were complied with. This is the first arrest that has taken place under the Fugitive Slave Law and we doubt it will be the last. The arrest caused a commotion throughout the city, especially among the coloured population and the ultra-abolitionists. There is reason to believe that the former will combine for the purposes of resisting the law but the law will be upheld by all good citizens. Our coloured population may attempt a breach of the peace but, if they do, they know full well the punishment which will assuredly be handed out to them. From the ‘New York Herald’, September 1850. Source B We present an extract from a speech delivered at the great Union meeting held in New York City on 30 October. James Seward addressed the vast multitude as follows: Among the compromise measures passed by the last Congress is the Fugitive Slave Bill. This law is nothing but a measure to carry out the act of 1793, which was founded on the Constitution. This act has been upheld for fifty-odd years. Why is it that now certain people are making war against it? It is because certain abolitionists and political agitators who want office have been endeavouring to mislead the people. I am therefore here with you to put down these agitators. [Loud and enthusiastic cheering.] I have been a Whig all my life but if the old national Whig Party is to be poisoned by abolition feelings, I swear then to support it no longer. [Cheering.] From the ‘North Carolina Standard’, November 1850. Source C Resolved, That we are opposed to Nullification* everywhere, North as well as South; that every resistance to the execution of the laws is an attack upon the safety of the citizen. Resolved, That while we always intend to be a law-abiding people and to submit to existing laws, whether passed with or without our agreement, we claim the right to call for the repeal or modification of any law. While we recognise the obligation of the Fugitive Slave Law, so-called, passed at the late session of Congress, upon all the people of the nation, we believe the harshness of its terms is not necessary nor required by the Constitution of the United States. We shall persevere in all lawful and proper attempts to secure its modification. From resolutions passed by a meeting of Whigs in Boston (Massachusetts), November 1850. *Nullification: a term used to describe the rejection of federal laws by individual states.

5 9489/11/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 [Turn over Source D The Fugitive Slave Law was not an ordinary law. It formed part of a system of agreements. To repeal or essentially modify it would be a direct violation of the recent Compromise and an encroachment upon the rights of the South, carelessly committed, and will not be tolerated. This is not the time to even think of modifying the Fugitive Slave Law. It has just been enacted. Whilst the South is not yet reconciled to the measures of Congress, shall we talk of modifying this important element of reconciliation before it has been tried? The objections which are conjured up are equally applicable to the law of 1793. So far as it has been tried, it has produced no evils. The Boston Whigs are reading this law through the spectacles of fanatics and see a thousand worries that do not in fact exist. From the ‘Daily Union’ (Washington DC), November 1850. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources. (a) Read Sources B and C. Compare and contrast the attitudes of Northern Whigs towards the Fugitive Slave Law. [15] (b) Read all of the sources. ‘The passing of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850 solved the fugitive slave issue.’ How far do the sources support this view? [25]

6 9489/11/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 Section C: International option The League of Nations and international relations in the 1930s 3 Read the sources and then answer both parts of the question. Source A In defiance of the most certain rights, the German government has sent considerable forces into the demilitarised zone, and without having previously indicated its intention to rid itself of its obligations, without even having looked into entering negotiations on the subject. There can be no more peace in Europe, there can be no more international relations if this method is accepted. Speaking in the name of the French government, I declare that we intend to see this essential guarantee of French security maintained. We are not disposed to leave French cities placed under the fire of German cannons. From a radio broadcast to his nation by Albert Sarraut, the French Prime Minister, 8 March 1936. Source B A cartoon by David Low, from a London newspaper, 11 March 1936. It shows Hitler holding two signs which say: ‘Peace with nearly everybody’ and ‘Back to the League – & How!’. He is facing the French Prime Minister, Albert Sarraut, and ‘World longing for peace’.

7 9489/11/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 Source C It is only right to say bluntly and frankly that public opinion in this country would not support the taking of military sanctions, or even economic sanctions, against Germany at this time in order to remove German troops from the German Rhineland. Public opinion here does, I think, draw a clear distinction between the action of Signor Mussolini in resorting to aggressive war and waging it beyond his frontiers and the actions, up to date at any rate, of Herr Hitler. Hitler’s actions, much as we disapprove of them, have taken place within the frontiers of the German Reich. Let us say to the German people, in all friendship and in all frankness: We shall welcome you back to the League of Nations if you will now freely and loyally accept the common obligations of the Covenant to keep the peace, and cooperate in seeking to modify any treaties, not by brutal force or threats but by friendly discussion. From a speech in the British Parliament by an Opposition spokesman on foreign policy, 26 March 1936. Source D The reoccupation had a purely defensive character and was not intended to have any other purpose. The occupation by such a small military force made it clear that it was a purely symbolic act. There were no aggressive plans for the future, as is shown by the fact that the German government, at the suggestion of Britain, on 12 March 1936 promised not to increase the forces in the Rhineland. We also agreed not to move the troops any closer to the border than they were already, on condition that France would do the same. France did not want to accept this offer. In a speech to the Reichstag on 7 March 1936, Hitler explained to the world the reasons for the reoccupation of the Rhineland. Even today I have the firm conviction that at that time Hitler was not thinking of war. I must emphasise that any such intention was far from my own thoughts. On the contrary, I considered the restoration of sovereignty throughout the Reich a step towards peace and understanding. From a speech by the German Minister of Foreign Affairs (1932‒38) at the Nuremberg Trials, 1946. He was being tried, along with other prominent Nazis, for war crimes committed by the Nazi regime during the 1930s and Second World War. Answer both parts of the question with reference to the sources. (a) Read Sources A and C. Compare and contrast Sources A and C as evidence about the French and British responses to the Rhineland crisis. [15] (b) Read all of the sources. ‘The remilitarisation of the Rhineland revealed Germany’s aggressive intentions.’ How far do the sources support this view? [25]

8 9489/11/M/J/21 © UCLES 2021 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

This document consists of 13 printed pages. © UCLES 2021 [Turn over Cambridge International AS & A Level HISTORY 9489/11 Paper 1 Document Question May/June 2021 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 40 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2021 series for most Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 2 of 13 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 3 of 13 Part (a) Generic Levels of Response: Marks Level 4 Makes a developed comparison • Makes a developed comparison between the two sources. • Explains why points of similarity and difference exist through contextual awareness and/or source evaluation. 12–15 Level 3 Compares views and identifies similarities and differences • Compares the views expressed in the two sources, identifying differences and similarities and supporting them with source content. 8–11 Level 2 Compares views and identifies similarities or differences • Identifies relevant similarities or differences between the two sources and the response may be one-sided with only one aspect explained. OR Compares views and identifies similarities and differences but these are asserted rather than supported from the sources • Identifies relevant similarities and differences between the two sources without supporting evidence from the sources. 4–7 Level 1 Describes content of each source Describes or paraphrases the content of the two sources. Very simple comparisons may be made (e.g. one is from a letter and the other is from a speech) but these are not developed. 1–3 Level 0 No creditable content. No engagement with source material. 0

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 4 of 13 Part (b) Generic Levels of Response: Marks Level 5 Evaluates the sources to reach a supported judgement • Answers are well focused, demonstrating a clear understanding of the sources and the question. • Reaches a supported judgement about the extent to which the sources support the statement and weighs the evidence in order to do this. 21–25 Level 4 Using evaluation of the sources to support and/or challenge the statement • Demonstrates a clear understanding of how the source content supports and challenges the statement. • Evaluates source material in context, this may be through considering the nature, origin and purpose of the sources in relation to the statement. 16–20 Level 3 Uses the sources to support and challenge the statement • Makes valid points from the sources to both challenge and support the statement. 11–15 Level 2 Uses the sources to support or challenge the statement • Makes valid points from the sources to either support the statement or to challenge it. 6–10 Level 1 Does not make valid use of the sources • Describes the content of the sources with little attempt to link the material to the question. • Alternatively, candidates may write an essay about the question with little or no reference to the sources. 1–5 Level 0 No creditable content. No engagement with source material. 0

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 5 of 13 Question Answer Marks 1(a) Read Sources A and B. How far do these sources agree about events in Berlin in March 1848? Similarities • Both suggest that the troops had been attacked and fired at the Berliners. • Both sources suggest outsiders were to blame for events. • Both sources mention the use of barricades by the revolutionaries. Differences • The involvement of Berliners in events is different. In Source B Berliners have turned a blind eye to the arrival of stones and earth to build barricades. This might suggest Berliners are complicit in events. In Source A they have made an ‘unhappy error’ which suggests less blame. • Events are the result of a conspiracy in Source B but arise from an error in Source A. Explanation: The similarities / differences between these sources can be explained by the different purpose of the sources in context. Source A was an attempt by FW4 to stop the fighting and calm revolutionary activity in Berlin It was written at 3 am on 19th March, following a day when 230 people were killed in demonstrations in Berlin. It was printed and stuck up on the trees around the city. Source B appears to be a more candid account although FW4’s attitude towards revolution vacillated. By April, the King’s apparent enthusiasm for the revolution was waning. He had returned to Potsdam where he re-joined his loyal army and conservative advisors. He claimed he had been humiliated into making concessions and this understanding of the context could be used to explain his tone in Source B. Accept any other valid responses. 15

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 6 of 13 Question Answer Marks 1(b) Read all the sources. ‘Frederick William IV supported the ideas of the revolutionaries’. How far do these sources support this view? Support • Source A: The King blames outsiders for the bloodshed and makes promises to the Berliners about making Prussia and Germany great. This seems to support their demands. • Source C: This source seems to suggest that FW4 was in favour of the revolution – he wants to lead the movement (face value only) and can be seen wearing the same armband as worn by the revolutionaries. • Source D: FW4 seems to support the revolution (at first). He talks to the people and seems pleased to be the leader of the national movement. He even goes so far as to support the idea of a constitution. Challenge • Source B: The King blames outsiders for events but sees what has happened as a conspiracy against him. He blames liberalism and describes this as a disease. This suggests that he lacks sympathy with the revolutionaries. • Source C: This source is sarcastic – FW4 only wants to lead the movement because it will make him look good. The cartoon suggests he is trying to capitalise on the popular feeling which has caused the revolution. • Source D: Once the parliament is formed and starts to act, FW4 starts to listen to ‘conservative voices’ which suggests he backs away from revolutionary ideas. Evaluation Source A: has a purpose in trying to calm the situation and persuade Berliners that the king is on their side. This could be cross-referenced to Sources C and D which suggest FW4 supports revolutionary ideas to enhance his popularity. The motive to end the bloodshed undermine the value of this source as evidence of FW4’s support for the revolutionaries. However, candidates could use their understanding of the context to show that FW4 promised liberal reforms, for instance allowing the Frankfurt Parliament to be formed. Source B: does not have the motive of Source A and is a more candid account. This letter places the blame on liberalism and FW4 accuses this ambassador of being ‘infected’. Candidates might argue that this is a more reliable account of FW4’s real feelings and therefore carries more weight in response to the question. However, FW4’s views wavered. By April 1848 he claimed he had no wish to be a ‘citizen king’ but still allowed a more liberal government to be formed. 25

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 7 of 13 Question Answer Marks 1(b) Source C: suggests FW4 is keen to tap into popular feeling, it is critical of him and this may be evaluated as undermining the reliability of the source. However, FW4’s views changed, and this was not the first time he had appeared to bend to popular opinion. In 1842, he took liberal steps to free political prisoners and end censorship. This generated a demand for further reform which led to the reintroduction of censorship in 1843. This lends weight to the argument proposed in the cartoon. Source D: shows FW4 as being easily swayed. First, he supports the revolution, then he changes his mind. This source can be cross referenced to A and B and there is truth in what Schurz says which makes it a more valuable source. FW4 rode around Berlin a few days after the revolution claiming, ‘I want liberty: I will have unity in Germany’ and granting a series of reforms. The ‘conservative voices’, which are referred to in the source, included the generals and Junkers. Schurz was also aware of the ultimate outcome of the revolution in Berlin and that FW4 turned down the offer by the Frankfurt Parliament to become the Emperor of Germany, FW describing the crown as being ‘from the gutter’. Accept any other valid responses.

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 8 of 13 Question Answer Marks 2(a) Read Sources B and C. Compare and contrast the attitudes of Northern Whigs towards the Fugitive Slave Laws. Similarities • Both accept the Fugitive Slave Laws as part of the US Constitution. • Both say that citizens should obey the Fugitive Slave law. • Both show that Northern Whigs have reservations about the Fugitive Slave law passed in 1850. Differences • Source B says that Northern opposition to the Fugitive Slave law is the result of a few ambitious ‘abolitionist and political agitators’ trying to mislead the people. Source C, however, shows that Northern opposition to the law is much more broadly based. • Source B sees the 1850 Act as no more than an extension of the 1793 Fugitive Slave law whereas Source C argues that the 1850 Act is unnecessarily harsh. Explanation Source B is a Southern newspaper reporting a meeting held in the North and thus the reliability is questionable, particularly as the report shows Northerners supporting a measure which benefits the South. It may be that the newspaper in question has selected the elements of Seward’s speech which best suit their purpose. Source C provides direct evidence of Northern feelings, though it is from Massachusetts, probably the most anti-slavery of the Northern states, and therefore may not accurately reflect Northern attitudes towards the Fugitive Slave Laws. The attitude towards the harshness of the act is a difference which could be explained using contextual knowledge. Source B claims the FSL is no more than a continuation of the 1793 Act. However, this was being flouted and the 1850 Act was harsher – allowing for a posse to be formed to capture fugitives, enforcing fines on anyone who refused to join such as posse and allowing owners to recapture slaves who had escaped many years earlier. Accept any other valid responses. 15

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 9 of 13 Question Answer Marks 2(b) ‘The passing of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1850 solved the fugitive slave issue.’ How far do the sources support this view? Indicative content Support • Source A: argues that the first arrest under the 1850 Act was carried out successfully. It goes on to say that opponents of the Act will be outnumbered by ‘all good men’ and be punished accordingly. It believes the opponents of the Act to be a minority. • Source B: sees Northern opposition to the 1850 Act as coming from a minority of abolitionists and agitators. The Act itself is just an extension of the 1793 Act, which has been upheld ever since. The unrepresentative minority in the North will be challenged vigorously by those in the North who accept the 1850 Act. The implicit message of Source B is that the abolitionists will be defeated. • Source D: The argument for accepting the 1850 Act is based on its newness. Its support is pragmatically based: repeal or modification of the Act would upset the South, upset the Compromise of 1850, would be unnecessary as the 1793 Act on which it was based had ‘produced no evils’. Opposition comes only from Northern ‘fanatics’. This analysis does not rule out a review of the 1850 Act in a few years’ time, however, and thus it is not quite whole-hearted support for the hypothesis. Challenge • Source C: shows a formal meeting of Whigs who do not see the 1850 Act as solving the fugitive slave issue. They want the Act modified and even repealed. • Source D: There is an element of challenge in Source D (albeit quite a weak one) It does not rule out a review of the 1850 Act in a few years’ time, however, and thus it is not quite whole-hearted support for the hypothesis. Evaluation Source A: The source is from a New York newspaper and shows that even in the North there were newspapers which supported a measure which benefited the South. New York benefited greatly from trading raw cotton of the South to its main market, the cotton mills of Lancashire. The extract was written soon after the Fugitive Slave Act was passed. Optimism was possible at that time, if not for much longer. The desire not to antagonise the South may undermine the value of this source as evidence. Source B: is published in a Southern newspaper, wishing to appeal to its Southern readers. This positive response of a Northern meeting to the Act should appeal to Southerners. Though the details of the reported speech are probably accurate, they give a false impression of how well the new Act will be accepted in the North which may affect the weight of this source as evidence. 25

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 10 of 13 Question Answer Marks 2(b) Source C: is taken from a list of resolutions passed by a meeting of Northern Whigs soon after the 1850 Act had been passed. Resolutions are more formal than a public speech, such as Source B. They need to be acted on, reviewed at subsequent meetings. As Source C states, ‘we shall persevere’ with efforts to overturn the 1850 Act. It is a more reliable account of Northern attitudes than is Source B and contextual knowledge can be used to support the claims in the source about the harshness of the Act. Source D: comes from a newspaper in Washington DC, the federal capital – also located in the South. This location helps explain the sympathetic line taken towards the South. It places the Act in the important context of the Compromise of 1850, of which it was but a small, if significant part. The final sentence, criticising Boston Whigs for their ‘thousand non-existent worries’, shows that the newspaper was out of touch with Northern opinion. Accept any other valid responses.

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 11 of 13 Question Answer Marks 3(a) Compare and contrast Sources A and C as evidence about the French and British responses to the Rhineland crisis. Indicative content Similarities • Both show disapproval of German actions, and some fear for the future. This is more overt in Source A but is suggested in Source C in phrases such as ‘up-to-date at any rate’ and ‘not by brutal force or threats’. • Both express hopes of maintaining peace. Differences • The French view in Source A is that action needs to be taken to eject the German army, while the British in Source C do not support any action. • Remilitarisation is seen as a challenge to international relations in Source A, but as an internal affair for the Germans in Source C. Explanation Source A is an attempt to rally support for action, from the French people and the international community. It reflects French anxiety about their border with Germany and the violation of the Treaty of Versailles. However, French opinion was divided on how to respond, no mobilisation was ordered, and there was to be an attempt to pass the responsibility for action onto the British. Source B reflects British public opinion and contextual knowledge can be used to explain this. There was general support for the government’s policy of appeasement and that it should be possible to negotiate with Germany. Sympathy for German objections to aspects of Versailles had been endorsed by the Anglo-German Naval Agreement of 1935. The Italian actions in Abyssinia were seen as far less justifiable. Accept any other valid responses. 15

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 12 of 13 Question Answer Marks 3(b) Read all the sources. ‘The remilitarisation of the Rhineland revealed Germany’s aggressive intentions.’ How far do the sources support this view? Indicative content Support • Source A: Sarraut denounces German aggression and sees this as a threat to ‘peace in Europe’ as well as ‘French security’. • Source B: Low is satirising claims that Hitler’s intentions were peaceful, and that Germany re-joining the League would contribute to the avoidance of future aggression. There is reference to the extent of German rearmament. • Source C: (Although mostly a challenge source) indicates the speaker’s distaste for the Nazis’ ‘brutal force’, and the wish to use membership of the League to control Germany. Challenge • Source C: Public opinion is shown to accept the German actions as occurring ‘within the frontiers of the German Reich’, and so not signalling an aggressive attitude. This is contrasted with Mussolini’s behaviour in the ongoing Abyssinian crisis. The speaker also extends an invitation to Germany, to help ensure future peace by joining the League. • Source D: The German minister claims the action to have been defensive, carried out by a ‘weak force’ (in contrast to Source A), symbolic and even ‘a step towards peace and understanding.’ He claims there were previous negotiations and blames the French for their failure. Evaluation Source A: French fears of German aggression were real and based upon previous invasions across the Rhine border. However, the reference to ‘considerable forces’ is questionable and may be seen as weakening the value of this source as evidence. The German soldiers were lightly armed and there were more local police involved in the invasion. The invasion was an act of opportunism on the part of Hitler and troops had been ordered to withdraw if they were challenged. 25

9489/11 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED May/June 2021 © UCLES 2021 Page 13 of 13 Question Answer Marks 3(b) Source B: Low was opposed to appeasement and saw Hitler’s ambitions for Germany as a threat from the start. Here, Hitler’s determination and cynicism are contrasted with Sarraut’s weakness – and the ‘world longing for peace’ is correspondingly frail. However, the source exaggerates about the nature of the forces involved to make a point. Source C: The speech shows awareness of the public lack of appetite for war over the Rhineland and acknowledges that marching into its own backyard was not generally considered a sign of aggression. However, there is a sense of foreboding about Germany’s behaviour and willingness to break not only the imposed Treaty of Versailles, but also Locarno, which had been entered into freely. Source D: The context gives the minister an obvious motive for denying any aggressive intentions which might be considered to weaken the value of this source as evidence. The tactics he indicates, of blaming other parties in negotiations and promising that this was a necessary step to peace, were repeated by the Nazis several times in the next three years. Contextual knowledge could be used to address the claims made in this source. If Hitler intended war at this point (conscription and rearmament could be seen as more than defensive) it was likely that his aggression would be directed against the USSR. Accept any other valid responses.