Cambridge IGCSE Environmental Management 0680 — 2014 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 3

This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page. DC (LK/JG) 91635/2 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education * 0 7 4 4 5 5 2 5 5 1 * ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/13 Paper 1 October/November 2014 1 hour 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper. Additional Materials: Ruler READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

2 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 1 Look at the map below, which shows the distribution of three forest biomes. Equator Tropic of Capricorn Key taiga forest monsoon forest tropical rainforest Tropic of Cancer NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA AFRICA EUROPE ASIA 60°S 60°N N OCEANIA (a) (i) Describe the distribution of these three forest biomes, shown on the map above. … … … … … …[3] (ii) State two characteristics of a coniferous tree in the taiga forest. … … … …[2]

3 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over (b) (i) Deforestation is a major problem in forest biomes. State two causes of deforestation. … … … …[2] (ii) Explain two ways forests can be managed sustainably. … … … … … …[3]

4 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 2 (a) Look at the diagram below, which shows the limpet; a device installed on a coastal cliff in Western Europe. It is used to generate electricity. airflow wave crest wave barrier air direction of movement of turbine coastal cliff w a t e r wave trough wave barrier air direction of movement of turbine coastal cliff airflow w a t e r turbine turbine (i) State the energy source being used in the diagram to generate electricity. …[1] (ii) Using the information in the diagram, suggest how electricity is generated in the limpet. … … … … … …[3]

5 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over (iii) Electricity can be generated in hydro-electric power stations (HEP). State two advantages and two disadvantages of HEP. advantages … … … … disadvantages … … … …[4] (b) The limpet and HEP are described as sustainable ways of generating electricity. State what this means. … … … …[2]

6 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 3 (a) Look at the pie graph and table, which show the sources of lead pollution in the air in a developed country. source percentage leaded aviation gas 45 metal industries 23 manufacturing 14 waste incineration 8 boilers 5 other 5 Key … … … … … … (i) Using the information in the table, complete the key for the pie graph. [2]

7 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over (ii) Look at the graph, which shows the trend for lead pollution in the developed country from 1990 to 1999. 1990 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 lead pollution / tonnes year Using the information in (a)(i) and the graph above, describe and explain the trend in lead pollution from 1990 to 1999. … … … … … … … …[4]

8 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 (b) Air pollution is made worse when there is a temperature inversion. Look at the diagram below, which shows the air temperature above a city on a normal day and during a temperature inversion. 21 20 19 18 temperature / °C 23 normal day 22 25 26 25 24 temperature / °C temperature inversion 24 23 (i) Use the diagram and your own knowledge to explain how a temperature inversion could make air pollution in the city worse. … … … …[2] (ii) Suggest what strategies could be used to reduce air pollution in this city. … … … …[2]

9 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over Question 4 begins on page 10.

10 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 4 (a) Look at the map, which shows some of the world’s major ocean currents and average annual precipitation by continent. … ocean current … ocean current average precipitation / mm per year. Key 2000mm 3000mm 1000mm 500mm OCEANIA SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN INDIAN OCEAN ASIA NORTH AMERICA SOUTH AMERICA EUROPE AFRICA PACIFIC (i) Complete the key to show which are cold and which are warm currents. [1] (ii) Cold currents reduce agricultural production on land but increase fish catches at sea. Using the map, suggest an explanation for low agricultural production when a cold current is offshore. … … … …[2]

11 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over (iii) Explain why cold ocean currents can lead to very high fish catches. … … … … … …[3] (b) Describe and explain reasons for overfishing. … … … … … … … …[4]

12 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 5 (a) Look at the pie graph below, which shows the composition of a soil sample. air mineral particles water organisms roots humus Key (i) Calculate the percentage of the soil that is organic matter. Space for working. … % [1] (ii) Name the component in the pie graph that plants get from the soil for use in photosynthesis. …[1] (iii) Soils can be improved by farmers. Suggest one way in which each of the following soils could be improved. desert soil … … … … overcultivated soil … … … …[4]

13 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 [Turn over (b) Removal of vegetation causes increased loss of soil due to erosion. Look at the graph, which shows the relationship between ground cover and soil loss on some agricultural land. 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100 soil loss / % ground cover / % Suggest four strategies for reducing soil erosion. … … … … … … … …[4]

14 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 6 (a) Look at the diagram, which shows the nitrogen and carbon cycles. (i) Complete the diagram using the words below. bacteria carbon dioxide gas denitrification nitrogen gas respiration starch [3] carbon cycle nitrogen cycle removed by … … carbon cycle nitrogen cycle reservoir … … carbon cycle nitrogen cycle fixed by … carbon cycle nitrogen cycle in living things … green plants protein (ii) Look at the diagram, which shows that nutrient cycles are driven by energy flow. A B energy flow nutrient cycle Sun (input) (output) State what form the energy takes at A and at B. A ………………………….. B ………………………….. [2]

15 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 (b) (i) Suggest how the draining of wetlands and deforestation can effect wildlife, food chains and people. draining of wetlands … … … … deforestation … … … …[4] (ii) Suggest one strategy for the conservation of wildlife. … …[1]

16 0680/13/O/N/14 © UCLES 2014 BLANK PAGE Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2014 series 0680 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 0680/13 Paper 1, maximum raw mark 60 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2014 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2014 0680 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2014 1 (a) (i) taiga extreme N, not S; tropical rainforest equatorial; monsoon tropics away from equator; [3] (ii) conical; branches lower down; needle leaves; thick bark; [2] (b) (i) clearance for fuel-wood; subsistence and cash crop farming; settlement; timber extraction; grazing; [2] (ii) agro-forestry; community forestry; reforestation; sustainable harvesting of hardwoods; fuel-wood planting; genetic engineering; [3] 2 (a) (i) wave; [1] (ii) water enters tube / eq. and pushes air out; turns turbine; sucks air out; turns turbine; [3] (iii) advantages: renewable; little / no pollution; uses of lake; disadvantages: expensive; loss of habitat / flooding / eq.; silting up; methane emissions from reservoirs; possible dam failure; increase water borne disease risks; earthquakes; [4] (b) the source of energy is not used up; so will be available for future generations; [2]

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2014 0680 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2014 3 (a) (i) from top: boilers / other; waste incineration; metal industries; manufacturing; boilers / other; leaded aviation gas; All six for two marks, three – five for one mark, zero – two for zero marks. [2] (ii) falls throughout; except 1994 until 1995; any development such as manipulation; reduction in use of leaded petrol; other feasible environmental protection suggestion; Allow numerical answers. [4] (b) (i) when inverted pollutants cannot escape; because hot air stops cold air below it from rising; so pollutants accumulate near ground; tend to happen in areas where lost of cars / eq.; [2] (ii) any ref. to increased use of public transport; ref. to insulation or other domestic energy saving measures; car sharing / number plate rota; [2] 4 (a) (i) top warm, bottom cold; [1] (ii) cold currents are found where rainfall is low on land; places adjacent to warm currents warmer in winter; examples form the maps to exemplify; [2] (iii) ref. upwelling; of cold water; rich in minerals / named mineral(s); cause great plant / phytoplankton growth; fish use these as food; [3] (b) ref. to human population growth; need for food; ref. to greed / eq.; desire for money; ref. modern technology; any relevant detail; [4]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2014 0680 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2014 5 (a) (i) it is 100 – (25 + 45 + 25); = 5%; [1] (ii) water; [1] (iii) irrigation; development; addition of fertilisers; development; [4] (b) addition of humus / organic matter to soils; mixed cropping; crop rotation; tree planting; land drainage; bunds; [4] 6 (a) (i) reservoir: carbon dioxide gas; nitrogen gas; fixed by: bacteria; in living things: starch; removed by: respiration; denitrification; All six for three marks, four – five for two marks, two – three for one mark, zero – one for zero marks. [3] (ii) A light; B heat; [2]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge IGCSE – October/November 2014 0680 13 © Cambridge International Examinations 2014 (b) (i) wetland drainage: loss of fish / aquatic animals; as food for humans / other animals; loss of their ability to clean water; increased floods; loss as site for recreation; deforestation: biodiversity loss; source of food / raw materials; they protect soils; carbon sinks; [4] (ii) sustainable harvesting of wild plant and animal species / national parks / wildlife reserves / world biosphere reserves / gene banks [1] [Total: 60]