Cambridge A Level Physical Education 9396 — 2022 May/June Paper 3 · Variant 1

1 (a) (i) Define the following energy concepts: • work • power. [2] (ii) State a unit for each of the following: • work • power. [2] (b) Describe the energy system that uses creatine kinase as the controlling enzyme. [4] (c) Outline how myoglobin stores are replenished during the recovery process. [2] (d) Describe, using a practical example of each, the following principles of training: • specificity • progression • reversibility. [6] (e) Some performers have a high aerobic capacity due to a strong and healthy cardiovascular system. (i) Other than features of the cardiovascular system and training, describe how two factors may affect aerobic capacity. [4] (ii) Describe physiological adaptations of the cardiovascular system that take place after a two‑month period of aerobic training. [5] (iii) Protein is one type of food fuel that may be used during aerobic work. State two other types of food fuel used during aerobic work. [2] (f) Describe the process of carbohydrate loading before an endurance event. [3] [Total: 30]

Mark scheme: 1(a)(i) 2 marks for: 1 (work) the product of force and distance OR force  distance; 2 (power) the rate at which work is done OR work ÷ time / energy ÷ time OR strength  speed; 1(a)(ii) 2 marks for: 1 (work) (kilo)joule / (kilo)calorie / erg / foot-pound; 2 (power) watt / joule per second; Accept other appropriate units. 2 1(b) 4 marks for any 4 of: 1 ATP/PC system OR alactic system; 2 anaerobic / no oxygen; 3 phosphocreatine / PC is broken down to produce energy OR PC  P + C + energy; 4 energy is used to resynthesise ATP OR energy + ADP + P  ATP; 5 (site of reaction) sarcoplasm; 6 (net yield) 1 ATP per molecule of PC; 4 1(c) 1 mark for: 1 with oxygen; 1 mark for any 1 of: 2 elevated respiratory / circulatory rates; 3 alactacid debt component OR fast component OR oxygen debt / EPOC; 2 Question Answer Marks 1(d) 6 marks for: 1 (specificity) training must be focused on the sport / event / fitness component / muscle groups / energy system; 2 (example) javelin thrower targets muscle groups of the shoulder; 3 (progression) training must gradually increase in overload / intensity / time; 4 (example) in weight training increase load from 90 kg to 95 kg; 5 (reversibility) if training stops training effects will be lost; 6 (example) if gymnast gets injured and cannot train then strength will drop OR an athlete with a hamstring injury should still do upper body work; 6 Question Answer Marks 1(e)(i) 4 marks for 4 of: 1 genetic factors / physiological make-up; 2 e.g. the presence of certain genes increases aerobic capacity; 3 muscular factors / muscle fibre type OR amount of mitochondria / myoglobin; 4 e.g. a low percentage of SO fibres will limit aerobic capacity; 5 respiratory factors / strength of respiratory muscles; 6 e.g. a large lung capacity will increase aerobic capacity; 7 gender / sex; 8 e.g. males tend to have a higher aerobic capacity; 9 illness / disease; 10 e.g. asthma / emphysema / COPD causes lower aerobic capacity; 11 age; 12 e.g. aerobic capacity increases from childhood to adulthood OR decreases from adulthood as age increases; 13 environment / altitude; 14 e.g. living at high altitude will cause aerobic capacity to increase; 15 body composition; 16 e.g. obesity causes aerobic capacity to decrease; 17 drugs / lifestyle; 18 e.g. EPO will cause aerobic capacity to increase OR smoking causes aerobic capacity to decrease; 4 Question Answer Marks 1(e)(ii) 5 marks for any 5 of: 1 cardiac hypertrophy OR increase in size / strength of heart; 2 increased stroke volume / ejection fraction; 3 increased maximum cardiac output; 4 reduced resting heart rate / bradycardia; 5 increased efficiency of vascular shunt OR increased efficiency of cardiac output; 6 increased elasticity of arterial walls; 7 decreased resting blood pressure OR improved blood pressure regulation; 8 increased blood / plasma volume; 9 reduced blood viscosity; 10 increased number of red blood cells / haemoglobin / increased oxygen-carrying capacity; 11 increased capillarisation; 12 reduced risk of CHD / hypertension / stroke; 5 1(e)(iii) 2 marks for any 2 of: 1 carbohydrates; 2 fats / lipids / free fatty acids / FFAs / triglycerides; 3 lactic acid / lactate; 2 Question Answer Marks 1(f) 3 marks for any 3 of: (method 1) 1 (7 days before event) reduce glycogen levels; 2 achieved by increased endurance training / training at high intensity; 3 then 3 days of low-carbohydrate diet / diet high in proteins and fats; 4 (3 or 4 days before event) tapering / reduction in training levels; 5 (and) high-carbohydrate diet, e.g. pasta (allow: the night before the race); 6 trained / elite athletes may rest for several days before eating high-carbohydrate diet; 7 increased water consumption helps the process; (method 2) 8 the day before the event complete (3 minutes of) high-intensity exercise; 9 opens a carbo(hydrate) window; 10 immediately / within 20 minutes intake a high-carbohydrate meal; 11 carbo(hydrate) window only lasts 2 hours OR carbohydrates must be eaten within 2 hours of exercise; 3

2 (a) Describe the interactionist approach to personality development. [3] (b) Outline what is meant by the following personality traits: • introversion • stability. [2] (c) A sports performer shows a negative attitude to strength training. Describe how a coach could change this negative attitude to a positive attitude. [5] (d) Sports coaches may adopt different leadership styles depending on the situation. (i) Compare autocratic and democratic leadership styles. [4] (ii) Suggest when a laissez‑faire leadership style may be the best approach for a group of performers. [1] (e) Explain, using a practical example of each, what is meant by the following: • a process goal • a performance goal • a product goal. [6] (f) Describe what is meant by each of the following: • trait sports confidence • state sports confidence. [2] (g) Easterbrook suggested that cue utilisation was affected by the level of arousal of a performer. Describe Easterbrook’s cue‑utilisation theory. [3] (h) Suggest reasons why some athletes experience a decline in performance when an audience is present. [4] [Total: 30] Section C: Olympic Games: a global perspective

Mark scheme: 2(a) 3 marks for any 3 of: 1 (behaviour is) a function of personality / traits AND environment OR B = f(PE); 2 combination of trait AND social learning theories; 3 (behaviour) depends on interaction between personality and situation; 4 role-related behaviour; 5 Hollander / Lewin; 2(b) 2 marks for: 1 (introversion) shyness / avoidance of social contact; 2 (stability) reliable / predictable; 2 Question Answer Marks 2(c) 5 marks for any 5 of: 1 persuasion / persuasive communication; 2 persuader must be high status OR use peers / role models who have a good attitude; 3 message must be accurate / clear / make sense; 4 performer must want to change attitude; 5 create situation where message can be put across effectively OR timing of message is important; 6 use cognitive dissonance; 7 alter one element of triadic model; 8 make strength training more enjoyable / fun; 9 show performer the value / benefits of strength conditioning; 10 use positive reinforcement / rewards; 11 set challenging / achievable goals; 12 show participation as a social norm; 5 Question Answer Marks 2(d)(i) 4 marks for any 4 of: autocratic democratic 1 task-oriented person / social-oriented; 2 make most of the decisions share decision making; 3 little interest in group members interested in group members; 4 preferred method for many males preferred method for many females; 5 better for most beginners / novices better for most elite performers; 6 autocratic preferable in dangerous situations; 7 autocratic preferable when time is short / quick decisions needed; 8 democratic preferable for most older performers; 9 democratic preferable when discussion / consultation among group is required; 10 autocratic preferable for highly favourable / unfavourable situations; 4 2(d)(ii) 1 mark for any 1 of: 1 (group are) highly skilled / motivated / able to work effectively on their own / highly cohesive; 2 (task is) well-learned / safe / simple; 1 Question Answer Marks 2(e) 6 marks for: 1 (process) focus on technique / tactics; 2 (example) sprint start in 100-metre race; 3 (performance) focus on comparison to previous attempt; 4 (example) achieve a PB of 10.2 seconds in 100-metre race; 5 (product) focus on the outcome / result / beating an opponent; 6 (example) win a 100-metre race; 6 2(f) 2 marks for: 1 (trait) stable / innate / enduring / global / same in all situations OR (use of example in description) rugby player shows confidence in all areas of game; 2 (state) temporary / changeable / specific / depends on situation / environment OR (use of example in description) rugby hooker confident in scrum but not at line-out; 2 2(g) 3 marks for any 3 of: 1 at low arousal attention / focus is too wide / too many cues; 2 as arousal increases attention / focus narrows / attentional narrowing; 3 at optimum arousal attention / focus is only on relevant cues; 4 (overarousal) if arousal is too high attention / focus is too narrow / important cues are missed / attentional wastage / hypervigilance; 5 changes in attentional width affect level of performance; 6 link / association with inverted-U theory; 3 Question Answer Marks 2(h) 4 marks for any 4 of: 1 social inhibition; 2 arousal increases above optimum level OR overarousal; 3 dominant response is not the correct one; 4 skill is fine / complex; 5 performer is naturally anxious / high trait anxiety / introvert; 6 evaluation apprehension / perception of being judged; 7 proximity of audience; 8 nature of audience / loud / aggressive / distraction; 9 fear of failure / fear of letting people down; 10 higher pressure to perform OR higher incentive value for success; 11 not used to performing in front of an audience; 4

3 (a) The Olympic Games is an international athletic festival that acts as a social force to transcend political barriers. Describe other ways that the Olympic Games acts as a social force. [4] (b) Outline the organisation of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). [4] (c) Some countries have chosen not to attend some Olympic Games for political reasons. This is known as a boycott. For each of the following Olympic Games, state a different country that boycotted. Outline a political reason for each boycott. (i) 1976 Montreal Olympic Games [2] (ii) 1980 Moscow Olympic Games [2] (iii) 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games [2] (d) Other than boycotts, suggest how nations have used political power to determine who can compete in the Olympic Games. [4] (e) Suggest possible disadvantages to the local population of hosting the Olympic Games. [4] (f) Describe the benefits for a country of hosting a successful Olympic Games. [4] (g) Describe the traditional definition of amateurism as a noble concept. [4] [Total: 30]

Mark scheme: 3(a) 4 marks for any 4 of: 1 athletes from all over the world (meeting and) competing; 2 athletes of different colour / race / creed OR act against discrimination; 3 promotes fair play / sportsmanship OR act against doping; 4 promotes peace / harmony / cooperation; 5 provides a supreme mental / physical challenge; 6 promotes international understanding; 7 promotes an appreciation of cultural diversity; 3(b) 4 marks for any 4 of: 1 consists of (about 100) members / delegates; 2 (members) are elected / invited (by IOC); 3 executive board / president as head; 4 organises meetings / sessions; 5 commissions, e.g. athletes’ commission / women in sport commission; 6 link between outside agencies, e.g. sports federations, NOCs and OCOGs; 7 not all countries represented; 4 Question Answer Marks 3(c)(i) 2 marks for: (1976 Montreal) 1 many African countries; 2 IOC’s refusal to ban New Zealand for sporting links with South Africa; 2 3(c)(ii) 2 marks for: (1980 Moscow) 1 United States (and other countries); 2 Soviet Union invasion of Afghanistan; 2 3(c)(iii) 2 marks for: (1984 Los Angeles) 1 Soviet Union (and other Communist countries); 2 tit for tat / retaliation for 1980 boycott / disagreed with United States’ promotion of Western ideals / concerns for athletes’ safety; 2 3(d) 4 marks for any 4 of: 1 host nation sets agenda on who is invited; 2 countries lobby IOC to refuse entry to other countries; 3 Berlin (1936) policy of non-selection of Jewish athletes for German team / (but) one (token) Jewish athlete selected; 4 London (1948) Germany / Japan refused entry; 5 South Africa refused entry due to apartheid system; 6 Montreal (1976) Taiwan refused entry due to pressure from China; 7 Seoul (1988) North Korea refused to send athletes as they wanted to co-host Games; 8 countries choosing not to select women competitors for cultural / religious reasons; Accept other valid suggestions. 4 Question Answer Marks 3(e) 4 marks for any 4 of: 1 travel restrictions / traffic congestion; 2 increased taxes; 3 pollution; 4 relocation; 5 white elephants OR stadia not used after Games; 6 increased risk of infections (entering country); 7 security precautions OR increased risk of terrorism; 8 increased crime rate; 9 increased prices; 4 3(f) 4 marks for any 4 of: 1 increase in tourism; 2 attraction of mass audiences boosts economy; 3 revenue from ticket sales / merchandise / sponsorship / marketing programmes; 4 improved transport infrastructure; 5 employment opportunities; 6 availability of sporting facilities after Olympic Games; 7 use of Olympic Village as new housing; 8 profits from TV networks; 9 revenue from facilities as training sites; 10 national pride / feel-good factor OR volunteering creates greater community spirit; 11 increased health of country / greater participation; 12 success brings further economic benefits / Olympic Effect; 4 3(g) 4 marks for any 4 of: 1 playing for the love of sport; 2 no monetary gain; 3 not allowed to train / have a coach; 4 good sportsmanship / fair play / spirit of the game; 5 social class / upper class distinction; 6 exclusion of working class; 7 working class were believed to be unable to show these values; 4