Cambridge A Level Environmental Management (AS only) 8291 — 2016 May/June Paper 1 · Variant 2

This document consists of 12 printed pages. DC (LEG/SW) 113540/4 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level * 7 7 3 7 3 9 5 5 9 4 * ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/12 Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere May/June 2016 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total

2 8291/12/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows solar radiation striking the Earth’s surface at two different latitudes. Key area heated 6XQ·VUD\V Earth DWPRVSKHUH Equator Fig. 1.1 (i) Place an X on Fig. 1.1 at the point on the Earth’s surface where you would expect the heating effect of the Sun’s rays to be most intense. [1] (ii) Give two reasons for your answer to (a)(i). … … … … … … … …[4]

3 8291/12/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (iii) Outline two reasons why not all of the solar energy received in the stratosphere reaches the Earth’s surface. … … … … … … … …[4]

4 8291/12/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (b) Fig. 1.2 shows seasonal variations in solar radiation received on the Earth’s surface at two different times of the year. Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle Arctic Circle Tropic of Cancer Tropic of Cancer Arctic Circle Equator Equator Tropic of Capricorn Antarctic Circle N S N S (DUWK·V D[LV 20 June 21 December 6XQ·VUD\V 6XQ·VUD\V (DUWK·V D[LV Fig. 1.2 (i) With reference to Fig. 1.2, explain why the Earth’s surface experiences seasonal variations in solar radiation. … … … … … …[3] (ii) Suggest reasons why surface temperatures are very low within the Arctic Circle in December. Include information from Fig. 1.2 in your answer. … … … … … … … …[4]

5 8291/12/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (iii) Give two examples of the effects of extreme polar (sub-Arctic) climates on human activity. … … … … … … … …[4] [Total: 20]

6 8291/12/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 2 (a) Fig. 2.1 shows the effect of mass movement on a coast. Fig. 2.1 (i) Describe the slope profile shown in Fig. 2.1. … … … …[2] (ii) Name and describe one mass movement process that might be responsible for the accumulation of debris on the slope in Fig. 2.1. process name … description … … … … … …[4]

7 8291/12/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (b) Fig. 2.2 shows a 1000-year-old sandstone monument at Leshan in Sichuan Province, China which is threatened by weathering. Fig. 2.2 (i) Referring to Fig. 2.2, state two pieces of evidence to suggest that this monument is being weathered. … … … …[2]

8 8291/12/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 (ii) Describe and explain one type of mechanical weathering which may be occurring on the rock surface in Fig. 2.2. … … … … … …[3] (iii) With reference to Fig. 2.2 describe the ways that human activity may be accelerating the natural rate of weathering. … … … … … …[3]

9 8291/12/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over (c) Fig. 2.3 shows the distribution of acid rain in mainland China in 2010 and the location of the monument shown in Fig. 2.2. monument high acidity medium acidity low acidity acid rain Key N Fig. 2.3 (i) Suggest a link between the distribution of acid rain shown in Fig. 2.3 and damage to the monument at Leshan. … … … …[2] (ii) Suggest strategies to reduce the damage to monuments from acid rain. … … … … … … … …[4] [Total: 20]

10 8291/12/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 Fig. 3.1 shows information about electricity generation in some countries of East Africa. Ethiopia biomass geothermal (from hot rocks) map of East Africa pie chart to show sources of electricity generation in East Africa non- renewable energy hydro-electric power (H.E.P.) Malawi 0 500 km Kenya Uganda Tanzania N effects of drought on H.E.P. generation country period effects Ethiopia 2006–2008 more than six months of power cuts due to low water levels Uganda 2004–2005 reduction in water levels in Lake Victoria resulted in a drop in H.E.P. Kenya 2000 massive drought decreased H.E.P. by 25 percent Malawi 1997–1998 amount of H.E.P. generated was 6 percent less than normal Tanzania 1997 Mtera dam reaches its lowest ever level resulting in a 17 percent drop in H.E.P. Fig. 3.1 (a) Using the information in Fig. 3.1, describe the current sources of electricity generation in East Africa. Examine the argument for reducing dependence on hydro-electric power (H.E.P.). [10] (b) Using examples, evaluate how energy resources can be managed sustainably for future generations. [30] [Total: 40]

11 8291/12/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 [Turn over 4 Fig. 4.1 is a map showing the pattern of daytime aircraft noise around London Heathrow Airport in the United Kingdom. The region shown includes major urban areas, including Greater London. high decibel units medium decibel units low decibel units 0 20 km noise level Key London Heathrow Airport London Heathrow Airport Greater London major urban area N High Wycombe Bracknell Wembley Hounslow Brentford Egham Windsor Maidenhead Slough Central London R i v e r T h am e s Fig. 4.1 (a) Describe the pattern of noise pollution around the airport shown in Fig. 4.1 and suggest the likely effects of aircraft noise on the surrounding area. [10] (b) Using examples, assess the success of strategies for managing the reduction of noise in urban areas. [30] [Total: 40]

12 8291/12/M/J/16 © UCLES 2016 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. 5 Fig. 5.1 shows information about Europe’s largest granite ‘super quarry’ at Glensanda. It is situated in an area of outstanding natural beauty in Scotland in the United Kingdom. At the quarry, crushed rock is dropped down a 300 m vertical shaft to another crushing machine. It is moved on a 1.8 km long conveyor belt to a rock stockpile. The quarry produces over six million tonnes of crushed rock that is shipped all over the world for use in the construction industry. 600 500 height above sea level / m 400 300 200 100 0 300 m plant site area movement of crushed rock quarry Key port processing plant stockpile quarry rock crusher tunnel – 1.8 km overall distance – 3.3 km (not to scale) quarry stockpile rock crusher port processing plant river unpaved road to quarry Fig. 5.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 5.1, explain the problems associated with exploiting non-renewable resources. [10] (b) Using examples, evaluate strategies for conserving and protecting areas of outstanding natural beauty. [30] [Total: 40]

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. This document consists of 12 printed pages. © UCLES 2016 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/12 Paper 1 May/June 2016 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 80 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2016 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2016 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Section A Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) X placed at Equator; 1 1(a)(ii) (solar energy / solar radiation / eq.) strikes the Earth’s surface at a higher angle near the Equator; (solar energy / solar radiation / eq.) is spread over a smaller area of the Earth’s surface near the Equator; so the heating effect is more concentrated; (solar energy / solar radiation / eq.) has to pass through a shorter depth of atmosphere nearer the Equator; less scattering and absorption by particles of atmosphere; 4 1(a)(iii) it is reflected; back to space by clouds or aerosols; it is absorbed or scattered; by aerosols / gases; such as ozone; 4 1(b)(i) correct reference to the orbit of the Earth; correct reference to the angle of the axis; in June the northern hemisphere receives most solar radiation when the Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Cancer / in December the southern hemisphere receives most solar radiation when Sun is overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn; the poles experience either 24-hour daylight / 24-hour darkness at the extremes of the year; 3

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2016 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Question Answer Marks 1(b)(ii) long nights; result in little incoming solar radiation; low angle of incidence of the Sun; lead to low insolation per unit area; high albedo; reflection by snow and ice; 4 1(b)(iii) reduced economic activity, e.g. agricultural / industrial; development, e.g. vegetation / cultivation restricted; difficulties in resource utilisation; communication difficult; transport infrastructure affected; challenging conditions for human habitation; development, e.g. leads to low population density; (Credit development of examples. Credit alternative examples.) 4

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2016 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Question Answer Marks 2(a)(i) upper section more steep; vertical; largely lacking vegetation; some large boulders / rocks; middle section less steep / more gentle slope; more vegetation; debris collecting at foot / bottom of slope / eq.; ref. to earth slumps; 2 2(a)(ii) process name: rockfall / landslide / rotational landslide / landslip / slumping / solifluction / soil creep; description: e.g. for landslide: a landslide is the movement of rock, debris or earth; down a slope; they result from the failure of the materials which make up the hill slope; and are driven by the force of gravity; (Credit all valid descriptions. 1 mark for name. 3 marks for a valid description.) 4 2(b)(i) discolouration; features worn; loss of detail; vegetation growing in joints; crumbling; 2 2(b)(ii) frost action / pressure release / thermal expansion and contraction; description, e.g. water freezes in cracks; explanation, e.g. water expands, applying a force; (Allow any mechanical weathering choice.) 3

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2016 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Question Answer Marks 2(b)(iii) people descending rock stairs; mechanically wearing away rock surface; crowd gathered at foot; loss of vegetation; taking pieces as souvenirs; human activity generating damaging pollution; 3 2(c)(i) monument is close to an area with high acidity values; acid rain reacts with stone and rock / chemical weathering; 2 2(c)(ii) physical protection of monument, e.g. coating / canopy; cleaning flue gases; to reduce sulfur dioxide; use of catalytic convertor; introduce legislation; to reduce nitrogen oxides; switch from coal-fired power generation to renewable energy sources or alternatives such as nuclear etc.; (Credit alternative strategies.) 4

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2016 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Section B Question Answer Marks 3(a) Description of dominance of H.E.P. Use of data from pie chart, table and / or map. Varying contribution of other sources. Lack of other resources. Arguments for reducing dependence on H.E.P., e.g. variability of rain and periods of prolonged drought result in fluctuating H.E.P. output, consideration that it is likely to be an increasing problem in the future. please use level descriptors 1 10 3(b) The question requirements are: • to consider a range of energy sources • to show an understanding of energy sustainability • to use examples to illustrate. Indicative content: Need to reduce dependence on fossil fuels. Details of renewable technologies and their advantages. Disadvantages over hydrocarbons, e.g. sustainability, energy conservation, energy efficiency. A balance is needed between describing a range of energy sources and evaluating their sustainability. Use of examples. please use level descriptors 2 30

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2016 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Question Answer Marks 4(a) Concentric pattern. Elongated mainly east to west (orientation of main runways perhaps). Noise in other areas due to urbanisation or industrialisation. Plus NW / SE pattern to form cross shape. Could be indicative of banking of planes after take-off. Likely increased volume of traffic servicing the airport. Overlap with western portion of London major urban area. Effects to include likely effects on health, well-being, property values etc. please use level descriptors 1 10 4(b) The question requirements are: • to explain a variety of strategies for achieving noise reduction • to make an assessment of their success • to make reference to examples. Indicative content: Strategies, e.g. building design, subsidies / grants for triple glazing, land-use zoning, access roads built underground or in cuttings, tree planting, controls and restrictions on night-time activities, e.g. flights, throttling back etc., transport design. Use of examples. please use level descriptors 2 30

Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2016 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Question Answer Marks 5(a) Problems may include examples of water / land / air / noise pollution. Detail, such as nuisance to local communities, transport difficulties, damage to habitats and wildlife. Regeneration needed afterwards. Candidates may refer to other examples as well as Fig. 5.1 to support their argument. please use level descriptors 1 10 5(b) The question requirements are: • to suggest a variety of management strategies • to discuss strengths and weaknesses of the strategies • to make reference to examples. Indicative content: Designation of conservation areas, national parks. Pollution controls and regulations. Control of access. Planning policies. Enforcement officials. Education strategies. please use level descriptors 2 30

Page 9 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2016 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Section B descriptor levels: Descriptor Award Mark Consistently meets the level criteria Mark at top of level Meets the criteria, but with some inconsistency Middle, mark to just below top mark Meets most of level criteria, but not all convincingly Just below middle, mark to just above bottom mark On the borderline of this level and the one below Mark at bottom of level

Page 10 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2016 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Section B descriptor levels: level descriptors 1 Level one, 8–10 marks The response: • contains few errors • shows a very good understanding of the question • shows a good use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • provides a balanced answer Level two, 5–7 marks The response: • may contain some errors • shows an adequate understanding of the question • shows some use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • may lack balance Level three, 1–4 marks The response: • may contain errors • shows limited understanding of the question • shows little or no use of data or the information, where appropriate • lacks balance

Page 11 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2016 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Section B descriptor levels: level descriptors 2 Responses: Level one, 25–30 marks • fulfil all the requirements of the question • contain a very good understanding of the content required • contain a very good balance of content • contain substantial critical and supportive evaluations • make accurate use of relevant vocabulary Level two, 19–24 marks • fulfil most of the requirements of the question • contain a good understanding of the content required • contain a good balance of content • contain some critical and supportive evaluations • make good use of relevant vocabulary Level three, 13–18 marks • fulfil some requirements of the question • contain some understanding of the content required • may contain some limited balance of content • may contain brief evaluations • make some use of relevant vocabulary Level four, 6–12 marks • fulfil limited requirements of the question • contain limited understanding of the content required • may contain poor balanced of content • may not contain evaluations • make limited use of relevant vocabulary

Page 12 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2016 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2016 Section B descriptor levels: Level five, 1–5 marks • fulfil a few requirements of the question • contain a very limited understanding of the content required • are likely to be unbalanced and undeveloped • evaluative statements are likely to be missing • make no use of relevant vocabulary