Cambridge A Level Global Perspectives and Research 9239 — 2024 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 1

This document has 4 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. [Turn over Cambridge International AS & A Level GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES & RESEARCH 9239/11 Paper 1 Written Exam October/November 2024 1 hour 30 minutes You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet. You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed) Insert (enclosed) INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer all questions. ● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper, ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 45. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. ● The insert contains all the resources referred to in the questions. DC (CE) 326980/1 © UCLES 2024 * 2 7 9 4 2 9 7 2 5 6 *

2 9239/11/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 Read both documents in the accompanying insert and answer all the questions. You should spend approximately 15 minutes reading both documents in the insert before attempting to answer the questions. This is allowed for in the time set for the exam. Write brief answers to Question 1, using short sentences or bullet points. Write your answers to Question 2 and Question 3 in continuous prose. 1 Study Documents A and B. (a) The author of Document A argues for a reduction in meat consumption to protect the environment. Identify three of the planet’s most serious environmental challenges, as given by the author of Document A. [3] (b) The author of Document B argues that veganism is not the only solution to the climate crisis. Identify two examples of environments that are not suitable for growing vegetables, as given by the author of Document B. [2] 2 Study Document A. Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence used by the author of Document A to support their argument that a reduction in meat consumption is needed to protect the environment. In your answer, include the impact of the evidence on the author’s argument. [15] 3 Study Documents A and B. The authors of the two documents present different arguments and perspectives about the role of veganism in solving the climate crisis. Evaluate the arguments of the authors of both documents. In your answer, consider their perspectives and include a reasoned judgement about whether one argument is stronger than the other. [25]

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4 9239/11/O/N/24 © UCLES 2024 Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE

This document consists of 25 printed pages. © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 [Turn over Cambridge International AS Level GLOBAL PERSPECTIVES & RESEARCH 9239/11 Paper 1 Written Exam October/November 2024 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 45 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2024 series for most Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level components, and some Cambridge O Level components.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 2 of 25 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptions for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 3 of 25 GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 4 of 25 Social Science-Specific Marking Principles (for point-based marking) 1 Components using point-based marking: • Point marking is often used to reward knowledge, understanding and application of skills. We give credit where the candidate’s answer shows relevant knowledge, understanding and application of skills in answering the question. We do not give credit where the answer shows confusion. From this it follows that we: a DO credit answers which are worded differently from the mark scheme if they clearly convey the same meaning (unless the mark scheme requires a specific term) b DO credit alternative answers/examples which are not written in the mark scheme if they are correct c DO credit answers where candidates give more than one correct answer in one prompt/numbered/scaffolded space where extended writing is required rather than list-type answers. For example, questions that require n reasons (e.g. State two reasons …). d DO NOT credit answers simply for using a ‘key term’ unless that is all that is required. (Check for evidence it is understood and not used wrongly.) e DO NOT credit answers which are obviously self-contradicting or trying to cover all possibilities f DO NOT give further credit for what is effectively repetition of a correct point already credited unless the language itself is being tested. This applies equally to ‘mirror statements’ (i.e. polluted/not polluted). g DO NOT require spellings to be correct, unless this is part of the test. However spellings of syllabus terms must allow for clear and unambiguous separation from other syllabus terms with which they may be confused (e.g. Corrasion/Corrosion) 2 Presentation of mark scheme: • Slashes (/) or the word ‘or’ separate alternative ways of making the same point. • Semi colons (;) bullet points (•) or figures in brackets (1) separate different points. • Content in the answer column in brackets is for examiner information/context to clarify the marking but is not required to earn the mark (except Accounting syllabuses where they indicate negative numbers).

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 5 of 25 3 Calculation questions: • The mark scheme will show the steps in the most likely correct method(s), the mark for each step, the correct answer(s) and the mark for each answer • If working/explanation is considered essential for full credit, this will be indicated in the question paper and in the mark scheme. In all other instances, the correct answer to a calculation should be given full credit, even if no supporting working is shown. • Where the candidate uses a valid method which is not covered by the mark scheme, award equivalent marks for reaching equivalent stages. • Where an answer makes use of a candidate’s own incorrect figure from previous working, the ‘own figure rule’ applies: full marks will be given if a correct and complete method is used. Further guidance will be included in the mark scheme where necessary and any exceptions to this general principle will be noted. 4 Annotation: • For point marking, ticks can be used to indicate correct answers and crosses can be used to indicate wrong answers. There is no direct relationship between ticks and marks. Ticks have no defined meaning for levels of response marking. • For levels of response marking, the level awarded should be annotated on the script. • Other annotations will be used by examiners as agreed during standardisation, and the meaning will be understood by all examiners who marked that paper.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 6 of 25 Instructions for examiners The total mark for this paper is 45. Question 1 assesses AO1 skills. Question 2 assesses AO1 skills. Question 3 assesses AO1 and AO3 skills. Question 1 is points marked using or . Answers to Question 1 can be brief, using short sentences or bullet points. Answers to Question 2 and Question 3 should be written in continuous prose. For Question 2 and Question 3 annotate clearly in the left-hand margin according to the specific instructions provided. Refer to the marking grid at the end of each question to award a mark based on the annotations for each aspect (e.g. AO1(a)). Record the mark for each aspect (e.g. AO1(a)) in the right-hand marking panel on RM Assessor. Indicative content or exemplar responses are provided as a guide. Inevitably, the mark scheme cannot cover all responses that candidates may make for all the questions. In some cases, candidates may make responses which the mark scheme has not predicted. These answers should nevertheless be credited according to their relevance and quality. The definition of perspective used in this syllabus is: a perspective is a coherent world view which is a response to an issue. It is made up of argument, evidence, assumptions and may be influenced by a particular context.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 7 of 25 Question Answer Marks 1(a) The author of Document A argues for a reduction in meat consumption to protect the environment. Identify three of the planet’s most serious environmental challenges, as given by the author of Document A. The question assesses AO1. Answers to Question 1 can be brief, using short sentences or bullet points. Show a correct answer with ✓ in the text, up to a maximum of three marks. • Deforestation (in the Brazilian Amazon) • Ice melting (Greenland’s ice sheets / Antarctic glaciers / Arctic Sea ice) • Climate change / rising temperatures Do not accept: • degrading the planet’s capacity to support human life (just a description of a problem) • record concentrations of greenhouse gas (this is a driver / reason why icecaps are melting) • global meat consumption has doubled (a cause of the problem) • Almost all of the planet’s resources are now utilised by humans (a cause of the problem) 3

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 8 of 25 Question Answer Marks 1(b) The author of Document B argues that veganism is not the only solution to the climate crisis. Identify two examples of environments that are not suitable for growing vegetables, as given by the author of Document B. The question assesses AO1. Answers to Question 1 can be brief, using short sentences or bullet points. Show a correct answer with ✓ in the text, up to a maximum of two marks. • (Very) cold (climates) (in parts of the world ) • Dry / rocky (ranches / soil / environment) (In many cases, cattle are raised on land that is not suitable for vegetable crops) Do not accept: • Mexico / Ecuador • Methane production (wasn’t destroying the environment - might have led to this accidentally) • Monocultures • Diverse habitats 2

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 9 of 25 Instructions for Question 2 The question assesses AO1 (Research, analysis and evaluation). Answers should be written in continuous prose. There is no requirement for candidates to use technical terms to access any level and candidates will NOT be rewarded for their use unless they link them directly to the assessment made. Annotate clearly in the left-hand margin according to the instructions provided below. There are three aspects to consider when marking the answer. Annotations for each aspect are listed in increasing order of significance. For example, in AO1(a) EG reflects a higher skill than T. This is reflected in the mark tables. • Identify evidence (AO1(a)). Candidates should identify a range of types of evidence and give examples. Annotate with T if no example given or EG if type is given and exemplified. T Identify type of evidence (without an example). EG Example of type of evidence. • Analyse strengths and weaknesses of evidence (AO1(b)). Candidates should analyse both strengths and weaknesses of a range of evidence used by the author including an explanation. For limited explanation use + for strength and – for weakness. For clear explanation use EXP. + Strength of evidence recognised but with limited explanation. - Weakness of evidence recognised but with limited explanation. EXP Strength or weakness of evidence clearly explained. • Evaluate evidence (AO1(c)). Impact of evidence may be asserted and not explained (A), evaluation may be attempted but not explained (I ^) [I and ^ are two separate annotations on RM]. Candidates explain the impact of evidence on the author’s argument / perspective [I] and include a judgement of its effectiveness (I J). A Impact of evidence is asserted and not explained.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 10 of 25 I ^ Shows undeveloped point of evaluation. Evaluation attempted but not explained. I Evaluation of impact of evidence on argument / perspective. I J Evaluation of impact of evidence on argument / perspective and includes judgement.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 11 of 25 Marking Grid for Question 2 Examiners should allocate a mark for each aspect (AO1(a), AO1(b), AO1(c)), using the mark descriptors and required annotations. AO1 Research, analysis and evaluation AO1(a) Identify evidence Marks Annotations Identifies a wide range of different types of evidence with examples 5 4 EG or more Identifies a range of different types of evidence with examples 4 3 EG Identifies a limited range of different types of evidence with examples 3 2 EG Identifies a limited range of evidence, using different types or examples 2 2T or 1EG Identifies one type of evidence 1 1T Identification of evidence is not present. No creditable material. 0 No T or No EG AO1(b) Analyse strengths and weaknesses of evidence Marks Annotations Analyses strengths and weaknesses of a wide range of evidence with clear explanation 5 2 + (or more) and 2 – (or more) with 2 or more EXP Analyses strengths and weaknesses of a range of evidence with clear explanation 4 2 + (or more) and 1 – (or more) (or opposite) with 1 EXP Analyses strengths and weaknesses of a range of evidence with limited explanation 3 2 + (or more) and 1 – (or more) (or opposite) Analyses strengths or weaknesses of a range of evidence with limited explanation 2 [2+] or [2-] or [1+ and 1-] Explanation of strengths or weaknesses of evidence is limited 1 [1+] or [1-] No analysis is present. No creditable material. 0 No + or – or EXP

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 12 of 25 AO1(c) Evaluate evidence Marks Annotations Evaluation includes explanation of the impact of evidence on the argument / perspective and makes a range of reasoned judgements 5 2 I (or more) and I J Evaluation includes explanation of the impact of evidence on the argument / perspective and make a reasoned judgement 4 2 I (or more) Evaluation includes an explanation of the impact of evidence on the argument / perspective 3 1 I Evaluation is attempted but lacks clarity, and the impact of evidence on the argument / perspective is not explained 2 1 I ˄ (or more) The impact of evidence on the argument / perspective is asserted and not explained 1 1 A (or more) No evaluation is present. No creditable material. 0 No A, I^, I or I J Examiners allocate a mark for each aspect (AO1(a), AO1(b), AO1(c)), using the mark descriptors and required annotations.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 13 of 25 Question Answer Marks 2 Assess the strengths and weaknesses of the evidence used by the author of Document A to support their argument that a reduction in meat consumption is needed to protect the environment. In your answer, include the impact of the evidence on the author’s argument. Indicative content Only reward assessment of types of evidence. Do not reward references to date or place of publication / components or structure of argument / language or tone. No set answer is expected, and examiners should be flexible in their approach. Candidates may include some of the following indicative content. Strengths • Use of authoritative sources (T), such as Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (EG) is trustworthy (+) because an international climate change panel would have access to accurate evidence that 71% of the earth’s ice–free land cover is currently used for activities related to the meat industry and so their evidence is reliable (EXP). This source would help to convince the reader that the meat industry damages the environment because the information is reliable and can be fact checked (I). • Relevant statistics, e.g. 23% of gasses are a product of agricultural and forestry activities, 71% of the earth’s ice–free land used for activities related to the meat industry. • Official sources, e.g. IPCC, IOPscience, National Geographic. • Expert sources, e.g. author Daniel Orenstein the Environmental Scientist, National Geographic. • Plausible evidence, e.g. ‘Since 1961, global meat consumption has doubled, and along with it, the environmental impact is plausible (that increased meat consumption has caused/accompanied environmental problems). • Relevant examples, e.g. planet’s most serious environmental challenges: deforestation, Greenland’s ice sheets melting, greenhouse gas. 15

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 14 of 25 Question Answer Marks 2 • Primary evidence / first hand source, from the author’s daughter who is a committed vegan. • Motive to produce accurate evidence / vested interest, e.g. as an Environmental Scientist, Orenstein would want to provide accuracy scientifically. Weaknesses • Lack of specific causal support, e.g. ‘since 1961, global meat consumption has doubled, and along with it, the environmental impact’, with no evidential proof that one caused the other. • Unbalanced evidence, e.g. no evidential benefit of meat consumption or meat industry. (Bias or lack of counterargument can only be credited if it is clearly linked to one sided evidence / lack of evidence in favour of meat production / consumption.) • Use of estimates, e.g. ‘Almost all of the planet’s resources’, ‘all the scientific evidence’. • Lack of clarity, e.g. ‘major environmental and health improvements could be made’ with no specific evidence to support either potential improvement. • Some unsourced evidence, e.g. ‘Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon’, ‘Since 1961’. • Use of opinions / unsupported evidence, e.g. the claims are derived from the author’s daughter’s personal views. • Non expert source – Orenstein’s daughter is a vegan, but there is no evidence that she is an expert on the climate.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 15 of 25 Instructions for Question 3 The question assesses AO1 (Research, analysis and evaluation) and AO3 (Communication). Answers should be written in continuous prose. There is no requirement for candidates to use technical terms to access any level and candidates will NOT be rewarded for their use unless they link them directly to the assessment made. A perspective is made up of argument, evidence and assumptions and may be influenced by a particular context. Annotate clearly in the left-hand margin according to the instructions provided below. There are five aspects to consider when marking the answer. Annotations for each aspect are listed in increasing order of significance. For example, in AO1(a) C reflects a higher skill than K. This is reflected in the mark tables. • Identify and compare key components of arguments (AO1(a)). Candidates should identify a range of key components of arguments from both documents. Annotate with K if key component is identified for one document and C if key component is compared for both documents. K Identification of key component of argument for one document. C Comparison of key components from both documents. • Analyse and compare perspectives (AO1(b)). Candidates should analyse by identifying, describing and explaining the perspectives given in both documents. Identification only (P ^), identification with limited description (P), comparing and describing in both documents (PD) and comparing and explaining in both documents (PE). P ^ Identification of perspectives with no description. P Identification of perspectives with limited description. PD Analyses by comparing and describing perspectives in both documents. PE Analyses by comparing and explaining perspectives in both documents.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 16 of 25 • Evaluate arguments (AO1(c)). Candidates should aim to evaluate key components of arguments with clearly illustrated and balanced reference to both documents. Evaluation may be unsupported (asserted) (ND). Evaluation includes illustration with reference to both documents (EVAL). ND Unsupported or undeveloped evaluation of a key component of argument. EVAL Evaluation of key components of argument. • Judgement about argument and perspective (AO1(d)). Candidates should aim to give a reasoned and supported answer which includes intermediate conclusions and a main conclusion. The judgement may be unsupported (U ^ or U), partly supported (J ^) or clearly reasoned and supported (J). U ^ Unsupported judgement – stated only U Unsupported judgement – with reasoning J ^ Partly supported judgement – with reasoning J Supported judgement – with reasoning • Communication (AO3). A candidate should aim to produce a clearly expressed, well-structured and logical argument that is focused throughout on the question. Structure should include introduction, clear paragraphs and conclusion, should flow and answer the question. Each paragraph should follow on logically and contain a separate point. Each new idea should be clearly indicated – preferably in a new paragraph. “Logical” means that it is easy to follow the argument as there are no sudden changes of direction leading to confusion in the reader. No annotation is required except NAQ to show not linking to the question. The mark should be selected by using the guidance that follows the mark tables. Choose the most appropriate descriptor in the marking grid. NAQ Not answering the question

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 17 of 25 Marking grid for Question 3 – AO1 Research, analysis and evaluation AO1(a) Identify and compare key components of arguments Marks Annotations Compares a wide range of key components of arguments from both documents 5 3 C or more Compares a range of key components of arguments from both documents 4 2 C Compares a limited range of key components of arguments from both documents 3 1 C Identifies key components of arguments with no comparison 2 2 K or more Limited identification of key components of arguments with no comparison 1 1 K No identification of arguments. No creditable material. 0 No K, C AO1(b) Analyse and compare perspectives Marks Annotations Analyses by comparing and explaining the perspectives given in both documents 5 1 PE or more Analyses by comparing and describing the perspectives given in both documents 4 1 PD or more Identifies and compares both perspectives but with limited description 3 2 P (one for each Doc) Identifies one perspective but with limited description 2 P Identifies one perspective with no description 1 P ^ No identification of perspectives. No creditable material. 0 No P^, P, PD or PE

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 18 of 25 AO1(c) Evaluate arguments Marks Annotations Evaluation of key components of arguments is illustrated by clear, balanced reference to both documents 5 4 or more EVAL (2 or more for each Doc) Evaluation of key components of arguments is illustrated by clear reference to both documents but lacks balance 4 3 or more EVAL (2 or more for one Doc and one for the other Doc) Evaluation of key components of arguments with limited reference to both documents 3 2 EVAL / 1 EVAL and 1 ND (both Docs) Evaluation of arguments is unsupported (asserted) but refers to both documents 2 2 ND refers to Doc A and Doc B Evaluation of arguments is unsupported (asserted) and only refers to one document 1 1 ND No evaluation is present. No creditable material. 0 No ND or EVAL AO1(d) Judgement about argument and perspective Marks Annotations Judgement is clearly reasoned and supported. Includes intermediate conclusions and a main conclusion 5 J intermediate and J in the final conclusion OR J ^ intermediate and J in the final conclusion Judgement is clearly reasoned and supported. Includes either intermediate conclusion(s) or a main conclusion 4 J intermediate or in the final conclusion Judgement is reasoned but is only partly supported. Includes either inter mediate conclusion(s) or a main conclusion 3 J ^ intermediate or in the final conclusion Judgement is reasoned but not supported 2 U Judgement is stated without reasons or support 1 U ^ No judgement is made. No creditable material. 0 No U^, U, J^ or J

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 19 of 25 AO3 Communication Communication Marks Guidance Produces a clearly written, well-structured and logical argument that is focused throughout on the question 5 Meets the descriptor – and contains no NAQ Produces a clearly written, well-structured argument that links to the question 4 Meets the descriptor Produces a clearly written argument with uneven structure that links to the question 3 Meets the descriptor Produces an argument that lacks clarity and structure and does not always link to the question 2 Meets the descriptor Communication is cursory or descriptive and lacks structure 1 Meets the descriptor No creditable material 0 Meets the descriptor – NAQ throughout Examiners should allocate a mark for each aspect (AO1(a), AO1(b), AO1(c), AO1(d) and AO3), using the mark descriptors and required annotations.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 20 of 25 Guidance for awarding marks for AO3 in Question 3. NOTE ‘clearly written’ refers to the content and the ease of being able to follow the candidate’s argument. It should be thought of as: ‘clearly expressed’. The quality of handwriting should not be considered as a factor when awarding marks. This is not what clearly written means in the descriptors. If a candidate made little attempt to answer the question and had lots of NAQ (e.g. was very descriptive or wrote an essay on their own opinion of the subject matter) the maximum score is 2 marks. If a candidate wrote very little / wrote in bullet points / has limited content that addresses the question the maximum score is 2 marks. If a candidate makes no attempt to develop an argument at all, the maximum score is 1 mark. If a candidate wrote in continuous prose, expressed themselves clearly and addressed the question, start at 3 marks – then consider if it better fits the descriptions above or below 3 marks. If the answer was not clearly expressed or focussed mainly on one document, it lacks clarity and has uneven structure and may only be worth 2 marks. If the answer has an introduction, clear paragraphs, considers both documents in a balanced way, reaches a judgement and generally links to the question it could be worth 4 marks. If the answer contains the criteria for 4 marks above, is logical and has no irrelevant content (No NAQ) it could be worth 5 marks.

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 21 of 25 Question Answer Marks 3 The authors of the two documents present different arguments and perspectives about the role of veganism in solving the climate crisis. Evaluate the arguments of the authors of both documents. In your answer, consider their perspectives and include a reasoned judgement about whether one argument is stronger than the other. No set answer is expected, and examiners should be flexible in their approach. Candidates may include some parts of the following indicative content. Indicative content – perspectives (AO1(b)) A perspective is made up of argument, evidence and assumptions and may be influenced by a particular [global] context. The perspective is the overall point the author is making / what the author is writing about / what overall argument the author is making. It gives an overview. (The other AO1 aspects consider the key components of argument, evaluation and judgement, and so the individual components of the authors’ argument.) Both documents discuss whether a reduction in meat consumption has a positive effect on the environment or not (P^). Document A argues that a reduction in meat consumption is the key to lower environmental damage (P). Document B argues that veganism is not the solution to climate change stating that farming animals have benefits when managed properly (P). PD requires analysis by comparing and describing perspectives for both documents. It requires comparison, not just placing two separate points for each document next to each other. Document (A) sets up the argument that meatless diets are a saviour to the environment and continuing a meat diet will be detrimental to said environment (P). The author Orenstien provides myriad evidence and statistics to back his point. He includes details of all the ways that eating meat negatively impacts the earth. Document (B) sets up the argument that while a solution to climate change needs to be made, veganism or cutting out meat is not that solution (P). Pinero, the author, includes insight into what all factors are causing or directly adding to the issues in the climate. They also provide details on the proposed solutions to reducing climate change through veganism and the limitations and drawbacks of those ideas. More information is also provided on the impact that vegan agriculture has on the environment (PD). 25

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 22 of 25 Question Answer Marks 3 Document (A)’s perspective is that the increase in meat consumption and production is continuing to cause huge environmental damage and only a massive reduction will save the planet. This is because the author is an Environmental Scientist with a vegan daughter who has been swayed to the vegan argument regarding the climate crisis (PE). In contrast, Document (B) has a more balanced perspective about the role of veganism, stressing that veganism cannot be the primary solution to the crisis. This is because the author looks at the benefits of animal husbandry and the drawbacks and impossibilities of a purely vegan world (PE). Indicative content – Arguments No set answer is expected, and examiners should be flexible in their approach. At each point of comparison, candidates may argue that either Document is stronger, or they are equally strong. Candidates may include some of the following indicative content. [Example only]: (all annotations are given to show progression. In practice K and ND would not be needed here). The language used in Document (A) is informal (K) and effective; the author starts the argument with anecdotes and language relatable to readers, e.g. ‘that stereotypical vegan – impatient, self-righteous’ (ND). The language used is strong, because readers can identify with the descriptions early on which draws them into engaging with the argument (EVAL). The language used in Document (B) is more formal and potentially less effective (C). Document (B) states its main point, lists its reasons and concludes in a way that is dry (ND) and less likely to draw the reader in emotionally, using phrases like ‘deplete the soil’ and ‘destroy diverse habitats’ (EVAL). This makes the use of engaging language such as reference to the authors daughter in Document (A) stronger and potentially more convincing for readers than the organised but formal language in Document (B), even though a scientific argument often needs facts (J). Use of counterarguments / counterclaims – Document (B) provides counterarguments (e.g. ‘much ado is made about the methane emissions from animal agriculture’, ‘we see statistics about increasing yield simply by switching from cattle to fruits and vegetables’) and responds to them effectively whereas Document (A) only includes counterclaims that are not discussed or effectively responded to (‘There are circumstances in which meat can be a sustainable part of the human diet.’).

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 23 of 25 Question Answer Marks 3 Named sources – Document (A) uses more official named sources (e.g. IPCC, IOPscience, Alejandra Borunda in National Geographic) whereas Document (B) provides only one named source (National Geographic). Balance of argument – Document (B) is more balanced, all of its evidence and structure leads to the balanced conclusion; whereas Document (A)’s conclusion is more of an assertion that is not entirely supported by the wide variety of points made. Relevant examples – both documents use relevant examples to support their reasoning – Document (A): deforestation, greenhouse gas, ice melting. Document (B): dry, rocky ranches, very cold climates, bananas from Ecuador and avocados from Mexico. Indicative content – Judgement Candidates may introduce their answer with an unsupported judgement as to which, if any, argument is stronger (U^). Judgement will normally occur at the end of a point, especially as an intermediate judgement at the end of a paragraph. Use U^ or U, for unsupported judgements and where the candidate refers to one document only. J^ and J are used when an answer directly refers to both documents and answers the question by including a reasoned judgement about whether one argument is stronger than the other. A candidate may conclude that Document (A) has a stronger argument as it is much more academic and provides cited evidence, as well as being relatable. The use of official sources, and a strong provenance, strengthens the evidence given and therefore provides a stronger argument that we must reduce our meat production and consumption if we want to halt the climate crisis (J). A candidate may conclude that Document (B) has a stronger argument, as it is more organised and more balanced. Its structure is more balanced because it provides counterarguments. This acknowledgement of alternative perspectives strengthens its argument that veganism is not the only or best solution to the climate crisis. A candidate may conclude that both documents have their strengths and weaknesses. Document (A) is much more academic and provides cited evidence, as well as being relatable, which makes it strong, but it only looks at the negative impact of meat–eating which weakens it. Document (B) is more organised and slightly more balanced, with its use of counterclaims. So, on balance, both arguments are valid and so neither is particularly stronger than the other (J).

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 24 of 25 Annotation Meaning Correct, creditworthy point. Used in Question 1 only. Incorrect point. Used in Question 1 only. T Identify type of evidence (Without an example). Used in Question 2 (AO1(a)). EG Example of type of Evidence. Used in Question 2 (AO1(a)). + or– Strength or weakness of evidence recognised but with limited explanation. Used in Question 2 (AO1(b)). EXP Strength or weakness of evidence clearly explained. Used in Question 2 (AO1(b)). A Impact of evidence is asserted and not explained. Used in Question 2 (AO1(c)). ^ Shows undeveloped point. Added to other annotations (EVAL, P, J and U in Question 2 and Question 3). I Evaluation of impact of evidence on argument / perspective. Used in Question 2 (AO1(c)). J Added to I to show the inclusion of a judgement. Used in Question 2 (AO1(c)). K Identification of key component of argument. Used in Question 3 (AO1(a)). C Comparison of key components from both documents. Used in Question 3 (AO1(a)). P Identification of perspectives with limited description. Used in Question 3 (AO1(b)). PD Analyses by comparing and describing perspectives in both documents. Used in Question 3 (AO1(b)). PE Analyses by comparing and explaining perspectives in both documents. Used in Question 3 (AO1(b)). ND Unsupported evaluation of argument. Used in Question 3 (AO1(c)).

9239/11 Cambridge International AS Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2024 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 25 of 25 Annotation Meaning EVAL Evaluation of argument in both documents. Used in Question 3 (AO1(c)). U Unsupported judgement. Used in Question 3 (AO1(d)). J Supported judgement. Used in Question 3 (AO1(d)). Not answering the question. Repetition. When repeating a point as a summary or simply stating another example that does not develop the evaluation. SEEN To show that answers / pages have been assessed. On Page Comment. Used where necessary to clarify a decision. ? Unclear point