Cambridge A Level Environmental Management (AS only) 8291 — 2015 May/June Paper 1 · Variant 2

This document consists of 10 printed pages and 2 blank pages. DC (NF/SW) 92564/3 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over Cambridge International Examinations Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level * 7 4 9 4 2 1 8 0 2 7 * ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/12 Paper 1 Lithosphere and Atmosphere May/June 2015 1 hour 30 minutes Additional Materials: Answer Booklet/Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your Centre number, candidate number and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Electronic calculators may be used. You may lose marks if you do not show your working or if you do not use appropriate units. Section A Answer all questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided on the question paper. Section B Answer one question from this section. Answer the question on the separate answer paper provided. At the end of the examination, 1. fasten all separate answer paper securely to the question paper; 2. enter the question number from Section B in the grid opposite. For Examiner’s Use Section A 1 2 Section B Total

2 8291/12/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 Section A Answer all questions in this section. Write your answers in the spaces provided. 1 (a) Fig. 1.1 shows a map of South Island, New Zealand and the position of the Alpine Fault. The Pacific Plate slides in a south westerly direction relative to the Indo-Australian Plate. 0 100 km N Queenstown Dunedin Christchurch Pacific Plate Indo-Australian Plate South Island direction of plate movement Alpine Fault settlement dates of last four major earthquakes on the Alpine Fault 1100 1450 1620 1717 Key Fig. 1.1 (i) With reference to Fig. 1.1, suggest why earthquakes occur along the Alpine Fault. … … … … … … [3] (ii) With reference to Fig. 1.1, suggest why there is a high probability that a major earthquake will occur along the Alpine Fault in the near future. … … … … [2]

3 8291/12/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (iii) Describe a method scientists use to measure the magnitude of an earthquake. … … … … … … [3] (b) Fig. 1.2 shows an area at risk from a future earthquake on the Alpine Fault. Fig. 1.2

4 8291/12/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 (i) With reference to Fi g. 1.2, suggest what effects a major earthquake may have on the population living in the area. … … … … … … … … … [4] (ii) Queenstown is a major tourist centre in South Island, New Zealand, attracting around two million visitors a year. Describe plans that could be put in place to manage a future earthquake event. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [8] [Total: 20]

5 8291/12/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over 2 Fig. 2.1 shows how ground level ozone pollution is often located in and around urban areas. NOx NOx NOx NOx hydrocarbons Sun Fig. 2.1 (a) (i) With reference to Fig. 2.1, describe two ways in which human activities contribute to the build-up of ground level ozone. … … … … … … … … [4] (ii) State two harmful effects of ground level ozone. … … … … [2]

6 8291/12/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 (iii) With reference to Fig. 2.1, give one reason why anticyclonic weather conditions encourage the formation of high concentrations of ground level ozone. … … … … [2] (iv) Suggest why ground level ozone also affects the rural areas surrounding an urban area. … … [1] Fig. 2.2 shows air pollution in the Los Angeles basin in California, United States of America. (not to scale) air pollution San Bernardino Mountains warm air cool air Los Angeles Pacific Ocean cooler air coming from the sea air descending and warming San Gabriel Mountains Fig. 2.2

7 8291/12/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over (b) With reference to Fig. 2.2, outline two natural conditions that contribute to the high levels of atmospheric pollution experienced in the Los Angeles basin. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) Describe and evaluate three measures a city like Los Angeles could take to reduce air pollution. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … [7] [Total: 20]

8 8291/12/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 Section B Answer one question from this section. 3 Fig. 3.1 shows a slope system. a cc um ula ted de bris free face limestone sandstone concave debris slope river limestone boulders Fig. 3.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 3.1, outline the factors and processes which determine the rate of accumulation of debris at the foot of the slope. [10] (b) With reference to examples with which you are familiar, explain how mass movements can be triggered by human actions and suggest how these movements may be controlled or prevented. [30] [Total: 40]

9 8291/12/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 [Turn over 4 Fig. 4.1 shows a possible future, in which Europe’s demands for energy are met by a network connecting renewable energy projects throughout the continent and beyond. Key solar energy wind electricity grid hydro biomass geothermal 1000 km 0 Iceland Europe Middle East North Africa Ireland UK Fig. 4.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 4.1, briefly discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed network. [10] (b) Assess the view that fossil fuels will continue to play a major role in supplying the world’s energy needs, despite the environmental advantages of renewable and alternative sources of energy. [30] [Total: 40]

10 8291/12/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 5 Fig. 5.1 shows the location and seasonal variations in climate in Lagos, a city in West Africa. 40 30 20 10 0 400 500 300 200 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 average daily sunshine / hours temperature / °C rainfall / mm Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 0 500 Atlantic Ocean WEST AFRICA Lagos Equator km Fig. 5.1 (a) With reference to Fig. 5.1, describe and explain the seasonal variations in the climate shown. [10] (b) Drought is a frequent occurrence in many parts of the world. With reference to examples with which you are familiar, explain the causes of drought and suggest the likely consequences of climate change for drought-affected areas. [30] [Total: 40]

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12 8291/12/M/J/15 © UCLES 2015 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after the live examination series. Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

® IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations. CAMBRIDGE INTERNATIONAL EXAMINATIONS Cambridge International Advanced Subsidiary Level MARK SCHEME for the May/June 2015 series 8291 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 8291/12 Paper 1, maximum raw mark 80 This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge is publishing the mark schemes for the May/June 2015 series for most Cambridge IGCSE®, Cambridge International A and AS Level components and some Cambridge O Level components.

Page 2 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2015 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 General notes Symbols used in Environmental Management mark schemes. / separates alternatives for a marking point – other valid ways of expressing the same idea are also credited ; separates points for the award of a mark [3] indicates the number of marks available italic indicates that this is information about the marking points and is not required to gain credit italic text is also used for comments about alternatives that should be accepted, ignored or rejected ora or reverse argument – shows that an argument from an alternative viewpoint will be credited AW alternative wording, sometimes called ‘or words to that effect’ – AW is used when there are many different ways of expressing the same idea ( ) the word / phrase in brackets is not required to gain marks but sets the context of the response for credit e.g. (nuclear) waste – nuclear is not needed but if it was described as a domestic waste then no mark is awarded volcanic underlined words – the answer must contain exactly this word ecf error carried forward – if an incorrect answer is given to part of a question, and this answer is subsequently used by a candidate in later parts of the question, this indicates that the candidate’s incorrect answer will be used as a starting point for marking the later parts of the question

Page 3 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2015 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 Section A 1 (a) (i) Friction; between plates; locks plates together; leads to build up of stress; causes sudden energy release / unzipping along fault-line. [3] (ii) Active fault line; there has been no major recent earthquake for 298 years; therefore plenty of potential energy / pressure has built up. Credit any valid alternative ideas. [2] (iii) Using a seismograph; to detect vibrations from the movement; measured on the Richter scale; base 10 logarithmic scale, e.g. M8 is 10 × M7; measures ground motion; or Moment magnitude scale; measures energy release; no upper limit; problems with small earthquakes; or (Modified) Mercalli scale; measures intensity; 12 levels; based on observations. [3] (b) (i) Shaking; leads to buildings damaged / fire; causes death / injury; liquefaction; leads to building foundation damage; causes death / injury; landslides / rock falls; roads, etc. blocked; leads to isolation from outside help; Credit general points about homelessness / food and water shortage / loss of livelihood / loss of power from H.E.P. / closure of schools, etc. Must reference Fig 1.2 for full marks. [4] (ii) Prediction, e.g. scientific monitoring; hazard mapping; prevention, e.g. building regulations; retro-fitting; education; drills; insurance; construction of earthquake-resistant buildings; responses, e.g. coordination of emergency services; evacuation; stockpiles of materials (food, tents, drinking water, medication); reconstruction; training of rescue services; any developed point. [8] [Total: 20] 2 (a) (i) Transport: combustion of hydrocarbons; release of VOCs; Industry: combustion and release of chemical solvents; Agriculture: combustion of hydrocarbons; release of VOCs; react / combine together; in presence of sunlight; to form ozone. Credit valid alternatives. [4] (ii) Damage to human health: chest pains; coughing; throat irritation; worsens bronchitis, asthma and emphysema; lung damage; damage to plants: affects growth and reproduction; increases susceptibility to disease; affects crop yields; can damage forests long term; affects wildlife and fish. [2] (iii) High pressure / anticyclonic conditions / clear skies; temperature inversion; sunlight (accelerates ozone formation); absence of wind to disperse pollutants. [2] (iv) Blown / carried / transported by winds. [1]

Page 4 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2015 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 (b) Enclosed in a basin; trapped by mountains; onshore winds; temperature inversion. [4] (c) Air quality monitoring stations; pollution alerts; controls on use of cars; catalytic converters; odd / even days public transport programme; cycling; pollution controls on industry; one of the above developed; evaluative comment. Credit any valid alternatives. [7] [Total: 20] Section B 3 (a) Factors: gradient / rock type / structure / climate / vegetation / river. Processes: rock falls / landslides / soil creep / solifluction / river erosion. Please use level descriptors 1 [10] (b) The question requirements are: • to give an explanation of how mass movements can be triggered by human actions • to give suggestions of methods for controlling and preventing • to use relevant examples Indicative content: Mining / road building / deforestation / intensive farming / construction various slope stabilisation measures, e.g. re-grading of slopes / revetments / terracing / drainage. Please use level descriptors 2 [30] [Total: 40]

Page 5 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2015 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 4 (a) Advantages: allows different regions to use their particular climatic advantages, e.g. N Africa sun, N Europe wind / connects sparsely populated N Africa and Middle east with densely populated Europe/ energy security / reduction in fossil fuel use, lowering of pollution levels. Disadvantages: hugely expensive / vulnerable to political conflicts / loss of energy with transmission. Please use level descriptors 1 [10] (b) The question requirements are: • to give an explanation of the advantages of renewables and alternatives • to show an understanding of why fossil fuels will retain an important role • to give an assessment of the view Indicative content: Named examples, clean and green with explanations / understanding that fossil fuels are highly energy rich and more efficient than alternatives / consideration of the ease of accessibility with tried and tested methods of extraction / recognition of finite nature but also new methods producing new sources such as fracking / evaluation of the pros and cons of the two alternative sources. Please use level descriptors 2 [30] [Total: 40]

Page 6 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2015 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 5 (a) Description: rainfall: large seasonal variations / temperatures: even pattern / small seasonal variations / sunshine: seasonal pattern. Explanation: annual migration of ITCZ (intertropical convergence zone)/ angle of incidence of sun / Earth’s tilt / annual orbit / migration of cloud / rain belt in response to above / seasonal wind patterns / trade winds. Please use level descriptors 1 [10] (b) The question requirements are: • to give an explanation of the causes of drought • to show an understanding of a variety of consequences for drought areas • to use relevant examples Indicative content: Causes: natural v.s. human / climate change / loss of fertility in soils / encroachment of desert / over-cropping / poor fertilisation / Consequences: accelerated desertification (possibly also improved conditions) / economic consequences / positive effects possible. Please use level descriptors 2 [30] [Total: 40]

Page 7 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2015 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 Descriptor Award Mark Consistently meets the level criteria Mark at top of level Meets the criteria, but with some inconsistency Middle, mark to just below top mark Meets most of level criteria, but not all convincingly Just below middle, mark to just above bottom mark On the borderline of this level and the one below Mark at bottom of level Level descriptors 1 6–8 marks / 8–10 marks The response: • contains few errors • shows a very good understanding of the question • shows a good use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • provides a balanced answer 3–5 marks / 5–7 marks The response: • may contain some errors • shows an adequate understanding of the question • shows some use of data or the information provided, where appropriate • may lack balance 1–2 marks / 1–4 marks The response: • may contain errors • shows limited understanding of the question • shows little or no use of the data or information, where appropriate • lacks balance

Page 8 Mark Scheme Syllabus Paper Cambridge International AS Level – May/June 2015 8291 12 © Cambridge International Examinations 2015 Level descriptors 2 Responses: Level one, 25–30 marks • fulfil all the requirements of the question • contain a very good understanding of the content required • contain a very good balance of content • contain substantial critical and supportive evaluations • make accurate use of relevant vocabulary Level two, 19–24 marks • fulfil most of the requirements of the question • contain a good understanding of the content required • contain a good balance of content • contain some critical and supportive evaluations • make good use of relevant vocabulary Level three, 13–18 marks • fulfil some requirements of the question • contain some understanding of the content required • may contain some limited balance of content • may contain brief evaluations • make some use of relevant vocabulary Level four, 6–12 marks • fulfil limited requirements of the question • contain limited understanding of the content required • may contain poorly balanced content • may not contain evaluations • make limited use of relevant vocabulary Level five, 1–5 marks • fulfil a few of the requirements of the question • contain a very limited understanding of the content required • are likely to be unbalanced and undeveloped • evaluative statements are likely to be missing • make no use of relevant vocabulary