Cambridge A Level Travel and Tourism 9395 — 2009 Oct/Nov Paper 3 · Variant 1

This document consists of 15 printed pages and 1 blank page. IB09 11_9395_03/6RP © UCLES 2009 [Turn over *9255191931* For Examiner's Use 1 2 3 4 Total UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS General Certificate of Education Advanced Level TRAVEL AND TOURISM 9395/03 Paper 3 International Business & Leisure Travel Services October/November 2009 1 hour and 30 minutes Candidates answer on the Question Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. You may use a pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Answer all questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

2 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 Question 1 Gamewatchers Safaris – rated one of the Top Ten African Safari Companies in the World by National Geographic Adventurer Magazine, February 2009. Gamewatchers Safaris and Porini Camps – won the ‘Responsible Tourism Award for Best for Conservation of Endangered Species outside Protected Area’ at the World Travel Market in London, November 2008. Gamewatchers Safaris supports a number of community projects in Kenya, such as the St Lazarus Community School in Kibera, which provides nutrition and education for disadvantaged local children. Great Rift Valley Safari, Kenya LITTLE SHOMPOLE AIR PACKAGES: PRICES FROM US$1915 PRICES INCLUDE: WILSON – SHOMPOLE – WILSON RETURN CHARTER FLIGHTS, RETURN AIRSTRIP TRANSFERS, 2 NIGHTS FULL BOARD ACCOMMODATION, DAY/NIGHT GAME DRIVES, GUIDED WALKS, LAUNDRY AND CONSERVATION FEES Package highlights: Fly from Wilson airport on a private charter; land at the Little Shompole Lodge’s private airstrip; tailored activities to suit individual customer preferences; lodge offering swimming pool, boutique, yoga room; guest rooms with private plunge pools; local community benefiting from conservation fees and joint ownership of the camp. If you would like to book a Kenya safari, then simply send us an email stating the date when you plan to arrive in Nairobi and your chosen itinerary. Contact us: email – info@gamewatchers.co.ke Fig. 1 tourism ECO K E N Y A S IL V E R E C O - R A T E D

3 9395/03/O/N/09 [Turn over For Examiner's Use Refer to Fig. 1, part of an online brochure for the ‘Porini Camps and Gamewatchers Safaris’ tour operator in Kenya. (a) Identify four components included in the price of the Great Rift Valley Safari package. 1 2 3 4 [4] (b) (i) Describe the distribution channel chosen by the tour operator for this package. [2] (ii) Explain two benefits to the customer of using this distribution channel. 1 2 [4] (c) Using only evidence from Fig. 1, assess the appeal to customers of using the ‘Porini Camps and Gamewatchers Safaris’ organisation. [6]

4 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 For Examiner's Use (d) The ‘Porini Camps and Gamewatchers Safaris’ organisation uses local guides who are KPSGA (Kenya Professional Safari Guides Association) certified safari guides. Evaluate reasons for the provision of guiding services as part of the safari experience for leisure travellers. [9] [Total 25]

6 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 For Examiner's Use The International Congress and Convention Association (ICCA) represents the sectors of the business tourism industry, including providers involved in handling, transporting and accommodating international events. It has over 800 members in 80 countries worldwide. The following table shows ICCA country ranking measured by number of corporate meetings organised in 2006. Ranking Country Meetings 1 U.S.A. 414 2 Germany 334 3 United Kingdom 279 4 France 269 5 Spain 266 6 Italy 209 7 Brazil 207 8 Austria 204 9 Australia 190 10 The Netherlands 187 Other information provided by ICCA includes: • number of participants at corporate meetings and events • average duration of events and frequency of meetings • conference venues used • suppliers used per destination. Question 2 Fig. 2 (a) Refer to Fig. 2 (a), information from the International Congress and Convention Association. (a) Explain two reasons why European countries are chosen to host international conventions. 1 2 [6]

7 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) Explain three ways in which conference organisers might use the information provided by ICCA when planning a major international event. 1 2 3 [6]

8 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 For Examiner's Use Fig. 2(b) Refer to Fig. 2(b), information from the India Convention Promotion Bureau. (c) Explain two ways in which India is becoming more competitive within the business tourism market. 1 2 [4] India Convention Promotion Bureau The India Convention Promotion Bureau (ICPB) acts as a support body helping conference planners. It provides support in the following areas: • worldwide promotion and publicity of events • booking of accommodation, including meeting halls • social/cultural programmes • airport receptions and departures • opening and closing ceremonies • recording of proceedings, provision of interpreters and public relations. Five reasons for choosing India as a convention destination: 1. More than 50 airlines connect Indian gateway cities internationally. 2. India has a large domestic air network, served by a large number of domestic airlines. 3. Convention facilities of international standards are available, with the complete infrastructure required for major conferences and exhibitions for up to 2 500 delegates. 4. Four new world-class convention centres are being developed in New Delhi, Mumbai, Jaipur and Goa. 5. The latest electronic equipment, including audio-visual projection systems, digital sound recording and editing, video/text/data/fax transmission facilities, and media and satellite network connections, are now available at all venues.

9 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (d) Evaluate the services provided by organisations such as ICPB in supporting the planning of an international convention. [9] [Total: 25]

10 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE Aqaba is the only deepwater seaport in Jordan and serves both cruise ships and passenger ferries to and from Egypt with an average of 40 passenger ships calling at the port each week. Many of the ships using this port operate as Roll-on-Roll-off ferries (Ro-Ro’s). However, facilities at the passenger terminal of the Yarmouk Berth in Aqaba are currently limited. The area is marked as a special economic zone and has attracted €10 million investment from the European Commission towards developing its cruise tourism. Plans to increase the average length of stay by visitors involve transforming the existing port into a modern waterfront district with shops, an entertainment complex, hotels etc. The Jordan Tourism Board (JTB) hopes to market the port in future as both a ‘port of call’ and a ‘turn around port’, because of the increased level of infrastructure in the area. Question 3 Fig. 3 (a)

11 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 [Turn over For Examiner's Use Alexandria Port Said Port Suez Safaga Sharm el-Sheikh Aqaba Eliat Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Key: = sea = land Greece Crete Suez Canal Egypt Jordan Israel Lavrion Rhodes THE MED AND THE RED 8 Days from £699 Cruising on Ocean Majesty Fig. 3(b) Refer to Fig. 3(a), tourist information about the seaport of Aqaba in Jordan and Fig. 3(b), an extract from a cruise itinerary to the Middle East. (a) (i) Define the term ‘port of call’. [2] (ii) Describe how a leisure traveller may use a ferry’s Roll-on-Roll-off facilities. [2]

12 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 For Examiner's Use (b) Assess the provision of services for passengers that you would expect to find at a ferry port such as Aqaba. [6] (c) Analyse three reasons why the advertised cruise circuit in Fig. 3(b) may meet the needs of a first-time cruise passenger. 1 2 3 [6]

13 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (d) Evaluate the range of security measures that seaports such as Aqaba might adopt to protect passengers. [9] [Total: 25]

14 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 For Examiner's Use Question 4 Online Flight Check-in Vacation and Cruise Vacation and Cruise recommendations recommendations Escape from the stress of everyday life, explore, have fun. We make it easy to plan your dream vacation, whether you dream of fun, adventure, sun or surf. AIR TRAVEL INFORMATION BOOKING AND PLANNING TOOLS Travel Star Holidays ABOUT OUR AGENCY LATEST SPECIAL DEALS TRAVEL NEWS HEADLINES TRAVEL WEATHER Business travel Business travel recommendations recommendations Meeting clients, meeting deadlines, closing deals, these are the focus of the modern day business world. We take care of your travel needs so you can concen- trate on doing business. Airport Security Information auto-europe Self-Service Reservations currency converter Check my trip Travel Guard Insurance Passport Express Superclubs Sandals Couples Resorts ALL INCLUSIVE: CLICK TO BOOK CRUISE VACATIONS: CLICK TO BOOK FOR GREAT TRAVEL DEALS, JOIN OUR EMAIL LIST! Beaches Family Resorts Celebrity Cruises Carnival Cruise Lines Royal Caribbean Norwegian Cruise Line Join BUSINESS TRAVEL LEISURE TRAVEL CRUISE VACATIONS BOOK-IT- YOURSELF CONTACT US TERMS AND CONDITIONS Fig. 4 Refer to Fig. 4, part of the online resources of the Travel Star Holidays travel agency. (a) (i) List the two main functions of a travel agency. 1 2 [2] (ii) Suggest four different customer types targeted by the online travel agency in Fig. 4. 1 2 3 4 [4]

15 © UCLES 2009 9395/03/O/N/09 [Turn over For Examiner's Use (b) Identify two ancillary services that this online travel agency offers for independent travellers and describe how each of these services might be used. 1 2 [4] (c) Explain why some customers prefer to visit a travel agency to book their holiday rather than use the Internet. [6]

16 Copyright Acknowledgements: Question 1 Question 2 Figure 2a Question 2 Figure 2b Question 3 Figure 3a Question 3 Figure 3b © www.porini.com © Virgin Holidays Ltd © Eco Tourism Kenya © www.icca.world.com/npps/atory/cfm?ID=1305 © www.conventionicpb.org/en © www.atlastours.net/jordan.asez.html © Voyages of Discovery Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. University of Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. 9395/03/O/N/09 For Examiner's Use (d) Travel agents are often members of national trade associations such as Association of British Travel Agents (ABTA). Evaluate the role played by organisations such as ABTA in protecting the interests of consumers. [9] [Total: 25]

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS GCE Advanced Subsidiary Level and GCE Advanced Level MARK SCHEME for the October/November 2009 question paper for the guidance of teachers 9395 TRAVEL AND TOURISM 9395/03 Paper 3 (International Business & Leisure Travel Services), maximum raw mark 100 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes must be read in conjunction with the question papers and the report on the examination. • CIE will not enter into discussions or correspondence in connection with these mark schemes. CIE is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2009 question papers for most IGCSE, GCE Advanced Level and Advanced Subsidiary Level syllabuses and some Ordinary Level syllabuses.

Page 2 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 9395 03 © UCLES 2009 Q No Expected Response Mar k Focu s AO 1 (a) Identify four components included in the price of the Great Rift Valley Safari package. Award one mark each to a maximum of four for any from: • Lodge accommodation • Charter flights • Transfers • Full board meals • Day/night game drives • Services of guides during guided walks • Conservation fees 4 3.2 AO2 (b) (i) Describe the distribution channel chosen by the tour operator for this package. Award one mark for basic identification of the internet as a distribution channel and a second mark for further exemplification that this uses email to secure direct sales, with no agent involved. 2 3.4 AO1 (ii) Explain two benefits to the customer of using this distribution channel. Award one mark for the identification of each of two valid benefits to the customer and a second mark for an appropriate explanation of each benefit. Correct ideas include: • Convenience – option of 24 hour booking from comfort of own home. • Direct sales – cuts out middleman thus reducing cost of package. • Use of modern technology – allows customer to sample product through virtual tours etc. 4 3.4 AO1 AO2

Page 3 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 9395 03 © UCLES 2009 (c) Using only evidence from Fig. 1, assess the appeal to customers of using the ‘Porini Camps and Gamewatchers Safaris’ organisation. Use Level of Response criteria Level 1 (1–3): can be awarded to those candidates who identify and describe one or more aspects of the appeal of this package from those listed above. Level 2 (4–6): candidates who explain at least two aspects of the appeal of this package should achieve at the lower end of this level, whilst responses which make an attempt to analyse at least two aspects of the appeal of the package, should achieve the highest marks in this range. Candidates should make reference to the National Geographic Top Ten African Safari company Award, World Travel Market, London Responsible Tourism Award 2008, Ecotourism Kenya – Silver rated, supports community projects in Kenya which give this package enhanced status for responsible tourism. The use of the word ‘private’ in the package highlights also will attract those customers seeking an ‘elite’ experience. 6 3.2 AO2 AO3 AO4 (d) Evaluate reasons for the provision of guiding services as part of the safari experience for leisure travellers. Use Level of Response criteria Level 1 (1–3): will be awarded for responses that describe guiding services. At the upper end, this will be related specifically to the format that guiding services on a safari may take. Level 2 (4–6): candidates who attempt to identify the reasons why guiding services are included in a safari will be awarded this level. At the top end, responses will begin to analyse why these are important and at least two reasons will be included. Level 3 (7–9): this level will be awarded to candidates who make reasoned evaluative comments about the provision of guiding services. At least two reasons must be considered. Candidates are expected to have studied a range of ancillary services provided by tour operators and should therefore be familiar with the concept of guiding services. This question requires them to evaluate why tour operators offer guiding services as part of the safari experience. Valid reasons will include: • Meet customer needs • Create enhanced customer experience • Boost reputation of organisation • Competitive advantage over other types of holiday • Compliance with Health and Safety regulations Accept any other justified reasons. 9 3.2 3.4 AO1 AO3 AO4

Page 4 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 9395 03 © UCLES 2009 2 (a) Explain two reasons why European countries are often chosen to host international conventions. Award one mark for each of two valid reasons and a further two marks for an appropriate explanation of each point. Correct ideas include: 80 leading convention cities – large choice; large number of convention centres available – good probability of getting preferred dates; central access from all over the world – easy for all delegates to reach; large number of hubs and gateways – linked to accessibility issue; large number of hotel bedrooms available – good infrastructure to support demand. Credit all valid reasons. 6 3.2 3.4 AO1 AO2 (b) Explain three ways in which conference organisers might use the information provided by ICCA when planning a major international event. Award one mark for the correct identification of each of three pieces of information provided by ICCA researchers and a second mark for an appropriate suggestion of how this information might be used. Correct ideas will include: • Country rankings – used to determine most popular convention destinations • Number of participants at corporate meetings and events – to help determine number of delegates to invite • Average duration of events and frequency of meetings – helps decide how long an event should last • Congress venues used – identifies a range of possible options • Suppliers used per destination – will provide useful contact details for potential accommodation, catering, equipment hire etc. 6 3.2 3.3 3.4 AO1 AO3

Page 5 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 9395 03 © UCLES 2009 (c) Explain two ways in which India is becoming more competitive within the business tourism market. Award one mark for each of two examples of how India is developing business tourism provision and a second mark for an explanation or further amplification of each of these examples. Valid examples include: • Increasing number of airlines connecting India with other international gateways – can compete with other major city destinations • Increasing number of domestic airlines connecting cities within India – allows connecting flights to access range of city venues • Improved infrastructure and international standard conference facilities – brings India in line with what is offered elsewhere • Four world class convention centres being built in cities across India gives global status to convention provision. Accept any reasonable examples. 4 3.4 AO1 AO3 (d) Evaluate the services provided by organisations such as ICPB in supporting the planning of an international convention. Use Level of Response criteria Level 1 (1–3): can be awarded to those candidates who identify and describe at least two services provided by organisations that support conference planning. Responses at this level will be largely reliant upon the text from the source material. Level 2 (4–6): will be awarded for responses that analyse at least two services provided. Level 3 (7–9): will be awarded for responses that make reasoned evaluative comments about service provision either specifically for ICPB or equivalent organisations. At the upper end of this level, candidates will make judgements about the growth in the convention market and the need for specialist planning services such as those offered. This requires candidates to use the source material to identify the types of services offered by ICPB and then to produce an evaluative comment about the range of services and the usefulness of them. 9 3.3 3.4 AO1 AO3 AO4

Page 6 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 9395 03 © UCLES 2009 3 (a) (i) Define the term ‘port of call’. A ‘port of call’ is a port into which a cruise ship will make a scheduled stop. Usually there is provision for the passengers to go ashore and enjoy an optionally priced tour or entertainment on land. 2 3.1 3.2 AO1 (ii) Describe how a leisure traveller may use a ferry’s Roll-on-Roll- off facilities. Award one mark for basic statement mentioning use of vehicle. The second mark should be awarded for simple description that passenger transport (car or coach) is loaded onto and off the ferry by this method. 2 3.1 AO1 (b) Assess the provision of services for passengers that you would expect to find at a ferry port such as Aqaba. Use Level of Response criteria Level 1 (1–3): At this level, candidates will list or describe a basic range of services associated with ferry terminals. Level 2 (4–6): Candidates at this level will be able to offer valid reasons for the importance to both the ferry providers and to the customer of offering a wide range of services – competitive advantage over other ferry providers, to generate increased revenue etc. Correct ideas will include the following: • Information desks – providing details about departure and arrival times etc. • Catering facilities – may be vending machines for hot/cold drinks, coffee bars, fast food outlets, restaurants depending on scale of terminal • Currency exchange and ATMs – allows passengers opportunity to exchange money or draw out funds • Pay Phones – booths taking cash, credit cards etc. Text and email facilities available too • Restrooms – toilet facilities, some may even have showers • Car parking – short term for picking up/dropping off passengers, long stay for those travelling as foot passengers • Public transport shuttle services – bus or train links to major cities or other destinations • Departure lounges – seated area to await embarkation • Car hire facilities – pick up and drop off points 6 3.1 3.2 AO2 AO3

Page 7 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 9395 03 © UCLES 2009 (c) Analyse three reasons why the advertised cruise circuit in Fig. 3 (b) may meet the needs of a first-time cruise passenger. Use Level of response criteria Level 1 (1–3): Candidates at this level may provide a description of the route taken, including a list of the ports of call but may not comment on its suitability for a cruise ‘novice’. Level 2 (4–6): At this level, candidates will offer more analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of this particular cruise, linking specifically to the cruise ‘novice’ – some commentary may be made concerning the relative high price but the overall value for money of an all-inclusive type package. Candidates need to consider that first time cruise passengers will want to experience as much as possible during their time on the cruise. This circuit provides a relatively cheap option, is short in duration but gives the opportunity to explore culturally diverse areas such as Alexandria, Aqaba and Sharm el-Sheikh. The cruise combines European and Middle Eastern ports of call as well as offering the chance to spend some time in Rhodes prior to departure. 8 days may not provide sufficient time to explore or to spend much time ashore. 6 3.1 3.2 3.4 AO1 AO3

Page 8 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 9395 03 © UCLES 2009 (d) Evaluate the range of security measures that seaports such as Aqaba might adopt to protect passengers. Use Level of Response criteria Level 1 (1–3): At this level, candidates may produce a list of the type of security that may be found at sea and airports. At the top end, candidates may offer some description of at least one security measure. Level 2 (4–6): Candidates will use analytical language to explain one or more aspect of seaport security at this level. Measures may be fairly obvious. Level 3 (7–9): At this level, candidates will make evaluative comments about the requirements for seaports to protect against threats and respond to specific threats. At least two security measures will be evaluated. At the top end, candidates may make recommendations about specific security measures needed at cruise terminals. Candidates will have made a detailed study of one seaport and will have examined security measures as part of this study. This question requires candidates to transfer their knowledge within this applied context and demands the use of evaluative language, perhaps making recommendations for the port of Aqaba. Security measures may include: • Security of vessels • Security of the port and its facilities • Security of passengers and crew Candidates should be able to differentiate between preventive measures and reactive measures. Measures may include: • Intelligence gathering/analysis • Security risk assessment • Security planning (physical, human, financial resources) • Physical security measures (CCTV, passenger screening, baggage screening etc.) • Crisis management – removal of threats to security • Training for staff and passengers • Interim security inspections 9 3.1 3.4 AO1 AO3 AO4

Page 9 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 9395 03 © UCLES 2009 4 (a) (i) List the two main functions of a travel agency. Award one mark for each of the following: • To provide access for a principal to the market • To provide a location for the customer to buy travel services. Accept statements relating to selling, retailing, etc. 2 3.2 AO1 (ii) Suggest four different customer types targeted by the online travel agency in Fig.4. Accept any from: • Corporate travellers/business travellers • Leisure travellers/holiday makers • Cruise passengers • Independent travellers • People looking for an all-inclusive holiday Accept any reasonable suggestion from the adverts. 4 3.2 3.4 AO2 (b) Identify two ancillary services that this online travel agency offers for independent travellers and describe how each of these services might be used. Award one mark for each of two ancillary services mentioned in the section headed ‘booking and planning tools’. Award a second mark for an amplified description of how each of these services may be used by the independent traveller. Correct ideas include: • Self service reservations – using the Amadeus CRS to book hotel rooms, flights etc. • Auto-europe – car rental reservations • Currency converter – to help plan financial aspects of the trip • Passport express – for guidance regarding passport and visa requirements during the trip • Check my trip – to see an overview of the itinerary for a self-made trip 4 3.2 AO2

Page 10 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 9395 03 © UCLES 2009 (c) Explain why some customers prefer to visit a travel agency to book their holiday rather than use the Internet. Use Level of Response criteria Level 1 (1–3): Candidates will list reasons – or offer a simple description of at least one reason. Level 2 (4–6): At this level, candidates will attempt to analyse at least two reasons why customers prefer to use high street travel agents. Some comparisons will be made between the merits of travel agents and online bookings. Candidates should use comparative and analytical language to offer a discussion of the reasons why some customers prefer to book their holiday through a high street travel agency rather than using the internet. Reasons include: • Personal approach – some people prefer the personal touch – like to deal face to face • Benefit of agent’s product knowledge – can obtain advice and guidance, even recommendations from agent • Benefit of agent’s technical ability and lack of confidence in own ability using technology – fear they may make a mistake and the booking might not be accurate • No equipment – not everyone owns a computer or has access to the internet • More security with payment concerns over giving out credit card or debit card details over the internet – identity theft and fraud Accept any reasonable suggestions. 6 3.4 AO1 AO3

Page 11 Mark Scheme: Teachers’ version Syllabus Paper IGCSE – October/November 2009 9395 03 © UCLES 2009 (d) Evaluate the role played by organisations such as ABTA in protecting the interests of consumers. Use Level of Response criteria Level 1 (1–3): candidates at this level are likely to describe the need for consumer protection and may identify at least one method used. Level 2 (4–6): at this level, responses will be analytical of reasons why consumer protection is important and will offer some analysis of the way this is offered by associations such as ABTA. Level 3 (7–9): candidates will provide clear evaluation of the importance of such organisations in protecting customers. Specific reference will be made to legal compliance and consumer protection law, with candidates making recommendations of measures needed to protect different aspects of a customer’s business with a travel agent. Candidates are required to study organisations, which influence international travel and especially those organisations, which regulate the way in which travel businesses operate. Therefore, candidates should be well equipped to answer this question. It requires clear evaluative comment, in order to achieve the highest marks. 9 3.3 AO1 AO3 AO4