18, 21–28, 31–87 — Paper 2 · A Level Classical Studies 9274

1 Read the passage and answer the questions: Having recovered possession of the Spanish provinces, Caesar planned a war against the Dacians and Parthians, and sent Augustus ahead to Apollonia, in Illyria, where he spent his time studying Greek literature. News then came that Caesar had been assassinated, after naming him his heir, and Augustus was tempted, for awhile, to put himself under the protection of the troops quartered near by. However, deciding that this would be rash 5 and premature, he returned to Rome and there entered upon his inheritance, despite his mother’s doubts and the active opposition of his step-father, Marcius Philippus the ex-Consul. Augustus now levied armies, and governed the Empire: first with Antony and Lepidus as his colleagues; next, for nearly twelve years, with Antony alone; finally by himself for another forty-four years. 10 (Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars – Divine Augustus 8) (a) (i) Who were the Parthians (line 2)? Make two points. [2] (ii) In which year was Caesar assassinated (line 3)? [1] (iii) What was the name of Augustus’ mother (line 7)? [1] (iv) In which year did Augustus die? [1] (b) How important was Augustus’ link with Julius Caesar in enabling him to gain political power following Julius Caesar’s assassination? Use this passage as a starting point for your answer. [20] [Total: 25] EITHER

25 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) Who were the Parthians (line 2)? Make two points. 2 • Rome’s eastern neighbour • Rival empire/enemy of the Romans • Who defeated Crassus • Capturing Roman standards • Which were returned to Augustus (Any 2) 1(a)(ii) In which year was Caesar assassinated (line 3)? 1 44 BCE 1(a)(iii) What was the name of Augustus’ mother (line 7)? 1 Atia 1(a)(iv) In which year did Augustus die? 1 14 CE 1(b) How important was Augustus’ link with Julius Caesar in enabling him to 20 gain political power following Julius Caesar’s assassination? Use this passage as a starting point for your answer. Use the 20 mark extended response marking criteria. Candidates must make some reference to information in the passage but should also provide other information from sources they have studied. The amount of material from the passage and elsewhere does not need to be balanced to gain the marks AO1 – Knowledge and understanding – 8 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. In the passage: • Suetonius describes how Augustus was named as Caesar’s heir • Augustus accepted his inheritance. Elsewhere: • Augustus was adopted by Caesar as his son • He took the name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus • He paid Caesar’s legacies to the Roman people • He had Caesar deified • He vowed to build the temple of Mars Ultor. AO2 – Analysis and evaluation – 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. In the passage: • Augustus levied armies. Elsewhere: • His position as Caesar’s son gave him control of Caesar’s wealth and clients • He used Caesar’s name to levy armies from Caesar’s soldiers and veterans • By paying Caesar’s legacies, he made himself even more popular with the Roman people • By deifying Caesar, he made himself the son of a god • Avenging Caesar, and the temple of Mars Ultor showed his pietas • Caesar had been popular with the people of Rome. There is no doubt that the link with Caesar gave Augustus a way to obtain a position of power. How important the link was is up to the individual candidates to decide.

This question in 9274/21 Oct/Nov 2024

2 How far do you agree that Augustus’ building programme made Rome a city worthy to be the capital of the Empire? [25] OR

25 marks

Mark scheme: 2 How far do you agree that Augustus’ building programme made Rome a 25 city worthy to be the capital of the Empire? Use the 25 mark extended response marking criteria. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding – 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. • Forum of Augustus • Mausoleum of Augustus • Ara Pacis Augustae • Res Gestae Divi Augusti – Restoration of 82 temples in 28 BCE – Building of new temples, including Palatine Apollo, Mars Ultor and the Deified Julius – Restoration of aqueducts, roads and bridges – Restoration of the Capitol and Theatre of Pompey – Building of the Theatre of Marcellus – Completion of the Forum of Julius and the Basilica • He encouraged members of his family to contribute to the building programme, such as Marcus Agrippa and the Pantheon. AO2 – Analysis and evaluation – 13 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. • Augustus undertook an extensive building programme, largely at his own personal expense • The buildings were made of expensive materials such as marble, which made Rome look impressive • He improved life for the citizens of Rome by providing them with amenities such as fresh water • He improved business life in Rome through building the fora • This also served as personal propaganda, through linking himself and his family to the buildings. Augustus certainly left Rome a completely different city from the one he took over. Whether it was a city fit to be the capital of Rome is up to the candidates to discuss. It would certainly have impressed visitors from the provinces and outside the Empire.

This question in 9274/21 Oct/Nov 2024

4 Read the passage and answer the questions: ‘Either this right hand of mine will send this Trojan who has deserted Asia down into Tartarus – the Latins can sit and watch – and one man’s sword shall refute a charge brought against a whole people, or else he can rule over those he has defeated and have Lavinia as his wife.’ Latinus answered him, and his voice was calm: ‘You are a great- hearted young warrior. The more you excel in fierce courage, the more urgent is my duty 5 to take thought, to weigh all possible chances and to be afraid. You have the kingdom of your father Daunus. You have all the cities your right hand has taken. I too, Latinus, have some wealth and some generosity of spirit. In Latium and the Laurentine fields there are other women for you to marry, and of the noblest families. This is not easy to say. Allow me to speak openly and honestly, and as you listen, lay these words to your heart. For me it 10 would have been wrong to unite my daughter with any of those who came to ask for her in the past. It was forbidden by all the prophecies of gods and men. But I gave way to my love for you. I gave way to the kinship of blood and to the grief and tears of my wife. Breaking all the ties that bound me, I seized Lavinia from the man to whom she had been promised and took up arms in an unjust cause.’ 15 (Virgil, Aeneid 12) (a) (i) Give the name of ‘this Trojan’ (line 1). [1] (ii) What is Tartarus (line 2)? [1] (iii) ‘It was forbidden by all the prophecies of gods and men’ (line 12). What is Latinus referring to here? Make two points. [2] (iv) ‘my wife’ (line 13). What is the name of Latinus’ wife? [1] (b) How is Turnus portrayed in this passage? How typical is this of the way he is portrayed elsewhere in the Aeneid? [20] [Total: 25] EITHER

25 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) Give the name of ‘this Trojan’ (line 1). 1 Aeneas 4(a)(ii) What is Tartarus (line 2)? 1 The underworld 4(a)(iii) ‘It was forbidden by all the prophecies of gods and men’ (line 12). What 2 is Latinus referring to here? Make two points. • He has been warned by an oracle/By his father Faunus (1) • That his daughter (Lavinia) should not marry a Latin (1) • But that she should be married to a man from abroad (1) (Any 2) 4(a)(iv) ‘my wife’ (line 13). What is the name of Latinus’ wife? 1 Amata 4(b) How is Turnus portrayed in this passage? How typical is this of the way 20 he is portrayed elsewhere in the Aeneid? Use the 20 mark extended response marking criteria. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding – 8 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. Candidates must make use of the passage but should also provide other information from their study of the Aeneid. In this passage: • Turnus despises Aeneas – refers to him as having ‘deserted Asia’ • Brave – is offering to fight Aeneas in one-on-one combat • Depicted by Latinus as brave and fierce – ‘you excel in fierce courage’ • Latinus says that it is his duty to think things through – the implication being that Turnus will not • Turnus’ skill as a warrior is shown by the phrase ‘All the cities your right hand has taken’ • Latinus says that he ‘gave way to my love for you’. Elsewhere: • Turnus is depicted as a fierce warrior – he is whipped up to war by Allecto • Burns with rage against Aeneas and the Trojans • Ruthless – death of Pallas • Angry when Juno spirits him away from battle, does not want to be seen as a coward • Leads the Latins into battle when the treaty was broken by an unknown arrow • Loved by Amata • Impulsive – acts on instinct • Blinded by bloodlust. For example, in Book 9 when he fails to open the gates to the Trojan camp and let in his army. Give credit to points from other books of the Aeneid. AO2 – Analysis and evaluation – 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. Candidates can argue for or against as long as their argument is backed with close detail from the text. • Turnus is primarily characterised as a wild and furor possessed warrior • Throughout the poem he is shown to be brave • Brutal in battle and it is his killing of Pallas that seals his final fate • Depiction in the passage picks up on many of the elements of Turnus’ character. He is shown more calmly in the passage compared with his depiction elsewhere. Candidates should explore a range of examples and reach a conclusion that is well backed up by evidence. Credit any line of argument that is well backed up with relevant examples.

This question in 9274/21 Oct/Nov 2024

7 Study the image and answer the questions: X Y (A plan of a forum) (a) (i) In which Italian city is this forum located? [1] (ii) Identify the buildings marked X and Y on the plan. [2] (iii) Give two different functions of the forum. [2] (b) Compare this forum with the Piazza of the Corporations in Ostia. Which do you think a Roman would have found more impressive? [20] [Total: 25] EITHER

25 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a)(i) In which Italian city is this forum located? 1 Pompeii 7(a)(ii) Identify the buildings marked X and Y on the plan. 2 • Temple of Jupiter • Macellum 7(a)(iii) Give two different functions of the forum. 2 • Social (1) • Economic (1) • Religious (1) • Political (1) • Judicial (1) • Administrative (1) [any 2] 7(b) Compare this forum with the Piazza of the Corporations in Ostia. Which 20 do you think a Roman would have found more impressive? Use the 20 mark extended response marking criteria. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding – 8 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. Answers may include reference to the following points: Pompeian forum: • Has a large open space • Surrounded by colonnades • Contains temples – Temple of Jupiter, Apollo, Lares, Vespasian • Macellum • Comitium • Building of Eumachia • Municipal offices • Basilica • Public weights and measures table. Piazza of the Corporations: • Large colonnaded square • Three wings • Fourth wing has Temple of Ceres • Cose to theatre • 61 rooms decorated with mosaics at the entrances • Acted as offices. AO2 – Analysis and evaluation – 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. Answers may include reference to the following points: Impressive: Pompeian forum: • Large open space • Marble colonnades • Variety of public buildings • Variety of different functions • Scale of the buildings. Piazza of the Corporations: • Similar to layout of standard forum • Number of rooms (61) • Mosaics illustrating trade of owners/tenants of the rooms • Allowed many traders to be housed and contacted in one place • Aould have been decorated with statues of prominent Ostian citizens • Close to other important buildings – theatre, Temple of Ceres. 7(b) Not impressive: • Pompeian forum • Small number of different buildings • Enclosed • Piazza of the Corporations • Open square/piazza • Rooms/offices are small in comparison to the buildings of the forum • Limited range of functions in comparison to the forum • Temple of Ceres small in comparison to the temples in the forum It is up to the candidates to decide which of the two complexes a Roman would have found more impressive. Candidates should make specific reference to details from the complexes to support their answer.

This question in 9274/21 Oct/Nov 2024

8 ‘The houses in Pompeii were built on a grander scale and were more lavishly decorated than the houses in Herculaneum.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer with reference to specific houses from both Pompeii and Herculaneum. [25] OR

25 marks

Mark scheme: 8 ‘The houses in Pompeii were built on a grander scale and were more 25 lavishly decorated than the houses in Herculaneum.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer with reference to specific houses from both Pompeii and Herculaneum. Use the 25 essay marking criteria. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding – 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. Candidates have studied a range of houses from Pompeii and Herculaneum including: Pompeii: • House of Menander • House of Octavius Quartio • House of Sallust • House of the Faun. Herculaneum: • House of Stags • Samnite House • House of Opus Craticium. Give credit to other relevant houses from the two towns. AO2 – Analysis and evaluation – 13 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. Answers may include reference to the following points: Grander scale: • House of Menander occupies most of an insula in the southern part of the city • Exceptionally large for a Pompeian house • One of the most luxurious and most magnificent in the city • House of the Faun occupies an entire insula and has two atria, four triclinia and two peristylia • House of Sallust is one of the oldest houses in Pompeii (4th century BC) and is quite spacious but not on the same scale as the previous two mentioned. It was developed over time and was converted to a hotel in the early 1st century AD. • House of Octavius Quartio resembles a miniature country villa – the house is small in comparison to the garden area with its canals • House of Stags is not a particularly large house, but it does have an unusual layout to exploit its site on the coast. The entrance area was quite modest, and the everyday rooms were tucked away at the back of the house so that the garden, dining room, pergola and sun terrace could dominate the house. 8 • Samnite House was a large house [as far as we know] for Herculaneum. It was a house that underwent extensive alterations at different times, but especially after the earthquake. This reduced the accommodation but retained the atrium. • House of Opus Craticium was a standard-type house before the earthquake. It was then turned into apartments. Lavish decoration: • House of Menander has a number of high-quality wall paintings depicting mythological stories, e.g. a triptych depicting scenes from the Trojan War. Also has mosaics including one depicting a Nilotic scene. • House of the Faun was the most lavishly decorated house in Pompeii – including the mosaic depicting the battle between Alexander and Darius • House of Sallust was decorated in the first style. It had paintings of Mars, Venus and Cupid, and the myth of Actaeon. • House of Octavius Quartio has superb wall paintings in different areas of the house. The owner was clearly interested in Egypt and the god Isis – given the decoration and the sculpture contained within the house. • House of Stags has a lot of high quality painted wall plaster but it was the outdoor space which had time and effort spent on the decoration – statues, planting, etc. • Samnite House has a mixture of different styles of wall painting. It is more interesting for its documentation of the changing use of space rather than its grand design or lavish decoration. • House of Opus Craticium has elements of decoration within the apartments – but does not compare to the House of the Faun or the House of Menander. Look for a strong line of argument which is well supported with reference to details from specific, recognisable houses from Pompeii and Herculaneum. Expect candidates to come to a reasoned decision.

This question in 9274/21 Oct/Nov 2024

9 ‘The public buildings in Ostia were more practical than the public buildings in Rome.’ How far do the public buildings you have studied support this opinion? Explain your answer with reference to at least two public buildings from Ostia and at least two public buildings from Rome. [25]

25 marks

Mark scheme: 9 ‘The public buildings in Ostia were more practical than the public 25 buildings in Rome.’ How far do the public buildings you have studied support this opinion? Explain your answer with reference to at least two public buildings from Ostia and at least two public buildings from Rome. Use the 25 essay marking criteria. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding – 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. Candidates have studied a range of examples of public buildings including: Rome: • Trajan’s Forum and Trajan’s Market • Basilica of Constantine and Maxentius • Baths of Caracalla • Theatre of Marcellus • Aqua Claudia • Colosseum • Pantheon Ostia: • Piazza of the Corporations • Great Warehouse • Firefighters’ Barracks • Baths of Mithras • Mithraeum • Temple of Ceres Candidates should show what they understand by the term public building. AO2 – Analysis and evaluation – 13 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. Answers may demonstrate evaluation and analysis through the use of some of the following arguments: • Buildings in Ostia were designed to showcase the importance of grain to the town • Great Warehouse was used to house the grain before it was transported to Rome • The Firefighters’ Barracks housed firefighters to protect the grain supply • The temple of Ceres was dedicated to the god of agriculture • The Piazza of the Corporations was to throw the spotlight on trade [particularly of grain] • Buildings in Rome were also practical, e.g. theatre, amphitheatre, basilica, baths, etc. • But the buildings were also about propaganda as they were built by emperors looking to enhance their reputation and reign.

This question in 9274/21 Oct/Nov 2024

1 Study the image and answer the questions: (Temple of Mars Ultor) (a) (i) Where exactly was the Temple of Mars Ultor located? Make two points. [2] (ii) Why did Augustus order the Temple of Mars Ultor to be built? Make two points. [2] (iii) In what year was the Temple of Mars Ultor dedicated? [1] (b) Augustus claimed that he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble. Using the image as a starting point, explain how far you agree that Augustus was justified in making this claim. [20] [Total: 25] EITHER

25 marks

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a)(i) Where exactly was the Temple of Mars Ultor located? Make two points. 2 The Forum of Augustus Rome 1(a)(ii) Why did Augustus order the Temple of Mars Ultor to be built? Make two 2 points. To fulfil a vow (1) That he would avenge his father/Julius Caesar (1) Which happened after the battle of Philippi (1) 1(a)(iii) In what year was the Temple of Mars Ultor dedicated? 1 2 BCE 1(b) Augustus claimed that he found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of 20 marble. Using the image as a starting point, explain how far you agree that Augustus was justified in making this claim. Use the 20 mark extended response marking criteria Candidates must make some reference to information in the image but should also provide information from their own knowledge. The amount of material from the image and elsewhere does not need to be balanced to gain the marks. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding – 8 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. Image: • The temple of Mars Ultor • In the Forum of Augustus. Elsewhere: • Mausoleum of Augustus • Ara Pacis Augustae • Res Gestae Divi Augusti – Restoration of 82 temples in 28 BCE – Building of new temples, including Palatine Apollo, and the Deified Julius – Restoration of the Capitol and Theatre of Pompey – Building of the Theatre of Marcellus – Completion of the Forum of Julius and the Basilica • He encouraged members of his family to contribute to the building programme, such as Marcus Agrippa and the Pantheon. AO2 – Analysis and evaluation – 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. Image: • The temple of Mars Ultor was an impressive building made of marble • The Forum of Augustus was large and decorated with many marble statues. Elsewhere: • The many new buildings changed the skyline of Rome • Expensive materials, especially marble were used to make these buildings • Much of it was imported from around the Empire But: • There were still very many brick buildings in Rome, especially the tenements and private houses • Much of the infrastructure, such as aqueducts, was made of brick • Many of the temples were built of brick and faced with marble. The claim could be justified to a certain extent. There can be no doubt that when Augustus became sole ruler of the Empire, Rome was in a dilapidated state. His building programme enhanced the city’s appearance.

This question in 9274/22 Oct/Nov 2024

2 ‘Augustus had nothing to do with the victories in the military campaigns of 44–31 BCE; it was all the work of others.’ How far do you agree with this statement? [25] OR

25 marks

Mark scheme: 2 ‘Augustus had nothing to do with the victories in the military campaigns 25 of 44–31 BCE; it was all the work of others.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Use the 25 mark extended response marking criteria. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding – 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. Candidates should know details of the military campaigns of 44 to 31 BCE: • The victory over Mark Antony at Mutina (43 BCE) • The victory over Cassius and Brutus at Philippi (42 BCE) • The victory over Lucius Antony at Perusia (40 BCE) • The victory over Sextus Pompeius at Naulochus (36 BCE) • The victory over Mark Antony at Actium (31 BCE). AO2 – Analysis and evaluation – 13 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. • Despite being present in the campaigns, Augustus himself did not take part in the fighting or command any of the armies – Command of the armies at Mutina was in the hands of Hirtius and Pansa – Mark Antony led the campaign at Philippi – Marcus Agrippa was responsible for the victories at Perusia, Naulochus and Actium. But: • Augustus did make a contribution to achieving victory in the campaigns – He raised armies from Caesar’s veterans – He used his political skill to get the backing of the Senate for his campaigns and to negotiate settlements – He used propaganda to get the backing of the people of Rome for his campaigns, especially in the campaigns against Mark Antony – He funded the recruitment of armies – He claimed credit for the victories in the Res Gestae. Candidates can agree or disagree with the statement, as long as their discussion is justified with close reference to the sources.

This question in 9274/22 Oct/Nov 2024

4 Read the passage and answer the questions: Aeneas was long delayed struggling with the stubborn stump and no strength of his could prise open the bite of the wood. While he was heaving and straining with all his might, the goddess Juturna, daughter of Daunus, changed once more into the shape of the charioteer Metiscus and ran forward to give Turnus his sword. Venus was indignant that the nymph was allowed to be so bold, so she came and wrenched 5 out Aeneas’ spear from deep in the root. Then these glorious warriors, their weapons and their spirits restored to them, one relying on his sword, the other towering and formidable behind his spear, stood there breathing hard, ready to engage in the contest of war. Meanwhile the King of All-powerful Olympus saw Juno watching the battle from a 10 golden cloud and spoke these words to her: ‘O my dear wife, what will be the end of this? What is there left for you to do? You yourself know, and admit that you know, that Aeneas is a god of this land, that he has a right to heaven and is fated to be raised to the stars.’ (Virgil, Aeneid 12) (a) (i) ‘the stubborn stump’ (line 1). Who is this stump dedicated to? [1] (ii) How is Turnus related to Juturna (line 3)? [1] (iii) ‘to give Turnus his sword’ (line 4). Why did Turnus not have a sword at this time? Make two points. [2] (iv) Who is ‘the King of All-powerful Olympus’ (line 10)? [1] (b) Using this passage as a starting point, discuss how important divine intervention is in Book 12 of the Aeneid. [20] [Total: 25] EITHER

25 marks

Mark scheme: 4(a)(i) ‘the stubborn stump’ (line 1). Who is this stump dedicated to? 1 Faunus 4(a)(ii) How is Turnus related to Juturna (line 3)? 1 They are brother and sister 4(a)(iii) ‘to give Turnus his sword’ (line 4). Why did Turnus not have a sword at 2 this time? Make two points. He had picked up the sword of his charioteer (Metiscus) in his hurry to get to battle (1) This had shattered (1) When he tried to strike the divinely made armour of Aeneas (1) (Any 2) 4(a)(iv) Who is ‘the King of All-powerful Olympus’ (line 10)? 1 Jupiter 4(b) Using this passage as a starting point, discuss how important divine 20 intervention is in Book 12 of the Aeneid. Use the 20 mark extended response marking criteria. Candidates must make use of the passage but should also provide other information from their study of the Aeneid. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding – 8 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. In this passage: • Juturna gives Turnus his sword • Venus helps Aeneas retrieve his spear • Juno is actively watching the battle • Jupiter is influencing events. Elsewhere: • Juno urges Juturna to go down and help Turnus • Juturna stirs up the minds of the Rutulians and sends a false omen so that the treaty is broken • Venus brings dittany which heals Aeneas’ arrow wound • Juturna takes the place of Metiscus on Turnus’ chariot and tries to keep Turnus away from Aeneas • Venus puts the idea of attacking the city in Aeneas’ mind • Faunus is answering Aeneas’ prayer and holding onto Turnus’ spear • Juno agrees to stop interfering with fate as long as certain conditions are met • Jupiter sends the Dira as a sign for Juturna to stop helping Turnus. AO2 – Analysis and evaluation – 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. • The passage is typical of the level of divine intervention in Book 12 • Venus twice helps her son – once in the passage and once when she helps to heal his wound but is otherwise absent from the book • Juturna tries to keep Turnus alive but ultimately fails • Candidates should discuss the times that the gods intervene in human affairs in this book but should also evaluate the extent this is important • The interference of the gods does not change the ultimate fate of Turnus, but the breaking of the treaty does cause many deaths. Credit any line of argument that is well backed up with relevant examples.

This question in 9274/22 Oct/Nov 2024

5 ‘Virgil creates a range of interesting mortal characters in the Aeneid.’ How far do you agree with this statement? In your answer you should not discuss Aeneas, Dido or Turnus. [25] OR

25 marks

Mark scheme: 5 ‘Virgil creates a range of interesting mortal characters in the Aeneid.’ 25 How far do you agree with this statement? In your answer you should not discuss Aeneas, Dido or Turnus. Use the 25 mark essay marking criteria. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding – 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. Candidates could choose to discuss: • Priam and Hecuba • Anchises • Creusa • Anna • The Sibyl • Latinus • Amata • Evander • Pallas • Camilla • Amata This list is not prescriptive, and all relevant examples should be credited. AO2 – Analysis and evaluation –13 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. • Candidates could look at one or two characters in depth or explore a wider range of them • Creusa is perhaps most interesting as a ghost as it is then that she finally persuades Aeneas to leave Troy • Anna is an interesting character, who is loyal and supportive to her sister. Even to the extent of talking to Aeneas on Dido’s behalf • The Sibyl leads Aeneas to the Underworld and is in her hands during Book 6 • Latinus’ conflict between wanting to obey the prophecy and love and loyalty to Amata and Turnus is interesting • Amata’s loyalty to Turnus is a motivating factor for Latinus • Camilla is an interesting depiction of a female warrior • Minor characters are easy to overlook but they are often crucial to a particular point in the plot and well portrayed. Candidates can argue for or against the statement as long as their discussion is justified with close reference to the text.

This question in 9274/22 Oct/Nov 2024

7 Study the image and answer the questions: (a) (i) What was the function of this building? [1] (ii) In which city is this building located? [1] (iii) In which emperor’s reign was this building constructed? [1] (iv) What was the function of the rooms on the lower floors? [1] (v) What was the function of the rooms on the upper floors? [1] (b) Compare this building with the Piazza of the Corporations in Ostia. Which do you think a Roman would have found more impressive? [20] [Total: 25] EITHER

25 marks

Mark scheme: 7(a)(i) What was the function of this building? 1 Market hall Shopping mall 7(a)(ii) In which city is this building located? 1 Rome 7(a)(iii) In which emperor’s reign was this building constructed? 1 Trajan 7(a)(iv) What was the function of the rooms on the lower floors? 1 Shops 7(a)(v) What was the function of the rooms on the upper floors? 1 Offices 7(b) Compare this building with the Piazza of the Corporations in Ostia. 20 Which do you think a Roman would have found more impressive? Use the 20-mark extended response marking criteria. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding – 8 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. Trajan’s Market: Answers may include reference to the following points from this complex: • Planned by Apollodorus of Damascus • The size of the complex • Set into the side of the Quirinal Hill • Proximity to Trajan’s forum and Trajan’s column • More than 150 tabernae in the complex • Upper level had offices used by officials in charge of the market • Semi-circular façade with a row of columns • Semi-circular exedrae covered by half domes • Roof was arched concrete vault that sat on piers – protected shoppers from weather and allowed sunlight into shops • Great Hall used for concerts, speeches, etc. Piazza of the Corporations: Answers may include reference to the following points from this complex: • Large colonnaded square • Three wings • Fourth wing has temple of Ceres • Close to theatre • 61 rooms decorated with mosaics at the entrances • Acted as offices. AO2 – Analysis and Evaluation 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. Answers may include reference to the following points: Impressive: • Trajan’s market • Size • Number of shops • Design • Close to other amenities • Scale of the decoration • Piazza of the Corporations • Similar to layout of standard forum • Close to other important buildings – theatre, Temple of Ceres • 61 rooms • Mosaics illustrating trade of owners/tenants of the rooms • Allowed many traders to be housed and contacted in one place • Would have been decorated with statues of prominent Ostian citizens. 7(b) Not impressive: • Trajan’s Market • Very different from what people were used to • Too many shops together made things difficult to find • Piazza of the Corporations • A square rather than a purpose-built building • Rooms are small • Probably offices. It is up to the candidates to decide which of the two complexes a Roman would have found more impressive. Candidates should make specific reference to details from the complexes to support their answer.

This question in 9274/22 Oct/Nov 2024

8 ‘The houses in Ostia were better constructed and much more practical than the houses in Herculaneum.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer with reference to specific houses from both Ostia and Herculaneum. [25] OR

25 marks

Mark scheme: 8 ‘The houses in Ostia were better constructed and much more practical 25 than the houses in Herculaneum.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer with reference to specific houses from both Ostia and Herculaneum. Use the 25 essay marking criteria. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1. Candidates have studied a wide range of houses from Ostia and Herculaneum including: Ostia: • Insula/House of Diana, Ostia • Garden Houses, Ostia Herculaneum: • House of Opus Craticium, Herculaneum • House of Stags, Herculaneum • Samnite House, Herculaneum Credit other relevant houses from the two towns. AO2 – Analysis and Evaluation 13 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. Answers may include reference to the following points: Better built: • House of Diana (brick built) survives up to first floor • Upper floors part of the design • Integral staircases • Amenities incorporated • Garden Houses c123-125 AD, symmetrical open courtyard which may have had 32 apartments in total • Had ornamental gateway to protect privacy of the occupants • Damaged by earthquakes in late third century • House of Opus Craticium and Samnite House were well built ‘standard’ houses which were adapted after the earthquake in 62 AD • House of the Stags is a complex design which takes full advantage of the sea view [at the time]. More practical: • The House of Diana was a house of multiple occupancy • Brick built – survive up to first floor • Amenities as part of the building – internal courtyard, water fountain and latrine • Often served multiple functions, e.g. other such buildings had shops • Garden Houses – ‘luxury’ apartments with wall-paintings and mosaics, water supplied to higher floors 8 • The plans of House of Opus Craticium and Samnite House were adapted to make them into houses of multiple occupancy in the aftermath of the earthquake • The reduction in size to make apartments or dwellings for more than one family is practical • The plan of the House of the Stags was adapted to make the most of its prime site on the sea coast. Look for a strong line of argument which is well supported with reference to details from specific houses. Expect candidates to come to a reasoned decision about whether the houses in Ostia are better constructed and more practical than the houses in Herculaneum.

This question in 9274/22 Oct/Nov 2024

9 ‘The temples in Italy were built on a much grander scale and were more lavishly decorated than the temples in other parts of the Roman world.’ How far do the temples you have studied support this opinion? Explain your answer with reference to at least two temples from Italy and at least two temples in other parts of the Roman world. [25]

25 marks

Mark scheme: 9 ‘The temples in Italy were built on a much grander scale and were more 25 lavishly decorated than the temples in other parts of the Roman world.’ How far do the temples you have studied support this opinion? Explain your answer with reference to at least two temples from Italy and at least two temples in other parts of the Roman world. Use the 25 essay marking criteria. AO1 – Knowledge and understanding 12 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO1 Candidates have studied a range of examples of temples including: Temples in Italy: • Pantheon, Rome • Temple of Ceres, Ostia • Mithraeum, Ostia • Temple of Jupiter, Pompeii • Temple of Isis, Pompeii. Temples in the rest of the Roman world: • Maison Carrée, Nîmes • Temple of Bacchus, Baalbek • Allow other temples candidates may have studied if they are relevant. AO2 – Analysis and evaluation – 13 marks. Marks should be awarded using the marking criteria for AO2. Answers may demonstrate evaluation and analysis through the use of some of the following arguments: Grand scale: • Some of the temples are built on a grand scale – Pantheon and Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek • Other temples are more modest in size – Maison Carrée, Mithraeum and Temple of Isis • Partly to do with space available • Partly to do with money available • Partly to do with the pattern of worship, e.g. Mithraea tend to be small, dark and underground Lavish decoration: • Certainly, the Pantheon has lavish decoration – dome, oculus, gilding, the patterned marbled floor • The other temples in Italy have some decoration but not to the same extent as the Pantheon • Temple of Bacchus at Baalbek has much lavish decoration – elaborate capitals, elaborate sculptural patterns combining geometric and figural motifs, niches for statues, carved vines of ivy and/or grapes, ears of wheat. 9 This is intended to be an open question so that candidates are free to choose their own temples to address the question. The points made should be backed up with close reference to specific temples.

This question in 9274/22 Oct/Nov 2024