Cambridge IGCSE Islamiyat 0493 — 2018 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 2

1 Choose any two of the following Hadiths, and: (a) describe their teachings about what Muslims believe; [4] (b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. [4] (i) Let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day either speak good or keep silent, and let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day be generous to his neighbour, and let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day be generous to his guest. (ii) God does not look at your forms and your possessions, but he looks at your hearts and your deeds. (iii) The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) said: ‘Whom do you count to be a martyr among you?’ They said: O Messenger of Allah, whoever is killed in the way of Allah is a martyr. He said: ‘In that case the martyrs of my community will be very few! He who is killed in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies a natural death in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies in the plague in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies of cholera in the way of Allah is a martyr.’ (iv) The believers are like a single man; if his eye is affected he is affected, and if his head is affected he is all affected. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... 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Mark scheme: 1 Choose any two of the following Hadiths, and: (i) Let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day either speak good or keep silent, and let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day be generous to his neighbour, and let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day be generous to his guest. (ii) God does not look at your forms and your possessions, but he looks at your hearts and your deeds. (iii) The Messenger of Allah (may Allah bless him and give him peace) said: ‘Whom do you count to be a martyr among you?’ They said: O Messenger of Allah, whoever is killed in the way of Allah is a martyr. He said: ‘In that case the martyrs of my community will be very few! He who is killed in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies a natural death in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies in the plague in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies of cholera in the way of Allah is a martyr.’ (iv) The believers are like a single man; if his eye is affected he is affected, and if his head is affected he is all affected. Question Answer Marks 1(a) describe their teachings about what Muslims believe 4 (i) The teaching of this Hadith focuses on the actions of a Muslim. Actions of controlling one’s speech, being kindly to neighbours and showing hospitality to guests. The emphasis is on the words ‘let him who believes in Allah and the Last day’ before every action signifying that noble and good actions are an outcome of one’s belief. (ii) The Prophet in this Hadith is giving the teaching that God is not concerned with a believer’s looks or accomplishments rather the connection between God and the believer is through taqwa. Whoever, has more taqwa is the more honourable in the eyes of God. The line ‘but He looks at your hearts’ means that intentions are what God judges and for which recompense will be given on Judgment Day. (iii) This Hadith broadens the concept of martyrdom and lays stress on the importance of living righteous lives so that whenever death comes to a believer he/she will attain the status of a martyr. Candidates can go on to discuss the examples given in the Hadith which highlight the care that God has for His creation and that He rewards them for living righteous lives. (iv) This Hadith teaches Muslims about brotherhood, and community relations. The importance of brotherhood should be brought out in the answer as it is highlighted in the Hadith with the comparison to the human body. Candidates could develop the teaching given in this Hadith by giving quotes from the Qur’an e.g. Al Imran,3:03, which support the concept of brotherhood. Question Answer Marks 1(b) explain how Muslims can put these teachings into action. 4 (i) Examples of how Muslims can put into practice the teachings of the Hadith should be given in this part of the answer. That Muslims should hold others in high regard irrespective of their faith; be of benefit to others etc. and saying how this can be done should be written about. Prophetic Hadiths or Qur’anic verses could be cited as well e.g. responsibility of a Muslim regarding what he says is stated in the Qur’an Sura Al Qaf, ‘Not a word does he utter but there is a watcher by him who records it’. (ii) A Muslim’s action must be to seek God’s pleasure in whatever he/she undertakes to do. Hazrat Bilal was appointed as the first muezzin of Islam because of his strong faith and love of Islam despite the fact that he was a man from humble origins. Examples from present day can be given as well to support the answer. (iii) In this part of the answer candidates need to focus on how a Muslim should lead his/her life in order to earn God’s pleasure. Striving and doing one’s best to achieve a worthy objective in the way of God should be an essential focus in a Muslim’s life. (iv) This Hadith can be put into action by Muslims by them being aware of the sufferings of others around them. Examples from the Prophet’s time of brotherhood or present day should be cited in order to give development to the answer. Candidates could say that the best example of brotherhood was one shown by the Ansars to the immigrants from Makka.

2 (a) Hadiths are broadly classified as sound (sahih), good (hasan) and weak (da’if ). Write a detailed account of these three categories of Hadiths. [10] (b) What in your opinion is the importance of classifying Hadiths? 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Mark scheme: 2(a) Hadiths are broadly classified as sound (sahih), good (hasan) and weak (da’if). Write a detailed account of these three categories of Hadiths. Candidates in this answer need to write about how Hadiths are classified into the three broad categories of sahih, hasan and da’if according to the reliability of the isnad and matn. They could define the terms given and go on to say what features categorise them under the different headings. Candidates should give the grounds for classifying Hadiths as sahih, hasan, da’if. For example for the sahih Hadith it could be said that their accuracy is beyond question, each narrator in the chain was a pious Muslim and that the chain was a continuous one and also that the narrator had a good memory making the matn reliable etc. For hasan Hadith it could be said that they are Hadiths whose text is absolutely true but the isnad may not pass the strict test established by the Hadith compilers e.g. a name in the chain may be missing but there is no reason to believe that the Hadith is not a good one. Whereas the da’if Hadith is a term used for Hadiths whose truthfulness in both isnad and matn is not fully established, i.e. its authenticity is not fully established and they are deemed weak. A Hadith could be weak for many reasons and these reasons could be elaborated upon in the answer by the candidates. 10 2(b) What in your opinion is the importance of classifying Hadiths? The Qur’an gives instructions to Muslims about how to live and practice their faith, it does not give details showing how to implement the teachings given. This implementation of Qur’anic instructions is found in the Hadiths of the Prophet . If the Hadiths were not classified there would be a danger of Muslims not knowing the correct way of putting into practice their faith. It could be said that in legal matters it is vital to only use only the most accurate Hadiths but when e.g. one is looking for moral teachings, a Hadith whose isnad is not strong by having a gap or say the narrator having a weak memory, a weak Hadith could be used and therefore the classification of Hadiths is important. Muslims by following the guidance given in the classified Hadiths can follow the perfect example of the Prophet Muhammad.The above is a guidance to what can be expected in a response. All valid responses to be credited on their own merit. 4

3 (a) Choose any two caliphs from the three given below and say how and why they were martyred: • ‘Umar; • ‘Uthman; and • ‘Ali. [10] (b) In your opinion what lesson(s) can be learnt by the martyrdom of ‘Umar? 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Mark scheme: 3(a) Choose any two caliphs from the three given below and say how and why they were martyred: • ‘Umar; • ‘Uthman; and • ‘Ali. In this answer candidates need to select two of the three caliphs listed in the question and write about why and how they were martyred. Candidates could say that ‘Umar was murdered by a Persian slave Abu Lulu who had a personal grudge against the caliph. It is believed that Hazrat ‘Umar had rejected his appeal to be relieved from paying a tax and Abu Lulu in revenge attacked the caliph as he was leading the morning prayers. Hazrat ‘Umar could not survive his injuries and 3 days after his attack he passed away in Madina. As per his wishes he was buried in the Masjid e Nabawi next to the Prophet and Abu Bakr with Hazrat Ayesha’s permission. Various charges were laid against ‘Uthman during the second half of his caliphate. He was accused of appointing his relatives in high positions in the caliphate, spending money from the bait ul maal on them, burning copies of the Qur’an etc. The unrest against ‘Uthman finally resulted in the rebels surrounding his house. When after a long siege the rebels received the news that an elite force dispatched from Syria was 120 km away from Madina they decided to act. They attacked ‘Uthman’s house that was bravely defended by Hasan and Muhammad (Ali and Talha’s sons) who were wounded. ‘Uthman had instructed his household not to resist the rebels as he was their only target and they meekly laid down their arms. Marwan and his troops did put up a resistance and managed to push back a band of rebels. However, Marwan was seriously wounded and the rebels led by Muhammad ibn Abu Bakr reached the caliph as the Friday prayer was being called out. ‘Uthman was alone in his room with his wife Naila reading the Qur’an when the rebel’s sword blade pierced him. As his body lay on the ground one of the assassins pierced his shirt nine times and his wife Naila threw herself on him to protect his body from any further indignity. The year 660 had been the year of the two oaths and by the end of the year an informal truce was agreed upon between ‘Ali and Mu’awiya. The incident of the two oaths of loyalty imposed upon the Muslims not only angered many of the old believers but aroused the fury of the three Kharijites, who at the conclusion of hajj that year decided to act. On the 40th anniversary of the Prophet’s migration to Madina in 661 they would strike and free Islam from persecution by removing ‘Ali, Mu’awiya and Amr. Three attacks were planned to take place in the second week of Ramadan during Friday prayers in the great mosques at Fustat, Damascus and Kufa. The latter two however, got saved but ‘Ali suffered a mortal blow of which he died two days later at the age of 63. His burial place was never disclosed. 10 Question Answer Marks 3(b) In your opinion what lesson(s) can be learnt from the martyrdom of ‘Umar? It could be said that ‘Umar was a man of strong faith and principles and always remained firm in what he believed to be right and did not waver from what he thought to be the correct and just course of action. Candidates could go on to say that he was killed by Abu Lulu who was disgruntled by his decision to not relieve him from the payment of a tax. The lessons that Muslims learn from this tragic event could be given that leaders sometimes have to take unpopular decisions which could cause them difficulty but they must never opt to take the easy option rather they should do what is right; they must not shy away from their responsibilities for the sake of personal safety etc. All valid responses to be marked on their own merit. 4

4 (a) Write an account of the campaign led by Abu Bakr against the tribes refusing to pay zakat. [10] (b) How important in your view was the campaign against the tribes refusing to pay zakat? 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Mark scheme: 4(a) Write an account of the campaign led by Abu Bakr against the tribes refusing to pay zakat. Some tribes went back on their pledged allegiance to the Prophet and refused to pay zakat. In answering this question candidates could say why these tribes reneged on their pledge and how the caliph dealt with the tribes on the issue of non- payment of zakat. It could be said that he called the Shura to discuss this matter who advised him to not take action against the rebelling tribes at the time. His response to the Shura and the delegates who had come to ask for exemption could be written about in some detail in order to develop the answer. Also, an account of the attack launched by the tribes and Abu Bakr’s counter attack repulsing the tribes could be given in the answer. The eventual defeat of these tribes at Abraq by Abu Bakr could also be written about. Candidates could say that once the main army returned from Syria, Abu Bakr led the force personally and defeated the tribes which resulted in them sending delegates to Madina not only offering their allegiance to the caliph but also expressing their willingness to pay zakat. 10 4(b) How important in your view was this campaign against the tribes refusing to pay zakat? Answers could say that it was crucial as zakat is one of the Pillars of Islam and its exemption would have altered the faith. Also, it could be said that if Abu Bakr had not taken action other tribes could have made different demands e.g. exemption from fasting, asking to make alcohol lawful. Islam would not have remained in its original form. All valid responses to be credited. 4

5 (a) Write a detailed account of the following: • ihram; • tawaf; and • sa’i [10] (b) What is the significance of the Black Stone (Hajr al Aswad ) to Muslims? 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Mark scheme: 5(a) Write a detailed account of the following: ● ihram; ● tawaf ; and ● sa’i Before reaching miqat pilgrims must be in ihram which is to be in a state of ritual purity. It is for men dressing in two pieces of white seamless garments and for women it is their ordinary daily clothes which cover them completely, besides their faces and hands that constitutes their ihram. Before donning the ihram pilgrims need to bathe, remove unwanted hair, trim their nails, and perform wudu. Men’s heads should be uncovered and their footwear should not cover the ankle bone. Development of ihram would constitute candidates writing about some or many of its restrictions. Tawaf means going around the Ka’ba anti clockwise seven times. It starts from the Hajr al Aswad, a pilgrim walks keeping the Ka’ba to his/her left. During tawaf one should be engaged in the dhikr of God, to recite the third kalima is recommended. Candidates could also say that from the Yamani Gate the pilgrim should recite Rabbana atina fid duniya«. Each time the pilgrim passes the Hajr al Aswad he/she should raise the right hand towards it and say Allah u Akbar. As development it could be said that male pilgrims walk at a faster pace for the first three circuits and place the top piece, rida, of their ihram under the right arm and the ends of it over the left shoulder from the start till the end of tawaf. Some candidates may also go on to give names of the various types of tawaf. Sa’i starts from Safa and ends at Marwa. Safa to Marwa is one round and Marwa to Safa the second. During each round men run the distance between the two green pillars following the practise of the Prophet. Dhikr of God should be continued during the seven rounds. Before the start of Sa’i intention to perform it is made. Some candidates could write about why Sa’i is performed and write about its history mentioning Hajar and Ismail. 10 5(b) What is the significance of the Black Stone (Hajr al Aswad) to Muslims? Candidates could say that some believe it’s a meteor that fell from the sky, whilst others believe that an angel brought the stone to Hazrat Ibrahim when he was building the Ka’ba. Throughout history because of natural disasters the Ka’ba has been destroyed and rebuilt many times but the Hajr al Aswad has always remained as a reminder of the origin of the Ka’ba. Candidates could say that it is significant also because it is the only part remaining from the original structure that was built by Ibrahim. It could also be said that one is identifying with Ibrahim, when one touches it or raises one’s hand towards it, who is the spiritual father of monotheism and that by touching it and kissing it a Muslim is following the Sunna of the Prophet. 4