Cambridge A Level English General Paper 8021 — 2019 Oct/Nov Paper 2 · Variant 3

1 (a) In your own words, explain why there has been a dramatic increase in the number of journeys being made by air each year. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] (b) Explain how the state of Tonrovia would benefit from airport expansion in the south-east region. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (c) Considering the advantages and at least one disadvantage, explain which one of the options would be most suitable to increase the runway capacity in Tonrovia. You should concentrate on your chosen option and not refer to the other options. Answer in continuous prose in about 100 words. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [10] (d) Considering three disadvantages and one advantage, explain which one of the two remaining options would be least suitable to increase the runway capacity in Tonrovia. You should concentrate on your chosen option and not refer to the other options. Answer using your own words as far as possible. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [8] [Total: 25]

Mark scheme: Question Answer Marks 1(a) In your own words, explain why there has been a dramatic increase in 3 the number of journeys being made by air each year. • A lot more people are going on holiday/business by air than ever before (1) • People have more money to spend as wages are higher so (1) they go on holiday more (1) • Low-cost airlines have made it easier to fly to more destinations (1) for a reasonable price (1) • People have more time off work than previously (1) and that holiday is paid (1) • Business is now more global (1) so people are required to travel more (to branch factories and offices from headquarters) (1) 1(b) Explain how the state of Tonrovia would benefit overall from airport 4 expansion in the south east region. • Such a project will increase the state’s ability to take advantage of recent growth in people’s movements around the world (1) • Increase it flights to emerging economies (1) • It’s current capacity prohibits the country’s ambition (1) and it is losing passengers to its neighbours (1) • Increasingly passengers are choosing to travel to other hubs in neighbouring countries (1) to avoid delays/expensive costs of tickets (1) • Any airport expansion will stimulate growth in the local economies (1) through direct job creation (1) generate demand for housing(1) services as a multiplier effect takes hold (1) • Improved connectivity in the south east will boost Tonrovia’s economy (as a whole) (1) though increased economic activity (1) 1(c) Considering the advantages and at least one disadvantage, explain which 10 one of the options would be most suitable to increase the runway capacity in Tonrovia. You should concentrate on your chosen option and not refer to the other options. Answer in continuous prose in about 100 words. Arguments in favour of each airport: Option X Stimton • It could challenge other airports as world leader – and increase its ranking • Expansion is supported by airlines • Local population nearby (close on the map) could benefit from jobs in construction and afterwards • Only part of the cost would be funded by taxation so not all the burden falls on the tax payer • It is already an important site so worthy of further investment holding a key role in the south-east region and national economy Option Y Mainstone • Cheapest option $8 billion so economically more viable • Privately funded so no burden on the taxpayer • There are fewer people to fly over in this area as most urban areas are to the west so less impact on children in school/less stress and health risks for locals • Infrastructure/transport improvement will have long-term positive impact • Access may be least congested as not directly on main orbital motorway junction/smaller junction/nor in a built up urban area • No need to demolish homes – Mainstone is surrounded by farmland; Map indicates there is room for expansion Option Z Brand new airport • Derelict area in need of economic stimulation/government spending and jobs to regenerate • Proposed 20 000 jobs both in construction and in local business attracted to the area • Could provide an opportunity to divert traffic away from other motorway junctions and give travelers a better journey to the airport • No need to demolish homes and disrupt local people/compensate • Creates brand new capacity which could be attractive to travelers 1(c) Arguments against each site: Option X Stimton • Appear to affect most people with noise/pollution surrounded to east, south and west by residential areas • OR Approaching planes will fly from the east and south and take off to the west over large population area – affecting children in schools/locals • It is situated near a large motorway junction in the west and already congested; more passengers would only increase this • Quite a high burden on taxpayer and could be an unpopular choice for (local) government • Concentrating the focus on an already large airport so not spreading the multiplier effect • Air pollution is already high and would be increased Option Y Mainstone • Private funding can be unreliable/unpredictable which means it may not get finished/not be fit for purpose • Unspoilt land may be lost (looks rural on map) so environmental consideration • Infrastructure/transport building can be disruptive cause inconvenience to local people • Air pollution is already high and would be further increased Option Z Brand new airport • Most expensive option $50 billion – large amount of money needed for schools, housing, etc. instead (if it is tax payers money)/can it be justified? • Unclear where the funding is coming from this may hold up development • It will take the longest time to build (7 years) so it does not give a quick solution • Estuary land (nearby) is a special scientific site – environmentally negative option • SSSI Birds may cause damage/be damaged to the aircraft during takeoff and landing 1(c) Four factors that are balanced (3 for and 1 against), written coherently and clearly expressed response are needed for top band Levels Mark(s) Descriptors 4 9–10 • Capacity to interpret evidence and sustained ability to present relevant arguments, analysis and exemplification maintaining a strong focus on the main issues in the question • Comprehensive approach demonstrating ability to identify and select relevant information, data, concepts and opinions and maintain a strong focus on the key issues • Shows the ability to communicate clearly and accurately in a fluent and organised manner 3 6–8 • Moderate range of arguments, analysis and exemplification covering some of the main issues in the question • Demonstrating some grasp of the nature of key issues but with a restricted range or a loss of focus leading to the inclusion of some irrelevant material • Shows the ability to communicate clearly and accurately in a fluent and organised manner 2 3–5 • Limited analysis shown in a response consisting of mainly undeveloped material • A modest range of selected points, perhaps some of which are irrelevant or incorrect • Ability to convey meaning but with limited powers of expression with some errors in spelling, punctuation or grammar which impede the flow and hinder communication 1 2–1 • Some simple, mainly unexplained or undeveloped points or perhaps a very narrow range – with little interpretation or analysis and little development or exemplification • Limited range, dubious choice showing restricted appreciation of key issues • Ability to convey meaning but with limited powers of expression with some errors in spelling, punctuation or grammar which impede the flow and hinder communication 0 0 • A mark of zero should be awarded for no creditable content 1(d) Considering three disadvantages and one advantage, explain which one 8 of the two remaining options would be least suitable to increase the runway capacity in Tonrovia. You should concentrate on your chosen option and not refer to the other options. Answer using your own words as far as possible. Arguments against each site: Option X Stimton • Appear to affect most people with noise/pollution (1) surrounded to east, south and west by residential areas (1) • OR Approaching planes will fly from the east and south and take off to the west over large population area (1) – affecting children in schools/locals (1) • It is situated near a large motorway junction in the west and already congested (1); more passengers would only increase this (1) • Quite a high burden on taxpayer (1) and could be an unpopular choice for (local) government (1) • Concentrating the focus on an already large airport (1) so not spreading the multiplier effect (1) Option Y Mainstone • Private funding can be unreliable/unpredictable (1) which means it may not get finished/not be fit for purpose (1) • Infrastructure/transport building can be disruptive (1) cause inconvenience to local people (1) • Unspoilt land may be lost (looks rural on map) (1) so environmental consideration (1) • Air pollution is already high and would be further increased (1) Option Z Brand new airport • Most expensive option $50 billion (1) – large amount of money needed for schools, housing, etc. instead (if it is tax payers money) (1)/can it be justified? (1) • Unclear where the funding is coming from (1) this may hold up development (1) • It will take the longest time to build (7 years) (1) so it does not give a quick solution (1) • Estuary land (nearby) is a special scientific site (1) – environmentally negative option (1) • SSSI Birds may cause damage/be damaged (1) to the aircraft during takeoff and landing (1) 1(d) Arguments in favour of each airport: Option X Stimton • Another runway would increase capacity (1) – passengers find it expensive and go elsewhere in Europe to change planes • It could challenge other airports as world leader – and increase its ranking • Expansion is supported by airlines (1) • It is already an important site (1) so worthy of further investment holding a key role in the south-east region and national economy (1) • Local population nearby (close on the map) (1) could benefit from jobs in construction and afterwards (1) • Only part of the cost would be funded by taxation (1) so not all the burden falls on the tax payer (1) Option Y Mainstone • Cheapest option $8 billion (1) so economically more viable (1) • Privately funded (1) so no burden on the taxpayer (1) • Infrastructure/transport improvement (1) will have long-term positive impact (1) • There are fewer people to fly over in this area as most urban areas are to the west (1) so less impact on children in school/less stress and health risks for locals (1) • Access may be less congested than other options (1) as not directly on main orbital motorway junction/smaller junction/nor in a built up urban area (1) • No need to demolish homes (1) – Mainstone is surrounded by farmland (1); Map indicates there is room for expansion Option Z Brand new airport • Derelict area (1) in need of economic stimulation/government spending and jobs to regenerate (1) • Proposed 20 000 jobs both in construction and in local business attracted to the area (1) • Could provide an opportunity to divert traffic away from other motorway junctions (1) and give travelers a better journey to the airport • No need to demolish homes (1) and disrupt local people/compensate (1) • Creates brand new capacity (1) which could be attractive to travelers (1)

2 (a) Summarise the potential problems of autonomous cars, as stated in the first four paragraphs. Answer using your own words as far as possible. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [4] (b) State the meaning of the two following words or phrases as they are used in the material. You may write the answer in one word or a short phrase. (i) ‘a prank’ (line 11) ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [1] (ii) ‘freebie’ (line 34) ................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................ [1] (c) Why does Mr Musk think a ‘kill switch’ is such an important feature? Answer using your own words as far as possible. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [2] (d) Explain why over-the-air (OTA) software is thought to be a positive development. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [8] (e) Explain the risks of using OTA software. Do not repeat any material used in 2(a). ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [6] (f) Explain why some people may prefer to drive a conventional car. You should consider reasons other than those identified in the material. ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................................... [3] [Total: 25]

Mark scheme: 2(a) Summarise the potential problems of autonomous cars, as stated in the 4 first FOUR paragraphs. Answer using your own words as far as possible. There is a risk of someone in another place, e.g. a criminal (1) taking over the computer in the car (1) and taking control of the car (1). They could drive it to somewhere that the driver does not want to go (1) such as on the wrong side of the road (1). There is a risk that this could happen to driver-less cars as well (1). Someone could hack into the car (1). Increasingly exponentially/hugely (1) complicated/intelligent software needed for autonomous cars (1) 2(b)(i) State the meaning of the two following words or phrases as they are used 1 in the material. You may write the answer in one word or a short phrase. ‘a prank’ (line X) Noun. Joke/trick PRACTICALJOKE 2(b)(ii) ‘freebie’ (line X) something for no cost/give away 1 2(c) Why does Mr. Musk think a ‘kill switch’ is such an important feature? 2 Answer using your own words as far as possible. It is the ability to press a button (1) and disconnect/cut off a car from the internet (1) and stop malware affecting a car (1) so that the driver can bring the car under his/her control (1) immediately/very quickly (1) for driver/passenger safety (1) 2(d) Explain why over the air (OTA) software is thought to be a positive 8 development. • Cars increasingly have features such as automatic brakes, self-parking, etc. which need connecting to the internet (1) these need software to keep up to date (and OTA can do this more easily) (1) • Car owners do not have to waste time/money (1) by visit dealerships (1) • Car makers can have a quick response to problems/repair cars (1) by updating over the internet (1) • It is a safer option than sending out USB pens (1) that can be intercepted by criminals who can replace them with USB pens infected with malware (that can badly affect cars) (1) • An example from Tesla who recently increased the mileage capacity of their cars during a hurricane (1) to help people evacuate (1) 2(e) Explain the risks of using OTA software. Do not repeat any material used 6 in 2(a). • The uploading process can go wrong (1) and cause significant problems if a car is unusable (1)/15% car recalls in US related to software errors (1)/idea of virus (1) • Resending failed updates doesn’t always work (1) • Software can interfere with other parts of a car (1) and so need to separate different systems in a car (1) 2(f) Explain why some people may prefer to drive a conventional car. You 3 should consider reasons other than those identified in the material. • People like to feel in control (1) prefer to make decisions about manoeuvres themselves (1) • May be a car enthusiast (1) and enjoy the feel of an older/classic car (1) • Are wary of anything technological/skeptical (1) and prefer to stick with what they know (1) • Can only afford to buy a non-autonomous which tend to be cheaper (1) as electric cars are more expensive, e.g. Tesla) (1) • May in principle worry about general safety (1) are unconvinced that computer can react to every traffic situation (1)