Cambridge IGCSE Geography 0460 — 2016 May/June Paper 1 · Variant 3

This document consists of 32 printed pages and 1 Insert. DC (NF/FD) 114950/5 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 4 4 6 8 7 8 6 9 9 3 * GEOGRAPHY 0460/13 Paper 1 May/June 2016 1 hour 45 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Calculator Ruler READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Write your answer to each question in the space provided. If additional space is required, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question number(s) must be clearly shown. Answer three questions, one from each section. The Insert contains Photographs A and B for Question 2 and Photographs C and D for Question 3. The Insert is not required by the Examiner. Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. Definitions: MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

2 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 Section A Answer one question from this section. QUESTION 1 1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about migration. MIGRATION Voluntary Involuntary Internal International Urban to rural Refugees Strong pull factors Strong push factors After a natural hazard Rural to urban Economic Internal International Fig. 1 (i) What is meant by migration? … … … [1] (ii) Complete the following definitions of types of migration by using arrows to match the correct terms and definitions. The first one has been done for you. Voluntary People are forced to migrate Involuntary Migration within a country International People choose to migrate Internal Migration from one country to another [2]

3 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (iii) Describe the impacts of rural to urban migration on the rural area. … … … … … … [3] (iv) Explain how economic factors can cause international migration. … … … … … … … … [4]

4 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (b) Study Fig. 2, which shows information about international migration for Indonesia and Singapore in 2010. Indonesia and Singapore are countries in South East Asia. number of migrants (millions) 0 Indonesia Singapore 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 .H\ outward migration (emigration) inward migration (immigration) Fig. 2 (i) Using Fig. 2 only, compare Indonesia’s net migration with that of Singapore. Include statistics in your answer. … … … … … … [3]

5 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (ii) Describe the positive impacts of international migration on destination countries. … … … … … … … … … … [5]

6 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (c) For a named urban area you have studied, describe the problems faced by migrants living in squatter settlements. Name of urban area … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [7] [Total: 25 marks] END OF QUESTION 1

7 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over QUESTION 2 2 (a) Study Fig. 3, which shows information about land use in Bergen, an urban area in Norway (an MEDC in Europe). 0 10 20 30 40 50 percentage of total area 60 70 80 90 100 .H\ land uses residential industry and commerce roads other built-up areas open space Fig. 3 (i) What percentage of Bergen’s area is used for industry and commerce? …% [1] (ii) Compare the percentages of land used in Bergen for residential and open space. … …………………………………………………… … … … [2] (iii) Suggest three likely uses of open space in Bergen. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3]

8 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (b) Study Photographs A and B (Insert), which show parts of Stavanger, another urban area in Norway. (i) Use evidence from Photographs A and B to identify three different land uses in Stavanger. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (ii) Use evidence from Photographs A and B, and your own knowledge, to explain why some settlements develop as ports. … … … … … … … … [4]

9 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (iii) One type of urban zone is the Central Business District (CBD). Describe the typical characteristics of the CBD of an urban area. … … … … … … … … … … [5]

10 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (c) For a named urban area you have studied, describe recent changes which have taken place in the Central Business District (CBD). Name of area … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [7] [Total: 25 marks] END OF QUESTION 2

11 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 3

12 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 Section B Answer one question from this section. QUESTION 3 3 (a) Study Fig. 4, which shows four instruments used at a school weather station. Instrument P Instrument Q min °C −20 −10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 −20 −10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 °C max Instrument R Instrument S Fig. 4

13 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (i) Which weather characteristic will the students measure with instrument P? … [1] (ii) Use instrument Q to work out the daily range of temperature. Show your calculations. [2] (iii) Identify the weather instruments labelled Q, R and S. Q … R … S … [3] (iv) Explain why: – instruments Q and R are kept in a Stevenson Screen; … … … … – instrument S is sited on the roof of the school. … … … … [4]

14 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (b) Study Photographs C and D (Insert), which show different types of clouds. (i) Describe three differences between the clouds shown in Photographs C and D. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (ii) Describe the processes which result in large amounts of cloud forming in areas of Equatorial climate. … … … … … … … … … … [5]

15 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (c) For a named area of tropical rainforest you have studied, explain how its characteristics are influenced by the Equatorial climate. Name of area … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [7] [Total: 25 marks] END OF QUESTION 3

16 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 QUESTION 4 4 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows information about the flows which take place in a drainage basin. precipitation precipitation water flows water stores interception interception SOIL SOIL ROCK infiltration throughflow CHANNEL RIVER groundwater flow overland flow percolation $ % .H\ Fig. 5 (i) What is meant by drainage basin? … … … [1] (ii) Identify from Fig. 5 a flow which takes place: – in the soil; … – in the rock. … [2]

17 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (iii) Explain why the amount of interception may vary within the drainage basin shown in Fig. 5. … … … … … … [3] (iv) Describe how the characteristics of the river are likely to change between points A and B on Fig. 5. … … … … … … … … [4]

18 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (b) Study Fig. 6, which shows a map of the delta of the River Nile. 0HGLWHUUDQHDQ6HD 5HG 6HD Nile Delta 0 25 km 50 N Fig. 6 (i) Using Fig. 6 only, describe three characteristics of the delta of the River Nile. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3]

19 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (ii) Explain how a delta is formed. … … … … … … … … … … [5]

20 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (c) For a named river you have studied, explain the causes of flooding. Name of river … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [7] [Total: 25 marks] END OF QUESTION 4

21 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over Section C Answer one question from this section. QUESTION 5 5 (a) Study Fig. 7, which shows information about world energy production. 1990 (VWLPDWHG Actual Oil Coal Renewables Nuclear Natural gas Oil Coal Renewables Nuclear 0 50 100 150 energy production (quadrillion Btu) 200 250 1995 2000 2005 2010 years 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Natural gas Fig. 7 (i) State the amount of energy produced by nuclear power in 2015. … quadrillion Btu [1] (ii) Which form of energy production: – increased most rapidly between 2000 and 2015; … – is estimated to double between 2010 and 2035? … [2]

22 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (iii) Describe three problems of relying on fossil fuels, such as oil, coal and natural gas, as sources of energy. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (iv) Describe two benefits and two problems of using nuclear power as a source of energy. Benefit 1 … … Benefit 2 … … Problem 1 … … Problem 2 … … [4]

23 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (b) Study Fig. 8, which shows the location of proposed new offshore wind turbines in part of north east USA. 0 20 km Boston MASSACHUSETTS Cape Cod Nantucket Island Martha’s Vineyard Rhode Island $WODQWLF 2FHDQ 1DQWXFNHW 6RXQG .H\ 3URSRVHGQHZ ZLQGWXUELQHV N Fig. 8 (i) Describe the location of the proposed new offshore wind turbines shown in Fig. 8. … … … … … … [3]

24 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (ii) Explain why people living in Cape Cod are likely to have contrasting opinions about the proposed offshore wind turbines. … … … … … … … … … … [5]

25 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (c) For an example you have studied, describe and explain the location of an industry. You should choose an example from manufacturing, processing, assembly or high technology industry. Type of industry … Location … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [7] [Total: 25 marks] END OF QUESTION 5

26 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 QUESTION 6 6 (a) Study Fig. 9, which shows information about the use of water in selected countries. 2000 water use (m3 per person per year) 1500 1000 500 0 domestic Brazil Canada China Mexico USA Key agricultural industrial Fig. 9 (i) Put the following countries in rank order according to their total use of water per person per year. Brazil China USA 1st… highest [1] 2nd … 3rd … lowest (ii) What is meant by the following uses of water? – domestic … … – industrial … … [2]

27 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (iii) Using Fig. 9 only, compare the use of water in Canada (an MEDC) and Mexico (an LEDC). … … … … … … [3] (iv) Suggest reasons for the differences in the use of water in Canada and Mexico. … … … … … … … … [4]

28 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (b) Study Fig. 10, which shows information about the water supply of the city of Vienna, in Austria (an MEDC in Europe). spring Key well reservoir water pipelines town/city built-up area of Vienna direction of pipeline flow Vienna Mödling Baden Wr. Neustadt Third Water Pipeline Neusiedl Reservoir Neunkirchen Hirschwang Mariazell Gußwerk Wildalpen Lunz Scheibbs St. Pölten Mürzzuschlag River Danube Vienna Mountain Spring Pipeline Vienna Mountain Spring Pipeline N Fig. 10 (i) Using Fig. 10, identify three different methods which Vienna uses to obtain water. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3]

29 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (ii) Explain the importance to the people and economy of a city of having a good water supply system. … … … … … … … … … … [5]

30 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (c) For a named country or region you have studied, explain the causes of food shortages. Name of country or region … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [7] [Total: 25 marks] END OF QUESTION 6

31 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 Additional Pages If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question number(s) must be clearly shown. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

32 0460/13/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. This syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate. This document consists of 15 printed pages. © UCLES 2016 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education GEOGRAPHY 0460/13 Paper 1 May/June 2016 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 75 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 1 (a) (i) Movement of people from one area/place/country/location to another/in or out of the country; 1 mark [1] (ii) Involuntary = People are forced to migrate International = migration from one country to another Internal = migration within a country 3 correct = 2 marks 2 correct = 1 mark 0 or 1 correct = 0 mark [2] (iii) Ideas such as: • reduction of/loss of male/young/working/active population/less people to do jobs/imbalanced population sex structure; • reduction in food supply/starvation/malnutrition/reduction of farm production/lack of farmers/farms neglected; • less pressure on utilities or example (water supply); • less pressure on services or example (hospitals); • social problems or example/no-one to look after elderly; • benefit of remittances or example/send money back; • families divided; • underused services e.g. schools/shops close down; • easier to find work for people left behind; • less people to share food among; • travel further to access services; etc. 3 @ 1 mark [3] (iv) Ideas such as: • (lack of) work/(un)employment/more job opportunities; • low/high paid work; • people cannot afford/so people will be able to afford housing/lower house prices; • people cannot afford/so people will be able to afford health care/free healthcare; • people cannot afford/ so people will be able to afford education/government provides free education/subsidized education; • high exchange rate/strong currency; • poor economy/poverty/low GDP/lower taxes; • expensive living costs; etc. NB: Accept pulls and pushes but no double credit. Must be economic. 4 @ 1 mark [4]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 (b) (i) • Indonesia has negative net migration/more move out than in; • Singapore has positive net migration/more move in than out; • It’s higher in Singapore/net migration higher in Singapore/lower in Indonesia; • Comparative statistics – Indonesia –1.25 to –1.3 m compared with Singapore 0.9 to 1 m; NB: Reserve 1 mark for statistics. 3 @ 1 mark [3] (ii) Ideas such as: • enlarges labour force/helps to exploit resources/do seasonal jobs (dev); • cheap labour; • people will do jobs locals will not do/dirty jobs; • skilled labour; or example – doctors/engineers (dev); • cultural exchange/multi-cultural society; • specific services set up; or example – Chinese restaurants (dev); • stronger military/join armed forces; • raises more tax revenue/more taxes paid to Government; • bring new ideas/inventions; • reduces dependency ratio; • brings larger market for businesses/shops can sell more; • increases GDP/helps country to develop /helps the economy; • employment/revenue for the country created by new businesses/competition lowers prices by new businesses; etc. 5 @ 1 mark or development [5]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe the problems faced by migrants living in squatter settlements. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which describe the problems faced by migrants living in squatter settlements. NB: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: • poor quality housing, • water and air pollution, • shortage of food and water, • high crime rates, • not enough health care and education, • lack of employment, • poverty, • lack of qualifications/skills/education/no experience, • some cannot speak the language/language barrier, • low paid jobs, • may have to live away from their families, • discrimination may occur, • exploitation by employers etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named parts of the city/squatter settlement, Statistical data etc. NB: Name of urban area can be a city, part of a city or squatter settlement name. If a rural area, country or continent is named then Max. 5. Can accept LEDC or MEDC. [7] [Total: 25 marks]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 2 (a) (i) Allow tolerance between 14–16 1 mark [1] (ii) • More for residential than open space; • 41–43% residential compared with 20–21% open space; • (More than) twice as much used for residential than open space etc. 2 @ 1 mark [2] (iii) Uses such as : • parks; • gardens/allotments; • woodland; • playing fields/sports grounds/football pitches/playground; • public squares; • car parks; etc. 3 @ 1 mark [3] (b) (i) Ideas such as: • Docks/bay to dock ships/harbour/ wharf; • Apartments/housing/residential; • Industry/factories/mills/silos; • Warehouses; • Roads/car parks; • Hotels; • Offices; • Shops; • Café/restaurant; etc. 3 @ 1 mark [3] (ii) Ideas such as; • near to sea/coastal site/river estuary; • easy trade/easy import of raw materials/export of finished products; • flat/low land for construction; • deep water; • sheltered water; • good roads; • railways; • lots of industry; • fish caught/landed; • development of tourism/cruise liners; etc. 4 @ 1 mark [4]

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 (iii) Characteristics such as: • high density land use; • high rise buildings/skyscrapers, • mainly high/middle order; • leisure/entertainment facilities; • crowded with people/congested; • lots of traffic; • possibly pedestrianised; • high cost land/high rents; • shopping/retail facilities; • accessible/good transport links or examples/well served by public transport; etc. NB: MAX 2 on any specific land uses e.g.: Secondary schools, universities, hospitals, shops, offices, cinema, theatre, shopping malls etc. 5 @ 1 mark or development (which should be description not explanation) [5] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe recent changes which have taken place in CBD Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which describe recent changes which have taken place in CBD NB: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate with some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to; • Closure of shops/services; • Opening of new shops/services/malls, • Pedestrianisation; • Traffic improvements etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Named roads/malls, Locational details of services/shops, Named shops and services etc. NB: Should be CBD not urban area generally. [7] [Total: 25 marks]

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 3 (a) (i) Atmospheric/air pressure 1 mark [1] (ii) 25–26C – 19–20C [1] = 5–7C (2nd mark) NB: No need for degrees C to be stated. 2 @ 1 mark [2] (iii) Q = Maximum and minimum thermometer/sixes thermometer; R = Wet and dry (bulb) thermometer/hygrometer; S = anemometer; 3 @ 1 mark [3] (iv) Instruments Q/R: • they will not be affected by direct sunshine; • they will not be affected by wind/ventilation; • they will measure conditions of air not ground; • they will not be tampered with etc. Instrument S: • The wind will not be blocked; • As it will not be sheltered by trees/buildings; • It will not be tampered with; (no double credit) Reserve 1 mark for each of Q/R and S. 4 @ 1 mark [4] (b) (i) Ideas such as: • Photograph C clouds are white/D are grey; • Photograph C clouds are higher; • Photograph D’s clouds cover a greater proportion of sky than photograph C/D covers sky C doesn’t/more in D than C/bigger clouds in D/sparse in C dense in D; • Photograph D’s clouds are more likely to bring rain; • Photograph C clouds are stratus/cirrus/D cumulus; • Photograph C is thin D is thick idea; etc. 3 @ 1 mark [3]

Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 (ii) Ideas such as: • Heating/heat; • Evaporation; • Transpiration/evapotranspiration; • air/water vapour rises; • cooling; • condensation; • saturation; • convection; etc. 5 @ 1 mark or development [5] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain how its characteristics are influenced by the Equatorial climate. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which explain how its characteristics are influenced by the Equatorial climate. NB Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements which explain how its characteristics are influenced by the Equatorial climate. including some specific reference or examples/types of plants. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: • Vegetation types, • Height and density of vegetation, • Evergreen nature of vegetation, • Fauna, • Constant hot/wet climate, • Humidity etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Details of named parts of the area Reference to specific flora/fauna, Statistical information Examples of species e.g. Mahogany etc. [7] [Total: 25 marks]

Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 4 (a) (i) Area of land drained by a river and its tributaries 1 mark [1] (ii) In the soil = infiltration/throughflow In the rock=percolation/groundwater flow 2 @ 1 mark [2] (iii) Ideas such as: • variation of precipitation within drainage basin; • variation in vegetation cover/in some areas there is more/less vegetation/presence/absence of trees; • type of trees e.g. coniferous compared with deciduous/broad leaf; • size of trees; • as precipitation can reach the surface directly; • trees are likely to intercept more precipitation than grass; • as their leaves have more surface area; etc. NB: Ideas must link to interception 3 @ 1 mark [3] (iv) The river is likely to become: • wider; • deeper; • with more discharge; • faster flowing; • more meandering/winding; • more load; • smaller size of particles in load; • more deposition less erosion or examples; • presence of ox-bow lakes; • levees; • gradient is less steep/flatter; • channel bed gets smoother; • Vertical erosion at A and lateral erosion at B; etc. 4 @ 1 mark [4] (b) (i) Ideas such as: • arc like/arcuate/triangular shaped/fan shaped; • north facing/flows to north; • many distributaries/splits into smaller rivers/streams; • 200–300km maximum west to east; • 150–200km maximum from north to south; etc. 3 @ 1 mark [3]

Page 10 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 (ii) Ideas such as: • large amounts of sediment brought downstream; • deposition in lower course; • as speed of flow is reduced ; • and flocculation occurs due to salt in water; • deposited silt blocks course of river; • which splits into distributaries to reach sea ; • deposited materials are not washed away/grows towards sea; • due to lack of current; • colonization by vegetation; etc. 5 @ 1 mark or development [5] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain the causes of flooding. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which explain the causes of flooding. NB: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements, including some specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: • Heavy/continuous rainfall, • Saturation of rocks/soil, • Snow melt, • deforestation, • building on flood plains/urbanisation, • lack of protective measures • Dam collapsed etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details; Statistical information etc. [7] [Total: 25 marks]

Page 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 5 (a) (i) 34–35 1 mark [1] (ii) Coal Renewables 2 @ 1 mark [2] (iii) Ideas such as: • Takes millions of years to make/they are non- renewable/may become exhausted/run out; • Increasing/fluctuating costs; • Costs of transport/extraction are high; • They pollute the atmosphere/give off greenhouse gases/carbon dioxide; • Fears over global warming; • Cause acid rain; etc. 3 @ 1 mark [3] (iv) Ideas such as: Benefits such as: • low production cost; • no air pollution/greenhouse gases/global warming/no emissions/no gases; • small amounts of raw materials/uranium required/will last a long time/produce large amount of energy from small amounts of uranium/little amount of raw material; Problems such as: • Construction costs are high/decommissioning costs are high; • Worries over radiation/reactor meltdown/concerns over cancers or mutations; • Storage/disposal of waste is not easy/radioactive waste produced; • Land cannot be used after closure for many years; etc. NB: Reserve 2 marks on each of benefits/problems) 4 @ 1 mark [4]

Page 12 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 (b) (i) Ideas such as: • SE/SW/South of Cape Cod; • NW/North of Nantucket Island; • off south east (coast) of Massachusetts; • 10 km from Cape Cod; • In Nantucket Sound; • NE of Martha’s vineyard; etc. NB: Need to name a place/feature and give direction and/or distance from it. 3 @ 1 mark [3] (ii) Ideas such as: Opponents will argue that: • There is a visual impact/turbines can be seen for many miles; • Hotel owners may be worried about loss of tourism/impact on water sports; • birds flying into turbines/kill birds; • marine ecosystems disrupted by construction; • possible disruption to shipping; • fishing industry problems; • only small amount of energy can be generated relating to initial cost; • energy will only be generated when wind is blowing; • construction costs are expensive; • problems during construction or examples; etc. Supporters will argue: • Low cost electricity once constructed; • Non-polluting form of energy; • Creation of employment for construction/maintenance; • Away from land so no noise pollution; • Renewable/sustainable electricity produced; • Windier off-shore than on land; etc. NB: Reserve 1 mark for opponents/supporters 5 @ 1 mark or development [5]

Page 13 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which describe and/or explain the location of industry. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which explain the location of industry. NB: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements, which describe and explain the location of industry, including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers could refer to: • Raw materials, • Market, • Power supplies, • Communications, • Inertia, • workforce etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details; Specific details of industry Named/numbered roads etc. [7] [Total: 25 marks]

Page 14 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 6 (a) (i) USA China Brazil 1 mark [1] (ii) Domestic = use in the home industrial = use in factories 2 @ 1 mark [2] (iii) Ideas such as: • Canada uses more per person overall; • Mexico uses a greater amount in agriculture; • Canada uses a greater amount in industry; • Canada uses a greater amount domestically; • Canada most in industry but Mexico most in agriculture; • Canada least in agriculture but Mexico least in domestic; etc. NB: Alternatively comparative statistics can be used. 3 @ 1 mark [3] (iv) Ideas such as: • Canada has more rainfall/farmers need to use more Irrigation/Mexico has less rainfall/more drought/more water shortages; • Mexico has lots more farmland/Mexico relies more on farming/Canada can import food; • Canada is has more industries; • Homes in Canada have many appliances which use water; • Canada has better water supply infrastructure or examples e.g. pipes; etc. (or reverse statements) NB: No need for comparisons. 4 @ 1 mark [4] (b) (i) springs wells reservoirs river Or accept named examples from map. 3 @ 1 mark [3]

Page 15 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – May/June 2016 0460 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 (ii) Ideas such as: • water is an essential for life/essential to survive; • without it people would become dehydrated; • good infrastructure will ensure supplies are continuous; • people will not have to walk long distances to fetch water/don’t waste time fetching water; • water will be clean/not carry disease so people will not suffer water borne diseases or example/good health; • industries depend on water for processing/cooling; • electricity generated using water supplies; • hospitals have access to water; • don’t have to worry about water shortages; • long life expectancy; • hygiene/sanitation improved; etc. 5 @ 1 mark or development [5] (c) Levels marking Level 1 (1–3 marks) Statements including limited detail which explain the causes of food shortages. Level 2 (4–6 marks) Uses named example. More developed statements which explain the causes of food shortages. NB: Max 5 if no named or inappropriate example) Level 3 (7 marks) Uses named example. Comprehensive and accurate statements, including some place specific reference. Content Guide: Answers are likely to refer to: • Drought, • Natural disasters, • War, • Pests, • Crop diseases, • Commercial farming, • Poverty/unemployment etc. Place specific reference is likely to consist of: Locational details; Specific details of settlements/areas affected, Statistical information etc. [7] [Total: 25 marks]