Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2015 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 3

This document consists of 13 printed pages and 3 blank pages. DC (ST/SW) 97056/4 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 7 9 7 2 0 8 4 0 5 8 * ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/13 Paper 1 October/November 2015 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. No Additional Materials are required. READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

2 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 1 The graphs below show average maximum and minimum monthly temperatures, precipitation and snow depth at Yellowstone National Park in the United States of America. –15.0 –10.0 –5.0 0 5.0 10.0 temperature / °C 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 10.0 20.0 precipitation / mm 30.0 40.0 50.0 60.0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 50 100 snow depth / mm 150 200 250 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec average maximum monthly temperature Key average minimum monthly temperature

3 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (a) Use information from the graphs to complete the passage. In Yellowstone National Park there is snow on the ground for … months of the year. The temperature stays below freezing in the months of … and … . The hottest month is … with a maximum temperature of … . Summers are wet, with most rain falling in … . [3] (b) The mountain slopes in Yellowstone National Park are covered by taiga vegetation (coniferous trees). Describe and explain how coniferous trees are adapted to the climate shown on the graphs. … … … … … … … …[4] (c) National Parks are set up to conserve the biodiversity of ecosystems. Describe two other strategies for conserving the biodiversity of ecosystems. … … … … … …[3]

4 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 2 Look at the map below of world ocean fishing areas. Sou th Eq ua to ri a l X Equator Equatorial Counter Tropic of Cancer North America South America Europe Africa Asia Oceania Tropic of Capricorn Peruvian PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN Key main fishing areas other important fishing areas ocean current (a) (i) Describe the location of the main ocean fishing areas shown on the map. … … … …[2] (ii) In some years area X on the map is a very productive fishing area. In other years, very few fish are caught. Explain how ocean currents cause these changes. … … … … … … … …[4]

5 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (b) In some of the areas on the map too many fish have been caught and there are not enough fish left to reproduce. This is called overfishing. Explain two causes of overfishing. … … … … … … … …[4]

6 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 3 Look at the newspaper report below. 11.00 6 March 2013 Europe‛s highest active volcano erupts Mount Etna, on the island of Sicily, erupted last night throwing ash and lava high into the sky. Mount Etna has been erupting periodically for over 3500 years. In 2008, an eruption continued for 417 days and there were more than 200 earthquakes. Mount Etna is 3329 metres high and covers an area of 1190 km2. Over one million people live in towns and villages on the slopes of the volcano, where there are many vineyards and orchards. Aeroplanes sometimes have to alter their routes to avoid flying through ash clouds to reach Catania airport at the foot of the volcano. (a) (i) State how many people live on the slopes of Mount Etna. …[1] (ii) Using the information in the newspaper report and your own knowledge, explain why so many people live on the slopes of Mount Etna. … … … … … …[3]

7 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (b) Describe strategies for managing the impacts of volcanic activity. … … … … … … … …[4] (c) The newspaper report states there were 200 earthquakes in 2008. Suggest reasons why no people died as a result of these 200 earthquakes. … … … …[2]

8 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 4 Some of the reasons why people are moving to Lagos, a large city in Nigeria, from rural areas are shown below. A jobs in factories B government housing C drought D few doctors E little investment by government F modern machinery used on farms G more educational opportunities H tribal unrest I wages above national average J most houses have electricity (a) (i) State the name given to the movement of people to live in a different place. …[1] (ii) Give the letters of three push and three pull factors. push factors pull factors 1. … 1. … 2. … 2. … 3. … 3. … [2] (b) (i) Describe and explain how the growth of cities increases air pollution. … … … … … …[3]

9 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (ii) Suggest and explain two strategies for managing the problem of informal settlements such as shanty towns. … … … … … … … …[4]

10 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 5 Look at the diagram below, which shows what happens to solar radiation. solar radiation 100% 5% 21% 18% 6% cloud 50% absorbed by (DUWK·VVXUIDFH absorbed by (DUWK·VDWPRVSKHUH Earth dust (a) (i) Complete the table below. solar radiation percentage reflected by clouds … reflected by dust … reflected by the surface of the Earth … [1] (ii) Calculate the percentage of solar radiation that the diagram shows never reaches the Earth’s surface. Space for working. … % [1] (b) State two factors that cause temperatures to vary from place to place on the Earth’s surface. … …[2]

11 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (c) (i) Global warming is the increase in temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere. Describe and explain two problems caused by global warming. … … … … … … … …[4] (ii) Explain why some people might view global warming as an advantage rather than a problem. … … … …[2]

12 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 6 Look at the bar graphs below, which show the reserves, production and consumption of oil in 2012. 0 2 4 oil production and consumption / thousand million barrels per year 6 8 10 12 Africa Asia Pacific Europe and Eurasia Middle East region North America South and Central America 0 100 200 oil reserves / thousand million barrels 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 Africa Asia Pacific Europe and Eurasia Middle East region North America South and Central America production consumption Key (a) (i) State the region that produced the most oil in 2012. …[1]

13 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 (ii) Calculate the difference between production and consumption in the Middle East in 2012. Space for working. … thousand million barrels / year [1] (iii) Use the information in the two graphs to explain why imports of oil by countries in the Asia Pacific region are likely to remain high in the future. … … … … … …[3] (b) (i) State two ways in which crude oil is transported around the world. … …[1] (ii) State and explain two environmental problems caused by the transport of oil around the world. … … … … … … … …[4]

14 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 BLANK PAGE

15 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 BLANK PAGE

16 0680/13/O/N/15 © UCLES 2015 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2015 series 0680 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/13 Paper 1, maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2015 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0680 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 1 (a) 6 (six) December / January January / December July 26.5–27 °C June Six correct for three marks. Four or five correct two marks. Two or three correct one mark. [3] (b) are evergreen / trees have leaves all year; do not lose nutrients in lost leaves; are able to photosynthesise at low temperatures / (trees grow in) short growing season; so can continue to grow even though growing season would be short if they could not; (waxy) needle-shaped leaves; reduce water loss by transpiration; in freezing winter temperatures; when there is little rain in summer; pyramid / conical shape; gives trees stability / trees bend in the wind; downward sloping / flexible branches; to stop snow from collecting / snow slides off easily; straight / upright trunk / growth; to receive maximum sunlight; thick bark; insulates / protects tree in cold winters; fires in summer; [4] (c) Credit two strategies with one developed correctly. sustainable harvesting of wild plant and animal species; so as not render them extinct; wildlife / nature reserves; protected by law; example, e.g. panda in China / tiger in India; world biosphere reserves where plants and animals can be protected in their natural environment; internationally recognised by UNESCO; to use sustainably; support with research; monitoring; education; international network for information exchange; gene banks to preserve plants and animals in danger of extinction; plant genes as seeds / whole plants / pollen / cell cultures; animal genes by freezing sperm and eggs; [3]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0680 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 2 (a) (i) most / five are north of the Equator / in northern hemisphere / Tropic of Cancer / one is south of the Equator / in southern hemisphere / found on east and west coastline of North America / found west coastline of Europe / North Africa / South America / found east coastline of Asia; generally near coasts; on all continents except Oceania; Credit two accurate descriptive points. [2] (ii) some years the cold current reverses; event is called ‘El Niño’; surface water becomes warm; the warm current is low in oxygen / minerals / nitrates / nutrients; plankton and fish die / move away / migrate to colder waters; Peruvian current is off the coast of area X; this current brings cold water from the Antarctic; upwelling of cold water to the ocean surface makes the surface water cold; the cold current is rich in minerals / nitrates / nutrients; which support (phyto)plankton; which (zooplankton) / fish feed on; Credit the below ideas in context. temperature changes; nutrient level changes; oxygen level changes; plankton / fish food changes; [4] (b) Credit two causes with two marks for development / explanation. new technology / satellites / radar / sonar equipment; locate shoals of fish quickly and accurately; very large nets; trap larger shoals of fish; mature and immature fish / bycatch / discards; mesh sizes used have decreased; smaller and smaller fish caught; large ships; travel further from land / to more difficult locations; catch more fish;

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0680 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 factory ships; process / freeze fish / fish products while at sea; allow fishing all year round; catch juvenile fish; increasing demand for food by growing world population; few international fishing regulations, e.g. quotas; those that exist are not always implemented / enforced; pirate fishing; illegal / unregulated / unreported; [4] 3 (a) (i) over a million; [1] (ii) lava / ash produces fertile soils for farming; family / friends live there / have always lived there (in Sicily) / part of (Sicilian) community; jobs / investments are there / cannot afford to move; many / over a million people live there so risk not great enough to move; good forecasting / protection schemes; (volcanic) tourism / scenery; minerals; e.g. copper / gold / silver / lead / zinc; valuable gems; e.g. diamonds / opals; (volcanoes provide) building materials; geothermal energy can be generated (in volcanic areas); Allow development marks. [3] (b) monitoring / warning / predicting the eruption; instruments / satellites measure changes in temperatures / heat in the crater / observations of emissions of gases / steam / seismographs record small earthquake shocks caused by moving magma / tilt meters / global positioning satellites / surveying instruments / satellite radar maps to record changes in ground shape / deformation; evacuation / re-location; redirecting lava flow; by digging diversion canals / halting advance of lava by dropping concrete slabs / making a wall of concrete blocks / spraying water; avoids damage to buildings / deaths / injury; education / training / emergency action plans / drills; reinforcing buildings, e.g. sloping roofs; reduces damage to buildings / protects people in buildings; zoning; Allow development marks. [4]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0680 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 (c) small in magnitude / strength / low on Richter scale; distance of area / population away from epicentres / fault lines; depth of earthquakes from surface / focus; time of day / time of year in context; earthquake-resistant buildings / quality of building construction / design; population density / urban or rural; existence of warning systems / speed of relief / aftercare; damage to infrastructure / water / gas; rescue response times; Allow other valid suggestions. [2] 4 (a) (i) migration Accept emigration / immigration. [1] (ii) push factors: pull factors: C A D B E G F I H J Award one mark for any three push factors and one mark for any three pull factors. [2] (b) (i) Credit one or two ideas developed. more people using energy / more power stations; more factories; more vehicles; developed with reference: emission of carbon dioxide from industry / vehicles; increase greenhouse gases; unburnt smoke particles; lead emissions from vehicles; sulfur dioxide / nitrogen oxides; smog etc.; [3] (ii) Credit two strategies with two marks available for development / explanation. demolition by city authorities; residents homeless; move somewhere else; authorities plan new use for land; e.g. fewer high cost houses for wealthy people; relocation of people to other parts of the city / areas of new housing; in some cities too expensive for city authorities; unrealistic as so many people; in other cities too expensive for people; people cannot afford houses;

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0680 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 community participation / self-help schemes; making settlements legal; authorities provide (cheap) loans / building materials; advice / technical assistance; environment improvement with essential services; electricity / roads / piped water / sewers; planning a city's physical expansion; zoning of land for new housing; [4] 5 (a) (i) 21 5 6 All three correct for one mark. [1] (ii) 44; [1] (b) distance from the Equator / latitude; distance from ocean / sea / large lake; amount of snow / albedo; altitude; cloud cover; warm / cold ocean currents; warm / cold winds; smog / temperature inversion; [2] (c) (i) ice caps melt; sea levels rise; coastal flooding; cost of sea defences; cities / holiday resorts / islands covered; the habitats of plants and animals will change; loss of biodiversity; some animals may migrate, other animals / plants lose their habitats / become extinct; changes ocean currents / e.g. Gulf Stream / North Atlantic Drift cools; climate of N Europe colder in winter, etc.; more flash floods; more water evaporated into the atmosphere; more extreme weather events; stronger tropical storms; heatwaves; forest fires; melting permafrost; releases large amounts of methane in the atmosphere; increases greenhouse effect;

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2015 0680 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 more fresh water in oceans; affects ocean currents; droughts; desertification; crop failure; famines; [4] (ii) Credit one advantage with explanation. lower deaths / injuries; named cold climates warm up; more crops grown; world famine reduced; water held in ice caps and glaciers melt giving water supplies; more accessible resources in Arctic / Antarctica, e.g. oil / gas / etc.; Arctic ice melts improving trade between Scandinavia, Russia, Canada and USA, etc; less energy required to heat homes; reduced demand for gas and electricity; reducing amount of greenhouse gases being released; [2] 6 (a) (i) Middle East; [1] (ii) (10.4 / 10.3) – 3.0); 7.3–7.4 thousand million barrels per year; [1] (iii) in the Asia Pacific region consumption is (much) higher than production; by about 8 million barrels; Asia Pacific region has the low(est) oil reserves / less than 100 thousand million barrels; [3] (b) (i) pipeline / oil tanker / train; [1] (ii) Credit two problems about transport of oil with two marks available for development / explanation. pipelines can break; oil seeps into ground; polluting the land; destroying crops / pasture land; contaminating the soil; polluting water supplies; oil tankers run aground or sink, oil leaks into sea; kills animals / plants / fish / birds; destroys habitats; damages (tourist) beaches / bays / lagoons; oil spills can disrupt power stations / desalination plants that require a continuous supply of clean seawater; interfere with the safe operation of coastal / industries ports; clean-up operations can lead to further problems; [4] [Total: 60]