Cambridge A Level Computer Science 9618 — 2025 Oct/Nov Paper 1 · Variant 3

[Turn over Cambridge International AS & A Level * 9 9 5 8 5 8 8 0 8 8 * This document has 16 pages. Any blank pages are indicated. DC (PB/CGW) 346717/4 © UCLES 2025 COMPUTER SCIENCE 9618/13 Paper 1 Theory Fundamentals October/November 2025 1 hour 30 minutes You must answer on the question paper. No additional materials are needed. INSTRUCTIONS ● Answer all questions. ● Use a black or dark blue pen. ● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page. ● Write your answer to each question in the space provided. ● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid. ● Do not write on any bar codes. ● You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. ● Calculators must not be used in this paper. INFORMATION ● The total mark for this paper is 75. ● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ]. ● No marks will be awarded for using brand names of software packages or hardware. ,










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2 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 1 (a) A student creates sound recordings. Making changes to a sound recording may impact the accuracy of the resulting sound file or the size of the file. Draw two lines from each change to the impacts it has on the sound file. Impact the file size gets bigger no change in the file size the file size gets smaller the accuracy of the sound file improves no change to the accuracy of the sound file the accuracy of the sound file worsens Change increase the duration of the recording increase the sampling rate decrease the sampling resolution [3] (b) The file names of the sound recordings are stored using the ASCII character set. Explain how text is represented by the ASCII character set. … … … … [2] (c) Give two differences between the ASCII and UNICODE character sets. 1 … … … 2 … … … [2] * 0000800000002 * ,










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3 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over 2 (a) Data in a computer system is represented in binary. Put one tick (3) in each row to identify the minimum number of bits used to store each example of data. Example of data Number of bits 4 8 16 24 32 64 128 the hexadecimal value F139 16 000 000 unique amplitude values an IPv4 address 256 unique colours an IPv6 address the denary value 65 000 [3] (b) Convert the denary number –108 into a 12‑bit two’s complement binary number. … [1] (c) A three‑place arithmetic shift to the right is performed on the following two’s complement negative integer. Show the result of this arithmetic shift. 10010011 … [1] (d) Convert the following positive binary integer into hexadecimal. 1110001100111011 … [1] * 0000800000003 * ,










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4 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 3 (a) Complete the truth table for the following logic expression: X = (A NOR B) NAND (C XOR B) A B C Working space X 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 [2] (b) Draw a logic circuit for the logic expression: X = NOT (((A AND B) OR C) AND (C NOR D)) X D C B A [2] * 0000800000004 * ,










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5 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over 4 A network engineer is setting up a Local Area Network (LAN) in an office. The network uses both wired and wireless connectivity. (a) Give three advantages of a wireless network compared to a wired network. 1 … … 2 … … 3 … … [3] (b) Give one drawback of using a wireless network. … … [1] (c) Complete the table by writing the name of the type of memory technology for each description. Description Memory technology A read only memory where the contents can be erased using a voltage pulse. The contents can be changed multiple times without physically removing the memory. A read only memory where the contents are erased using ultraviolet (UV) light. The memory must be physically removed to be reprogrammed. A read only memory where the contents can be written only once after manufacture. [3] * 0000800000005 * ,










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6 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 5 A company creates a relational database to store data about its customers. The database, REVIEWS, stores data about the customers, products, complaints and staff. The database has four tables: CUSTOMER(CustomerID, CustomerFirstName, CustomerLastName, CustomerEmail) PRODUCT(ProductID, ProductName, ProductDetail, Price, Rating) COMPLAINT(ComplaintID, ProductID, CustomerID, ComplaintDetails, StaffID) STAFF(StaffID, StaffFirstName, StaffLastName, Department, RemoteWorker) (a) Complete the entity‑relationship (E‑R) diagram for the database REVIEWS. CUSTOMER PRODUCT COMPLAINT STAFF [3] * 0000800000006 * ,










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7 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over (b) Some example data from the STAFF table is shown. StaffID StaffFirstName StaffLastName Department RemoteWorker 1 Ralph Jura E Yes 2 Luca Emcee A Yes 3 Darwin Acula F No Write a Structured Query Language (SQL) script to define the table STAFF. … … … … … … … … … … … … [4] (c) Products are given a rating between 1 and 10 inclusive. Write an SQL script to return only the ProductID, ProductName and ComplaintDetails for all products with a rating of 5 or less. The results need to be displayed in descending order of rating. … … … … … … … … [5] * 0000800000007 * ,










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8 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 (d) A Database Management System (DBMS) is used to maintain and manage the database. Describe two ways in which the DBMS can be used to ensure the security of the customer data. 1 … … … … 2 … … … … [4] * 0000800000008 * ,










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9 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over Question 6 starts on the next page. * 0000800000009 * ,










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10 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 6 The following table shows part of the instruction set for a processor. The processor has two registers: the Accumulator (ACC) and the Index Register (IX). Instruction Explanation Opcode Operand LDM #n Immediate addressing. Load the number n to the ACC AND #n / Bn / &n Bitwise AND operation of the contents of the ACC with the operand AND <address> Bitwise AND operation of the contents of the ACC with the contents of <address> XOR #n / Bn / &n Bitwise XOR operation of the contents of the ACC with the operand XOR <address> Bitwise XOR operation of the contents of the ACC with the contents of <address> OR #n / Bn / &n Bitwise OR operation of the contents of the ACC with the operand OR <address> Bitwise OR operation of the contents of the ACC with the contents of <address> CMP #n Compare the contents of the ACC with number n CMP <address> Compare the contents of the ACC with the contents of <address> LSL #n Bits in the ACC are shifted logically n places to the left. Zeros are introduced on the right‑hand end LSR #n Bits in the ACC are shifted logically n places to the right. Zeros are introduced on the left‑hand end <address> can be an absolute or symbolic address # denotes a denary number, e.g. #127 B denotes a binary number, e.g. B10010001 & denotes a hexadecimal number, e.g. &4A The current contents of main memory are shown: Address Data 100 0000 0011 101 1010 1110 102 1100 1100 103 1111 1111 104 1100 1100 * 0000800000010 * ,










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11 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over (a) Complete the table by writing the contents of the ACC after the execution of each instruction. Current contents of the ACC Instruction Contents of the ACC after the execution of the instruction 0000 1111 AND 101 0000 0000 LDM #100 0000 0001 XOR &F1 0001 0001 CMP 101 [4] (b) The Von Neumann model for a computer system uses registers. Describe the role of the Memory Address Register (MAR) and Memory Data Register (MDR) in the fetch‑execute (F‑E) cycle. … … … … … … … … [4] (c) Assembly language instructions are grouped. Complete each statement by writing the name of the appropriate instruction group. Loading data into the accumulator is an example of an instruction in the … group. Incrementing the index register is an example of an instruction in the … group. Branching to another address is an example of an instruction in the … group. [3] * 0000800000011 * ,









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12 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 7 A digital video camera records students in a classroom. The data is transferred from the digital video camera over the internet to a server. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is used to analyse the video on the server to identify when students are interacting with the lesson and the teacher. (a) Describe one ethical impact of this use of AI in the classroom. … … … … … [2] (b) A video is made of many bitmap images called frames. 30 frames are recorded every second. Each frame is 4000 pixels wide by 3000 pixels high. The video records using 16‑bit colour depth. Calculate an estimate for the file size for one second of the video in gigabytes. Show your working. … … … … … … File size … gigabytes [2] (c) Identify and describe one method of data verification that can be used when transferring data from the digital video camera to the server. Method … Description … … … … [3] * 0000800000012 * ,









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13 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 [Turn over (d) Describe two reasons why the server that stores the videos uses magnetic hard disks instead of solid state (flash) memory. 1 … … … 2 … … … [4] * 0000800000013 * ,









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14 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 (e) The table contains three algorithms that perform data validation. The third algorithm uses the functions MID and LENGTH. The functions MID and LENGTH are defined as follows: • MID(ThisString : STRING, x : INTEGER, y : INTEGER) RETURNS STRING returns a string of length y starting at position x from ThisString • LENGTH(ThisString : STRING) RETURNS INTEGER returns the integer value representing the length of ThisString Complete the table to identify the method of data validation for each algorithm. Each method of data validation must be different. Algorithm Method of data validation INPUT x IF x < 1 or x > 26 THEN OUTPUT "Invalid" ENDIF INPUT x IF x <> 'R' AND x <> 'G' AND x <> 'B' THEN OUTPUT "Invalid" ENDIF INPUT x FLAG FALSE FOR INDEX 1 TO LENGTH(x) IF MID(x, INDEX, 1) = "@" THEN FLAG TRUE ENDIF NEXT INDEX IF NOT FLAG THEN OUTPUT "Invalid" ENDIF [3] * 0000800000014 * ,









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15 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 8 Compilers and interpreters are used to translate programs written in a high‑level language into a low‑level language. (a) State two disadvantages of using a compiler compared to an interpreter during program development. 1 … … 2 … … [2] (b) Explain how a programmer benefits from using program libraries during program development. … … … … … … [3] (c) A programmer is developing an Operating System (OS). Identify two types of software licence the programmer can use to allow other people to edit and redistribute the OS. 1 … 2 … [2] (d) Memory management is one key management task performed by an OS. Give three other key management tasks that are performed by an OS. 1 … 2 … 3 … [3] * 0000800000015 * ,









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16 9618/13/O/N/25 © UCLES 2025 Permission to reproduce items where third‑party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity. To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer‑related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series. Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge. BLANK PAGE * 0000800000016 * ,









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This document consists of 12 printed pages. © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 [Turn over Cambridge International AS & A Level COMPUTER SCIENCE 9618/13 Paper 1 Theory Fundamentals October/November 2025 MARK SCHEME Maximum Mark: 75 Published This mark scheme is published as an aid to teachers and candidates, to indicate the requirements of the examination. It shows the basis on which Examiners were instructed to award marks. It does not indicate the details of the discussions that took place at an Examiners’ meeting before marking began, which would have considered the acceptability of alternative answers. Mark schemes should be read in conjunction with the question paper and the Principal Examiner Report for Teachers. Cambridge International will not enter into discussions about these mark schemes. Cambridge International is publishing the mark schemes for the October/November 2025 series for most Cambridge IGCSE, Cambridge International A and AS Level components, and some Cambridge O Level components.

9618/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 2 of 12 Generic Marking Principles These general marking principles must be applied by all examiners when marking candidate answers. They should be applied alongside the specific content of the mark scheme or generic level descriptions for a question. Each question paper and mark scheme will also comply with these marking principles. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 1: Marks must be awarded in line with: • the specific content of the mark scheme or the generic level descriptors for the question • the specific skills defined in the mark scheme or in the generic level descriptors for the question • the standard of response required by a candidate as exemplified by the standardisation scripts. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 2: Marks awarded are always whole marks (not half marks, or other fractions). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 3: Marks must be awarded positively: • marks are awarded for correct/valid answers, as defined in the mark scheme. However, credit is given for valid answers which go beyond the scope of the syllabus and mark scheme, referring to your Team Leader as appropriate • marks are awarded when candidates clearly demonstrate what they know and can do • marks are not deducted for errors • marks are not deducted for omissions • answers should only be judged on the quality of spelling, punctuation and grammar when these features are specifically assessed by the question as indicated by the mark scheme. The meaning, however, should be unambiguous. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 4: Rules must be applied consistently, e.g. in situations where candidates have not followed instructions or in the application of generic level descriptors. GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 5: Marks should be awarded using the full range of marks defined in the mark scheme for the question (however; the use of the full mark range may be limited according to the quality of the candidate responses seen). GENERIC MARKING PRINCIPLE 6: Marks awarded are based solely on the requirements as defined in the mark scheme. Marks should not be awarded with grade thresholds or grade descriptors in mind.

9618/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 3 of 12 Annotations guidance for centres Examiners use a system of annotations as a shorthand for communicating their marking decisions to one another. Examiners are trained during the standardisation process on how and when to use annotations. The purpose of annotations is to inform the standardisation and monitoring processes and guide the supervising examiners when they are checking the work of examiners within their team. The meaning of annotations and how they are used is specific to each component and is understood by all examiners who mark the component. We publish annotations in our mark schemes to help centres understand the annotations they may see on copies of scripts. Note that there may not be a direct correlation between the number of annotations on a script and the mark awarded. Similarly, the use of an annotation may not be an indication of the quality of the response. The annotations listed below were available to examiners marking this component in this series. Annotations Annotation Meaning Correct Incorrect To indicate where a key word/phrase/code is missing. Not relevant or used to separate parts of an answer. Indicates a part of the answer that is incorrect. Highlighter To draw attention to a particular aspect or to indicate where parts of an answer have been combined. Too vague. Repetition No examples or not enough. Benefit of Doubt. Not Answered Question. Indicates that work or a page has been seen including blank answer spaces and blank pages. Follow through. Ignore

9618/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 4 of 12 Question Answer Marks 1(a) 1 mark for each correctly connected change box, max 3 marks 3 1(b) 1 mark per bullet point, max 2 marks • Each character has a unique code • Each character in the text is replaced sequentially / in order by its code 2 1(c) 1 mark per bullet point, max 2 marks • ASCII uses 7 / 8 bits Unicode can use many more / up to 32 bits • Unicode can represent a wider range of characters including different languages 2 increase the duration of the recording decrease the sampling resolution increase the sampling rate the file size gets bigger no change in the file size the file size gets smaller the accuracy of the sound file improves no change to the accuracy of the sound file the accuracy of the sound file worsens

9618/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 5 of 12 Question Answer Marks 2(a) 3 marks for 6 correct ticks 2 mark for 4 or 5 correct ticks 1 mark for 2 or 3 correct ticks Example of data Number of bits 4 8 16 24 32 64 128 the hexadecimal value F139 ✓ 16 000 000 unique amplitude values ✓ an IPv4 address ✓ 256 unique colours ✓ an IPv6 address ✓ the denary value 65 000 ✓ 3 2(b) 1 mark 1111 1001 0100 1 2(c) 1 mark 1111 0010 1 2(d) 1 mark E33B 1

9618/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 6 of 12 Question Answer Marks 3(a) 1 mark per shaded area, max 2 marks A B C X 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 3(b) 1 mark per bullet point, max 2 marks • A AND B OR C • C NOR D and final two gates 2 Question Answer Marks 4(a) 1 mark for each benefit, max 3 • Devices can be more mobile as no physical connection is required • No cabling is needed so easier to set up • Easier to add additional devices • Multiple different device types can be connected 3

9618/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 7 of 12 Question Answer Marks 4(b) 1 mark for a drawback • Can be less secure • Transmission speed can be slow • Interference is possible • The signal degrades quickly without repeaters/boosters 1 4(c) One mark for each correct row Description Memory Technology A read only memory where the contents can be erased using a voltage pulse. The contents can be changed multiple times without physically removing the memory. EEPROM A read only memory where the contents are erased using ultraviolet (UV) light. The memory must be physically removed to be reprogrammed. EPROM A read only memory where the contents can be written only once after manufacture. PROM 3

9618/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 8 of 12 Question Answer Marks 5(a) 1 mark for each correct relationship, max 3 marks 3 5(b) 1 mark per bullet point, max 4 marks • Create table with opening and closing brackets and commas separating the attributes • Appropriate data types for StaffFirstName, StaffLastName and Department • Appropriate data types for StaffID and RemoteWorker • Primary key correctly defined Example Answer 1: CREATE TABLE STAFF( StaffID INTEGER, StaffFirstName VARCHAR, StaffLastName VARCHAR, Department CHAR, RemoteWorker BOOLEAN, PRIMARY KEY (StaffID) ); Example Answer 2: CREATE TABLE STAFF( StaffID INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, StaffFirstName VARCHAR, StaffLastName VARCHAR, Department CHAR, RemoteWorker BOOLEAN ); 4

9618/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 9 of 12 Question Answer Marks 5(c) 1 mark per bullet point, max 5 marks • SELECT and the correct attributes • FROM and the correct tables • Tables joined correctly • Correct condition for the rating • Correct ORDER BY clause Example Answer 1 SELECT PRODUCT.ProductID, ProductName, ComplaintDetails FROM PRODUCT, COMPLAINT WHERE PRODUCT.ProductID = COMPLAINT.ProductID AND Rating <=5 ORDER BY Rating DESC; Example Answer 2 SELECT PRODUCT.ProductID, ProductName, ComplaintDetails FROM PRODUCT INNER JOIN COMPLAINT ON PRODUCT.ProductID = COMPLAINT.ProductID WHERE Rating <=5 ORDER BY Rating DESC; 5 5(d) One mark for identification of method one mark for corresponding description max 4 marks • Authentication methods / passwords / biometrics / 2-factor authentication can be implemented • ... which prevents unauthorised access to the customer’s data • Access rights / privileges can be set • ... so that only those with correct permissions can read / edit customer’s data • Regular backups can be scheduled • ... so that a second copy of the customer’s data is available in case of loss/damage • The data can be encrypted • ... so that the customer’s data cannot be understood by anyone who gains unauthorized access • Different views can be created • ... so that not everyone can see the customer’s data 4

9618/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 10 of 12 Question Answer Marks 6(a) 1 mark for each correct row Current contents of the ACC Instruction Contents of the ACC after the execution of the instruction 0000 1111 AND 101 0000 1110 0000 0000 LDM #100 0110 0100 0000 0001 XOR &F1 1111 0000 0001 0001 CMP 101 0001 0001 4 6(b) 1 mark for each bullet point, max 4 marks • MAR stores the address of the next instruction / data to be read from / or written to memory • The address is received from the Program Counter (PC) • The MDR stores the data / instruction in the address stored in the MAR which has been read / written • The instruction passes to the CIR for decoding and executing 4 6(c) 1 mark for each bullet point, max 3 marks • Data movement • Arithmetic operations • Conditional and unconditional (jump) instructions 3

9618/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 11 of 12 Question Answer Marks 7(a) 1 mark per point, max 2 marks e.g. • The learning experience could be improved • … by identifying students who are struggling • …. and employing more personalised learning • There could be early Intervention • … to determine which students require extra support • • Teachers and students could understand the challenges better • …and identify optimal times for learning • There could be privacy concerns • …. students / teachers could be uncomfortable with constant surveillance • ... students might not want their data / actions passed to third parties • There could be Mental Health concerns • …. due to constant monitoring and pressure • …. contributing to student stress and anxiety 2 7(b) 1 mark for the working 1 mark for the correct answer Working: (4000*3000*30*16) / (8*1000*1000*1000) //(4000*3000*30*2) / (1000*1000*1000) Answer: 0.72 gigabytes 2 7(c) 1 mark for the name 2 marks for the matching description, max 3 marks • Parity Byte Check • a parity bit is added to each byte to make the number of 1s match the parity, odd or even • each byte can be checked on receipt and request to be resent if the byte does not match parity • Parity Block Check • a bit is added to each byte, but a parity byte is also set for each block • the location of an error can be found using vertical and horizontal parity • Checksum • A calculation is made from the data and transmitted with the data • The receiver performs the same calculation and compares with received checksum to see if they match 3

9618/13 Cambridge International AS & A Level – Mark Scheme PUBLISHED October/November 2025 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 12 of 12 Question Answer Marks 7(d) 1 mark per reason, 1 mark for corresponding justification x2 max 4 marks • Lower cost per unit of storage • ... so the high capacity of storage required for large number of video files will be less costly • A large number of read/write operations are being performed continuously • ... and magnetic storage is likely to have a longer life span compared with solid state 4 7(e) 1 mark for each validation check correctly identified, max 3 marks Range Check Existence Check Format Check 3 Question Answer Marks 8(a) 1 mark per bullet point, max 2 • Large amounts of source code take time to compile • It can be slower to produce the object code than an interpreter • The code must be recompiled when it is changed • The program cannot run if there are errors • It is not possible to correct errors in real-time • One error can cause false reporting of multiple further errors • Sections of code / unfinished code cannot easily be tested 2 8(b) 1 mark per bullet point, max 3 marks • Programming time is saved as code does not have to written from scratch • Testing time is saved as code is already tested / documented • A library routine is more likely to work, as code is already tested • Library routines automatically update if they are changed / improved • The programmer can use library routines to perform complex functions / procedures that they may not be able to write themselves 3 8(c) 1 mark per bullet point, max 2 marks • Open Source (Initiative) • Free Software (Foundation) 2 8(d) 1 mark for each bullet point, max 3 marks • File management • Security management • Hardware / peripheral management // input / output management • Process management 3