Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2022 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 3

This document has 20 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. [Turn over Cambridge IGCSE™ ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/13 Paper 1 Theory October/November 2022 1 hour 45 minutes You must answer on the question paper. No additional materials are needed. INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer all questions. ● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. ● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. ● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. ● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. ● Do not write on any bar codes. ● You may use a calculator. ● You should show all your working and use appropriate units. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 80. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. * 0 2 7 6 3 2 7 7 2 6 * DC (CJ/CB) 307647/2 © UCLES 2022

2 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 Section A 1 The bar chart shows information about global land use and protein produced for human consumption. glaciers 71% habitable land (104 million km2) land surface habitable land agricultural land protein production (for human consumption) 50% agriculture 77% livestock (including grazing land and land for animal feed production) 37% from livestock 63% from crops 23% crops 37% forests 1% urban and built-up land 1% freshwater 11% shrub 19% other land (a) (i) Calculate the percentage of land surface covered by glaciers. … % [1] (ii) Calculate the total area of habitable land used for agriculture. … million km2 [1]

3 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 [Turn over (b) Compare using livestock for protein production with growing crops for protein production. … … … … … … [3] (c) State two ways to increase the yield of crops. 1 … 2 … [2] [Total: 7]

4 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 2 A scientist monitored the size of fish caught in a fishing area between 1996 and 2020. The scientist classified the fish caught into two categories: • legal-sized (large enough to be legally caught) • under-sized (too small to be legally caught). The results are shown in the graph. 0 1996 2000 2004 2008 year 2012 2016 2020 20 40 % of total mass of fish 60 80 100 Key legal-sized fish under-sized fish (a) (i) Describe the trends in the size of fish caught between 1996 and 2020. … … … … … … [3]

5 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 [Turn over (ii) The scientist concludes that this fishing area is being overfished. Use the information to explain how the scientist reaches this conclusion. … … … … [2] (b) Describe ways to prevent under-sized fish being caught when fishing. … … … … [2] [Total: 7]

6 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 3 The photograph shows work being done to reduce the risk of flooding. (a) Suggest how the work being done in the photograph reduces the risk of flooding. … … … … [2] (b) Describe four other methods to reduce the impacts of flooding in the area. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 6]

7 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 [Turn over BLANK PAGE

8 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 Section B 4 The photograph shows Jiangcungou, the largest landfill waste site in China. The table shows information about this landfill site. Jiangcungou landfill site, China Opening date: 1994 Predicted life: 50 years Area: 670 000 m2 Average depth: 150 m Expected use: 2500 tonnes per day

9 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 [Turn over (a) (i) Calculate the volume of the Jiangcungou landfill site. … m3 [2] (ii) The landfill site closed 25 years earlier than expected as it was already full. State the year the landfill site closed. … [1] (iii) In one year, the actual use of the landfill site was four times greater than expected. Calculate the actual use of the landfill site in tonnes per day for this year. … tonnes per day [1] (b) The owners of the Jiangcungou landfill site plan to restore the site so that it can be used by the public as a park. Describe how the site can be restored. … … … … … … [3]

10 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 (c) The table shows methods of waste disposal in China. method of waste disposal percentage of waste disposed landfill 55 incineration 40 other 5 On the grid, plot a bar chart of the information in the table. [3]

11 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 [Turn over (d) Some more economically developed countries (MEDCs) export waste to other countries. Give reasons why this method of waste management may be damaging to the global environment. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 13]

12 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 5 (a) Some energy resources are listed. biofuels tidal geothermal wave nuclear wind solar (i) Complete the diagram to classify the energy resources in the list. One has been completed for you. tidal renewable no CO2 produced after construction [3] (ii) State the name of one other renewable energy resource. … [1]

13 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 [Turn over (b) Fracking is a method of extracting oil and gas from the ground. Suggest reasons why some people disagree with using fracking to extract oil and gas. … … … … … … [3] (c) Describe methods to reduce the amount of oil used to fuel motor vehicles. … … … … … … [3] [Total: 10]

14 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 6 A student reads a newspaper article from 2019 about a tree-planting scheme in Ethiopia. National tree-planting scheme 350 million trees have been planted in a single day in Ethiopia, according to a government minister. This is part of a national scheme to plant 4 billion trees in 90 days. The government is encouraging every citizen to plant at least 40 trees. Public offices have been closed to allow workers to take part in the scheme. The scheme aims to reduce the effects of deforestation, climate change and drought in Ethiopia. Ethiopia’s forest coverage was only 4% in 2018 compared with 34% in 1918. (a) (i) Calculate the average number of trees that need to be planted each day to meet the target. … million trees [1] (ii) Suggest reasons why people have cleared forests in Ethiopia. … … … … … … [3]

15 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 [Turn over (iii) Suggest reasons why some of the trees planted may fail to grow. … … … … … … … … [4] (b) Explain how deforestation impacts the water cycle. … … … … … … … … [4] [Total: 12]

16 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 7 (a) The map shows the annual change in urban population of countries for a recent year. Equator Tropic of Capricorn Tropic of Cancer Key annual change in urban population / % –1.6 to 0 +0.1 to +1.6 +1.7 to +3.2 over +3.2 (i) Describe the changes in urban population shown on the map. … … … … … … … … [4]

17 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 [Turn over (ii) State four reasons why people choose to migrate into urban areas. 1 … 2 … 3 … 4 … [4] (iii) Suggest problems an urban area experiences when there is a sudden increase in population. … … … … … … [3] (b) The population of a country is increasing rapidly. On the axes, sketch the population pyramid for the country. [4] [Total: 15]

18 0680/13/ O/ N/22 © UCLES 2022 8 The poster shows information about the number of people without access to safe water in 2015. 2.1 billion people globally lack safe water at home spend more than 30 minutes per trip collecting water 263 million Of those people... do not have basic drinking water services 844 million drink water directly from lakes or rivers 159 million (a) (i) In 2015, the world population was 7.3 billion. Calculate the percentage of the world population without safe water at home in 2015. … % [1] (ii) Drinking water directly from lakes or rivers can cause bacterial diseases such as cholera or typhoid. Describe two other risks to human health of drinking water directly from lakes or rivers. … … … … [2] (iii) State one method that can be used to make water potable. … … [1]

19 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 (b) A scientist is concerned about the number of deaths that occur each year due to people drinking water from unclean water sources. The scientist says: To what extent do you agree with this statement? Give reasons for your answer. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [6] [Total: 10] More lives can be saved if the money spent on treating water-related diseases is spent on providing potable water instead.

20 0680/13/O/N/22 © UCLES 2022 The boundaries and names shown, the designations used and the presentation of material on any maps contained in this question paper/insert do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by Cambridge Assessment International Education concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area or any of its authorities, or of the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

This document consists of 13 printed pages. © UCLES 2022 [Turn over Cambridge IGCSE™ ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/13 Paper 1 Theory October/November 2022 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 80 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2022 series for most Cambridge IGCSE™, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 2 of 13 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptors for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 3 of 13 GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 4 of 13 Science-Specific Marking Principles 1 Examiners should consider the context and scientific use of any keywords when awarding marks. Although keywords may be present, marks should not be awarded if the keywords are used incorrectly. 2 The examiner should not choose between contradictory statements given in the same question part, and credit should not be awarded for any correct statement that is contradicted within the same question part. Wrong science that is irrelevant to the question should be ignored. 3 Although spellings do not have to be correct, spellings of syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms with which they may be confused (e.g. ethane / ethene, glucagon / glycogen, refraction / reflection). 4 The error carried forward (ecf) principle should be applied, where appropriate. If an incorrect answer is subsequently used in a scientifically correct way, the candidate should be awarded these subsequent marking points. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary and any exceptions to this general principle will be noted. 5 ‘List rule’ guidance For questions that require n responses (e.g. State two reasons): • The response should be read as continuous prose, even when numbered answer spaces are provided. • Any response marked ignore in the mark scheme should not count towards n. • Incorrect responses should not be awarded credit but will still count towards n. • Read the entire response to check for any responses that contradict those that would otherwise be credited. Credit should not be awarded for any responses that are contradicted within the rest of the response. Where two responses contradict one another, this should be treated as a single incorrect response. • Non-contradictory responses after the first n responses may be ignored even if they include incorrect science.

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 5 of 13 6 Calculation specific guidance Correct answers to calculations should be given full credit even if there is no working or incorrect working, unless the question states ‘show your working’. For questions in which the number of significant figures required is not stated, credit should be awarded for correct answers when rounded by the examiner to the number of significant figures given in the mark scheme. This may not apply to measured values. For answers given in standard form (e.g. a ´ 10n) in which the convention of restricting the value of the coefficient (a) to a value between 1 and 10 is not followed, credit may still be awarded if the answer can be converted to the answer given in the mark scheme. Unless a separate mark is given for a unit, a missing or incorrect unit will normally mean that the final calculation mark is not awarded. Exceptions to this general principle will be noted in the mark scheme. 7 Guidance for chemical equations Multiples / fractions of coefficients used in chemical equations are acceptable unless stated otherwise in the mark scheme. State symbols given in an equation should be ignored unless asked for in the question or stated otherwise in the mark scheme.

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 6 of 13 Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) 10 (%); 1 1(a)(ii) 52 (million km2); 1 1(b) crops produce more protein than livestock / ora; crops use less agricultural land than livestock / ora; crops more efficient method of producing protein; 3 1(c) any two from (list rule applies): improved varieties; use of fertiliser; use of irrigation; pest / disease control/ biological control / pesticides; weed control / use of herbicides; crop rotation; intercropping; 2 Question Answer Marks 2(a)(i) increase in proportion of under-sized fish until 2004; (from 2004)increase in proportion of large fish until 2012; (from 2012) increase in proportion of under-sized fish again until 2020; Overall trend 1996 to 2020 increase in under-sized fish 3 2(a)(ii) proportion of fish that can be legally caught is reducing; (therefore) reduction in proportion of legal-sized / large / breeding fish available / fish not growing to maturity; 2 2(b) any two from: use a larger mesh size; stay away from breeding areas; close monitoring of catches; 2

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 7 of 13 Question Answer Marks 3(a) increases the depth (of the river); increases the width (of the river); 2 3(b) any four from: increase / construct flood defences; early warning systems; land zoning / do not build on flood plains; construction of relief drains; emergency drills / relief shelters; straightening of water courses; 4 Question Answer Marks 4(a)(i) 670 000  150; 100 500 000 / 100.5 million (m3); 2 4(a)(ii) 2019; 1 4(a)(iii) 10 000 (tonnes per day); 1 4(b) any three from: bioremediation; use of bacteria / microbes to convert toxic materials; soil capping; addition of topsoil above the rubbish layer; replanting; adding trees / grasses to hold layer and establish vegetation; addition of fertilisers; creation of animal habitats; introduction of animal species to develop a food web; 3

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 8 of 13 Question Answer Marks 4(c) sensible linear scale such that plots occupy at least half the grid; axis labels; 3 bars accurately plotted; 3 4(d) any three from: transporting materials to another country uses fossil fuels; transporting increases risk of accidental pollution; waste more likely to get mixed therefore harder to process; large quantities of waste in one place may cause pollution; waste may not be treated effectively / may be burnt ; AVP; 3 Question Answer Marks 5(a)(i) renewable only: biofuels no CO2: nuclear both:(tidal), wave, geothermal, solar, wind 2 correct; 4 correct; 6 correct; 3 5(a)(ii) hydroelectric; 1 5(b) any three from: may cause earthquakes / seismic activity; risk of pollution of water sources; damage to local area / visual pollution; animal habitats damaged; uses large volumes of water (which might be in short supply); 3

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 9 of 13 Question Answer Marks 5(c) any three from: use of electric / hybrid vehicles; use of more efficient engines; example e.g. limit size of engines / stop start technology; limit vehicle use / example; encourage walking / use of bicycles / public transport; taxation; 3 Question Answer Marks 6(a)(i) (400 000 000 ÷ 90 =) 44 (million trees); 1 6(a)(ii) any three from: use of land for agriculture; use of wood for fuel / construction / furniture / logging; to clear land for mineral extraction / mining; use of land for towns / urbanisation / roads / industry; use of land for reservoirs / dams; 3 6(a)(iii) any four from: lack of water / drought; waterlogging; lack of soil nutrients / poor soil; pest problem / grazing livestock; disease problem; vandalism / human damage; soil pollution; AVP; 4

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 10 of 13 Question Answer Marks 6(b) any four from: decreases evapo–transpiration; fewer leaves of trees acting as condensation points; no reduction in temperature allowing for condensation / precipitation; less effect of trees, slowing wind speeds / causing clouds to move more slowly; groundwater stores remain as not taken up by tree roots; reduction of interception ( by plants); reduction in infiltration rates; run–off increases; AVP; 4 Question Answer Marks 7(a)(i) any four from: reduction (in urban population) in Eastern Europe / named country; reduction in part of middle East / west Asia / Syria; increase of 0–1.6% in (most of) Europe / North America / South America / Australia / named country; increase of 1.6–3.2% in southern Asia / some of Africa / Central America / named country; highest increase / more than 3.2% in Africa / parts of Middle East / South West Asia / named country; 4 7(a)(ii) any four from: for employment opportunities; better health services; better standard of living; better education; moving away from natural disasters, e.g. drought, flooding; fleeing from, war / conflict / persecution; AVP; 4

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 11 of 13 Question Answer Marks 7(a)(iii) any three from: development of unplanned housing / shanty towns / lack of housing; spread of disease / lack of sanitation / shortage of clean water; pressure on schools / hospitals; unemployment; crime / illegal activity; traffic congestion; increase in air / water pollution / waste; 3 7(b) axes labelled; pyramid drawn in steps for ages; pyramid shows both male and female broadly similar; broad base, tapering to a narrower top; 4 Question Answer Marks 8(a)(i) (2.1 ÷ 7.3  100 =) 29 (%); 1 8(a)(ii) contracting water-related disease / malaria / named example; poisoning from drinking pollutants / toxic substances in the water; 2 8(a)(iii) chlorination / chemical treatment / distillation / desalination / filtration / reverse osmosis; 1

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 12 of 13 Question Answer Marks 8(b) Level of response marked question: Level 3 [5–6 marks] A coherent response is given that develops and supports the candidate’s conclusion using relevant details and examples. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are generally used precisely and accurately. Good responses are likely to present a balanced evaluation of the statements. Level 2 [3–4 marks] Development and support of the conclusion is evident, though the response may lack some coherence and / or detail. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary are used but may lack some precision and / or accuracy. Irrelevant detail may be present. Responses contain evaluation of the statement, but this may not be balanced. Level 1 [1–2 marks] The response may be limited in development and / or support. Contradictions and / or irrelevant detail may be present. Indicative content and subject-specific vocabulary may be limited or absent. Responses may lack structure or be in the form of a list. Evaluation may be limited or absent. No response or no creditable response [0 marks] 6

0680/13 Cambridge IGCSE – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2022 © UCLES 2022 Page 13 of 13 Question Answer Marks 8(b) Indicative content for: Topic: medical treatment v water supply Main idea: clean water supply is more beneficial than treatment of symptoms Water treatment is better because: • would benefit a wider number of people • improved system has a longer–lasting effect • less low–level illness will mean better productivity (better economy) • impacts a range of illnesses / diseases disease will not get resistant to the drugs used to treat it. less hospitals / medical staff needed who are in short supply Water treatment / clean sources are not better because: • lack of treatment of existing problems will cause death and hardship now so still must do some treatment • ethical issues • still likely that some incidence even with clean water supplies • a combination of clean water and medicines will be more effective